War Russian-Turkish (1828-1829): oonobangela, iziphumo, iziganeko eziphambili (itheyibhile)

Enye Imfazwe Russian-Turkish (1828-1829) kwabangelwa oonobangela ezimbalwa isitshixo. Chief phakathi kwabo kwakukho imbambano phezu okubandezeleka, leyo wayivula indlela ukusuka kuLwandle Black ukuya kuthi xhaxhe.

ingxaki basala

Wema phezu Bosphorus Istanbul - ikomkhulu Ottoman. yaba yokuqala eConstantinople (i nokuxubana wayibiza ngokuba eConstantinople). De 1453 kwakukho ikomkhulu loBukhosi baseByzantium. Eli lizwe waba umbhexeshi Orthodox e eRashiya. Ngoko ke, eMoscow (yaye emva koko eSt Petersburg) ukholiweyo ukuba banalo ilungelo lokuba umzi, apho inqaba engundoqo ubuKristu phezu zeminyaka.

Kakade ke, ukongeza kwakukho izizathu yembono kunye nezizathu nesebenzayo. ukufikelela simahla kuLwandle lweMeditera akwazi lula urhwebo ukuze ilizwe lethu. Ukongezelela, bekuya kuba nesizathu enye ngaphezulu ukuqinisekisa isimo yalo njengelinye amagunya emikhulu yaseYurophu.

Impixano eCaucasus

Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XIX, Turkey kuye kwasilela kakhulu emva kuphuhliso nabamelwane balo. Russia iye yaphumelela iimfazwe ezininzi kunye kwelo lizwe yaye wazuza ukufikelela kuLwandle Black.

Nangona kunjalo, naziphi na ibanjwa ne Turkey uxolo kuphela izikhali. Ukunqgubana komdla ingqine nkqu kule minyaka xa kwakungekho imfazwe phakathi ziintshaba. Sithetha eCaucasus.

Ngowe-1818, amajoni Russian baye baqalisa imfazwe nxamnye zinkomo - abemi zabemi mmandla. Intloko mkhankaso Aleksey Ermolov. Noko ke, sethu impi walwa nzima kunye mountaineers kuba ethe malilungiselelwe imfazwe ezintabeni. Ukongeza, abahlali eCaucasus wanceda Turkey ngokwayo, apho bathengisa kwabo izixhobo. I-flow lwemipu, imipu kunye imali, nto leyo walityhutyha Ottoman wavumela mountaineers kangangamashumi eminyaka dudula ngempumelelo kukuhlaselwa Russian. Ngokuqinisekileyo, e Petersburg wayesazi malunga uncedo amaSilamsi ukuba Muslims. Ngoko ke, Russian-Turkish iMfazwe (1828-1829) kwafuneka ukuba ayeke lo yintlekele ngenxa Russian uBukhosi azinakuze nentsebenziswano.

umbuzo Greek

Ekugqibeleni, isizathu sesithathu ukuba ungquzulwano phakathi kwamazwe ezimbini revolution Greek. Ngoko historiography olubizwa kaZwelonke Movement abantu Balkan. A ambalwa eminyaka bezizwe phantsi kolawulo Turkish. ngokohlanga zaye babedla zonqulo. AmaSilamsi ngokufuthi wayewaxinile amaKristu.

Ngowe-1821, i mvukelo yamaGrike, nto leyo yaba yimfazwe zeminyaka emininzi geqe. AmaKristu inkxaso amazwe amaninzi aseYurophu: Great Britain, France naseRashiya. sultan Turkish waphendula ingcinezelo enkulu nxamnye namaGrike. Umzekelo, kwisiqithi saseKrete ebulewe abakhulu eziliqela lwenqila ngexesha enkonzweni.

Imfazwe eTurkey ibetheke uqoqosho Russian. Ngaphambi nje kokuba yaqalisa ukukhula ngokukhawuleza Odessa. Eli zibuko entsha Sea Black iye yaba mipu kwezoqoqosho, apho kungekho misebenzi. Loxolo, amakhulu imikhumbi yabathengisi apha. Inkoliso yabo yayiyeyabantu kwizifundo zamaGrike kwaye lamaKristu Ottoman.

Ngenxa yoku, i-Russian-Turkish iMfazwe (1828-1829) lokulwa. Kuphela amandla sinokunceda amaGrike, nokuba ayeke kwentlekele kwezoqoqosho kwimimandla leli lizwe. Xa War isiGrike kuye kuqala, imithetho Russian Alexander I. kwakungekho mood ukulwa. Kulo mzamo wayezixhasa ngonozakuzaku Austria. Ngoko ke, ngaphambi kokufa kwakhe, eRashiya uvalelwe izenzo zokomfuziselo nxamnye baseTurkey.

Isigqibo uNicholas I

Noko ke, ngo-1825 abasemagunyeni ziye umzalwana omncinane Alexander - uNicholas. Xa kwasebuncinaneni bakhe, wafumana uqeqesho emkhosini, kuba akukho namnye babelinde ukuba uza kuba yindlalifa. Hlela emva Alexander ninomnye umninawa - Constantine, kodwa wala etroneni. Hi ndlela leyi, le nkosana omkhulu ogama lakhe behlonipha enkulu umlawuli waseRoma lasekwa Byzantium. Yaba njengesenzo esingumqondiso uCatherine II - bafuna ukubeka umzukulwana wakhe phezu kwetrone eConstantinople (Istanbul).

imfundo Military kunye nemikhwa Nicholas yake ngokwayo ngayo. Ilizwe waqala ukulungiselela ingapheli ingxabano. Ukongeza, Nicholas wayefuna ukuba zilandele umgaqo elizimeleyo angaphandle, kwaye bajonge namahlakani yaseYurophu, ababesoloko wayeka Alexander. Amagunya Western akazange afune ukomelezwa ngokugqithisileyo Russia. Ngenxa umthetho, bazama ukuba kubekho ulungelelwano imikhosi kule ngingqi, leyo, Kakade ke, akazange ungathanda Nicholas. Russian-Turkish iMfazwe (1828-1829) ukuba bayitshabalalise le nkqubo checks and balances. Kuyimfuneko ukuqwalasela ndibe elahlukileyo yesiGrike Revolution kunye nomzabalazo ukuzimela (1821-1830).

impi Navarino

Ngowe-1827, kuLwandle aseBalti waqalisa ukulungiselela butho, leyo kuthiwa ukuya kwi-South Seas. I koMlawuli Nicholas yabamba show kwesithethe of ehamba iinqanawa e Kronstadt.

Kule ndawo ye Corinth Islands butho Russian Ngokudibana neempahla encedisayo evela eFransi eNgilani. Ndawonye baya Navarino Bay, apho izithuthi Turkish neYiputa. Oku kwenziwa ukuze nyanzela Ottoman ukuba ayeke imigaqo ingcinezelo nxamnye amaGrike, banikwe okuzimela. Intloko butho Russian waba yangasemva Admiral Login Heyden. Wacebisa ukuba Amanyeneyo ukuthatha amanyathelo abaninzi kakhulu. Ulawulo jikelele yanikwa British Admiral Edward Codrington.

iqela Turkish lizise mandikhethe: ukunqanda izenzo zomkhosi nxamnye namaGrike. Yena (Ibrahim Pasha) ushiye lo myalezo ayiphendulwanga. Ke Admiral Russian waphambukisa Amanyeneyo ukuba bangene Bay kuqala ukulwa nxamnye Turks kwimeko, ukuba uvule umlilo. I-mabutho zidibene iqela Zempi, frigates, brigs (malunga 1,300 lemipu zizonke). Iinqanawa utshaba ezazithe ezinkulu (kwi-mali ka-22 amawaka Abaqhubi benqanawa leyo phezu kwazo).

Ngeli xesha, iinqanawa Turkish zaye wama. Baye ikhuseleke kakuhle, njenge inani Navarino yaba njengenqaba, nenokuthi ukuvula umlilo zokudubula kwi utshaba fleet. Le bay ngokwawo kunxweme olusentshona iPeloponnese.

Codrington wayenethemba ukuphepha ukulwa kuzileleza Ibrahim Pasha, ngaphandle ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo. Noko ke, xa inqanawa Russian "Azov" wangena ibheyi kuwo wavula umlilo phezu inxalenye iibhetri Turkish, phezu Sphacteria siqithi. Ukongeza, ngexesha elifanayo Turks wabulala izithunywa ezimbili ukusuka eNgilani. Nangona komlilo evulekileyo, iinqanawa eManyeneyo akazange ukuhlangabezana kude kube elingathathwanga ezo isimo eziye kumiselwe kubo, ngokwesicwangciso ally. Abaphathi sivale ngokupheleleyo zithuthi Turkish kwi bay. Oku kwenziwa yinto yokuba ilizwe sele ivaliwe ichwetyana macala ezintathu (Sfaktoriya siqithi kwakunye nezwekazi). Yaqhubeka uvale lexinene emxinwa, apho waya neenqanawa yaseYurophu.

Kuphela xa fleet eManyeneyo samisa kwi, wavula umlilo impendulo. Le mpi yathatha iiyure ezingaphezu kwama ezine. Kunayo yonke esivivaneni uloyiso wenza Russian kunye IsiNgesi (wempi French ngexesha imfazwe ezilahlekileyo ulawulo imikhumbi yawo).

"Azov" ngokukodwa wazibonakalisa ngo kwezithuthi yethu. Wakhonza njenge Nakhimov sombutho kunye midshipman Kornilov - amaqhawe elizayo kunye neempawu ze-iCrimea War. Xa kuqala encamini ebusuku eso zikhanyiswe imililo ezininzi. I Turks watshabalalisa iinqanawa zaphuka, ukuze baye kufika yotshaba. Amanyeneyo abazange balahlekelwe inqanawe enye, nangona, ezifana Russian "Hanko" wafumana imingxuma amahlanu.

Yaba ukulwa Navarino Bay ithathwa ukuba yayo inala, leyo yabalasela imfazwe Russian-Turkish ka-1828-1829. (Nangona yaqala kwiinyanga ezimbalwa kamva). Kanye e Istanbul weva ngokoyiswa Sultan Mahmud Ii wenza isibheno kwizifundo zakhe. Wayalela onke amaSilamsi ukulungiselela jihad nxamnye baseYurophu, kuquka Russian. kwaqala imfazwe Russian-Turkish ka-1828-1829.

impi Naval

urhulumente wethu cwaka okwethutyana. Oku kungenxa yokuba ngexesha elifanayo waqhubeka imfazwe kunye iPersi, kwaye eSt Petersburg, akukho mntu wayefuna imfazwe kwi miba mibini. Ekugqibeleni, isivumelwano uxolo sisityikitye kwinyanga yoMdumba ne Iran. Aprili 14, 1828 , uNicholas I utyikitye Manifesto kwi imfazwe ne Turkey.

Ngeli xesha, butho Russian, leyo inxaxheba Idabi Navarino, nto walungiswa kwizibuko saseMalta. Le yindawo yipropathi United Kingdom. I-British akazange ukuxhasa Russia kwimfazwe layo Turkey (kwakhona alichatshazelwa ingakumbi amazwe yaseYurophu). Ulinganiso lweenkcukacha wathi cala layo. Ngaphezu koko, urhulumente wayo rhandziwa ngakumbi Turkey, engafuni ukomeleza eRussia. Ngoko ke, ibutho bethu bashiya Malta ukwenzela ukuthintela ukubethabethana ezingeyomfuneko. Waye wafudukela kwisiqithi Paros kuLwandle iAegean, nto leyo kule mithombo Russian ekuthiwa Archipelago kwinkulungwane XX.

Yaba iinqanawa bozithabatha phezu kwakhe yokuqala Turks kwimfazwe evulekileyo. NgoAprili 21, kwabakho idabi yomkhosi wamanzi phakathi yaseYiputa Russian corvette wempi "Iezikil". Uloyiso yaba wokugqibela. Ukuqhambuka lemfazwe kuLwandle aseBalti ukulungiselela lidibane iinqanawa ezimbalwa ezintsha waya nokuhlangula yoLwandle iMeditera (okubandezeleka kuLwandle Black, Kakade ke, ukuba sele ivaliwe). Oku Russian-Turkish iMfazwe (1828-1829) wawunzima. Izizathu imfuneko ukusekelwa ngoku kukungabikho iinqanawa ukuvala i iDardanelles Strait.

Le kuvalwe iindlela i iDardanelles

Lo msebenzi wanikwa kwizithuthi kunyaka wokuqala waloo mfazwe. Kwafuneka ukuba kunqumle unikezelo lokutya e Istanbul kunye neminye imithombo ebalulekileyo. Ukuba yaye kuvalwe yasekwa, War Russian-Turkish (1828-1829), iziganeko, ezibe kodwa ukuza, bafudukela kwinqanaba eyahlukileyo ngokupheleleyo. Ilizwe lethu wayeza kukwazi ukuthatha inyathelo qhinga ezandleni zabo.

Russian-Turkish iMfazwe (1828-1829), etafileni lo mfo ibonisa elungileyo, kwaqhutywa kwiimeko malunga ngokulinganayo. Ngoko ke, uwunika luyimfuneko ukuze ufumane loo inzuzo kwamabutho. By the Strait okhokelwa frigates kunye nezinye impahla. IDardanelles yayivalekile ngoNovemba we2. iinqanawa Russian abathatha inxaxheba kulo msebenzi, ngokusekelwe kwiziqithi emithathu ezayo (amaSilamsi Tasso kunye Tenedos).

Eyona engundoqo iziganeko yemfazwe Russian-Turkish ka-1828-1829.

May 1828	Ukuqala kuvalwe iindlela i iDardanelles
June 23, 1828	Capture Kirs
August 9, 1828	Ahaltsikhski ukulwa
September 29, 1828	Capture Varna
May 30, 1829	impi kulevicha
August 7, 1829	Le bamba Adrianople
NgoSeptemba 2, 1829	umhlaba Adrianople

Le kwafa iye nzima imozulu ubusika esekwe (ngemilinganiselo bendawo). Nakwiinkqwithela umoya onamandla. Ngaphandle koku, oomatiloshe Russian yakhiwe kwenziwa yonke imisebenzi ebekwe phambi kwabo. Istanbul iye wonqanyulwa, ungabikho izinto, sishiya kwiMeditera.

LaseSmirna bodwa malunga 150 iinqanawa zabarhwebi isonka sakhe, ukubhuqeka nje engeyomfuneko. Kude kube sekupheleni impi, akukho nqanawa Turkish ayikwazanga acandacanda iDardanelles. De Agasti 1829 abekuhambisa kuvalwe iindlela Admiral Heyden. Xa amajoni Russian beza Adrianople, butho mncane uJohann Dibicha - alimwi imvelaphi Prussia. Le nqanawa elungiselela bayagqobhoza, bayangena iDardanelles. Kuba oku kwakufuneka kuphela umyalelo ovela eSt Petersburg. Russian imikhosi uloyiso emva uloyiso phezu komhlaba, nto leyo waqinisekisa impumelelo nokusebenza. Nangona kunjalo, lo umyalelo icebo. Kungekudala emva kokuba uxolo kwasayinwa, naphezu Russian-Turkish iMfazwe (1828-1829). Izizathu zoku kulibaziseka zaye obufihlwe yokuba amagunya yaseYurophu, njengesiqhelo, akazange afune uloyiso lokugqibela Russia. Ukuthatha Istanbul kungakhokelela ekubeni yintoni eyayiza waqalisa imfazwe lonke West (okokuqala zonke - kunye England).

Ngo-1830, zonke iinqanawa wayesilwa kwiMeditera, ziye zibuyiselwe kuLwandle lweBaltic. Ngaphandle kwaba "Imanuweli, 'nto leyo kuyanikelwa kwawesiGrike amaYuda, waba elizimeleyo.

kobuzwe

Umkhosi Russian engundoqo kule ndawo iDanube impi (95 amawaka abantu). Turkey ababeyazi anokuvela esikhudlwana malunga nesiqingatha.

IDanube umkhosi ukuba liqukumbele lo ulawulo, ibekwe uhehema lwesitya sokuhlambela lo mlambo: lahlaselwa, Wallachia kunye Dobrogea. Umkhosi owawukhokelwa Pet Vitgenshteyn. Waya Bessarabia. Ngoko nemisinga waqala Russian-Turkish iMfazwe (1828-1829). Le theyibhile ibonisa banolwahlulo kulo mmandla.

phambi Balkan

	Russia	Turkey
imikhosi zamaqela	95000	150000
ukulahlekelwa	5000	10000

Eyokuqala wawa inqaba enkulu Braila. Nasekuxinweni of Varna kunye Shumla. Ngoxa elinde Turkish ekampini inkxaso, Wallachia, nedabi ebalulekileyo, apho waphumelela ecaleni Russian. Ngenxa yoku, utshaba umkhosi ongqingiweyo wahlala kungekho themba uncedo belizwe. Emva koko ke isixeko yadluliselwa.

Campaign 1829

Kule entsha 1829 ukubeka Wittgenstein wakhulela uJohann Dibich. Lanikwa umsebenzi phambi kwakhe - ukuwela kwiiBalkans yaye ukufikelela ikomkhulu Turkish. Nangona ukuqhambuka kwesi sifo emkhosini, amajoni benza umsebenzi wabo. Eyokuqala ngumnyaka Adrianople (kweza ngoAgasti 7). Izinto ezibangela imfazwe Russian-Turkish ka-1828-1829 kukuba ukulawula kwiStraits, kwaye zazikufuphi kakhulu.

Lenqaba akazange alindele ukuba Dibicha umkhosi okungako kwi Ottoman. Ngenxa yokungabikho ngxabano umphathi wavuma ukuba anikezele umzi. In Adrianople umkhosi Russian ufumane ubungakanani enkulu yezixhobo kunye neminye imithombo ebalulekileyo, ukuze bazuze zintshula kuloo mmandla.

Le mpumelelo rapid umbilini bonke. Turkey wavuma thethana, kodwa walibala ngabom, ngethemba lokuba eNgilani Austria kuya kufuneka ukuba amncede.

Ngelo xesha, isiAlbania Pasha waya eBulgaria, enempi 40-amawaka. zenzeke yakhe ukuze ndinqumle umkhosi Dibicha emi Adrianople. Kiselyov Jikelele, ngelo izilawuli Danubian xesha kulondolozwe, waya kumkhawulela yotshaba. Wakwazi ukuba i Sofia yokuqala - elikomkhulu Bulgaria. Ngenxa yoku, Mustafa wasala engenanto kwaye kwafuneka ukuba lilwe ibutho, ukuba bafumane zintshula kuloo Bulgaria. Wagqiba nalo waphumela wabuyela Albania. imfazwe Russian-Turkish ka-1828-1829, ngamafutshane, baba ngakumbi ngempumelelo ngakumbi iRashiya.

phambi abaseAfrika

Ngaxeshanye kunye inkqubela ulwandle Balkans imfazwe zenzeka eCaucasus. angaphathi Russian kule mmandla kwakufuneka ahlasele Turkey ngasemva. NgoJuni 1828 waba nako ukuthatha enqabeni Kars. Ikhosi yemfazwe Russian-Turkish ka-1828-1829. apha kwakhona evuna weRashiya.

Kukhutshwe uhambo Ivana Paskevicha mkhosi nzima ezisezintabeni eliqela ukuguquka ezinzima. Ekugqibeleni, ngoJulayi 22, waba kwi iindonga inqaba Akhalkalaki. Empi, basophula, kwakuba nje abantu amawaka. Ukongeza, iindonga kunye iinqaba nqaba aba emaxongo kakhulu. Phezu kwayo yonke le ikampu wala ukuba anikezele.

Ukuphendula, i imipu Russian neziqhushumbisi olunzulu yaqala. Le nqaba yawa kwiiyure nje ezintathu. Elihamba phantsi kwekhwapha zokudubula ngokukhawuleza kakuhle zonke iinqaba kunye inqaba enkulu. Yaba enye impumelelo, leyo aya kukhunjulwa War Russian-Turkish (1828-1829). Idabi engundoqo senzeka ngeli xesha kwiiBalkans. ECaucasus, umkhosi Russian silwa ngezigaba ezincinane, ekoyiseni imiqobo zendalo.

Agasti 5, yena wawela Kura. On ukungena kwayo kwaba inqaba ebalulekileyo Akhaltsikh. 8 lomlilo zokudubula yavulwa kuyo. Oku kwenziwa ukuze balahlekise umkhosi 30000th lutshaba, wema kufuphi. Kwaba njalo. Turks wagqiba ukuba Paskevich ulungiselela ukuba ahlasele inqaba.

Ngelo xesha, umkhosi Russian sidled ukuya utshaba ngesiquphe bahlaselwa. Paskevich walahlekelwa amadoda 80 babulawa, ngoxa Turks silishiyile ledabi amawaka amabini izidumbu. Iintsalela babaleka. Kamva kwabakho ukumelana olubonakalayo eGeorgia.

ECaucasus, yaseRussia-Turkish iMfazwe (1828-1829), ngamafutshane, yaphelela fiasco kuba Ottoman. Paskevich wonke eGeorgia yanamhlanje.

Enyanisweni ukwazi ukuba imbongi omkhulu Alexander Pushkin ngeli xesha baya eli lizwe. Aye wayibona ukuwa Erzerum. Esi siganeko kwachazwa umbhali kumsebenzi "Journey ukuba Arzerum".

Kwiminyaka embalwa ngaphambi koku, Paskevich umkhankaso omelene iPersi, apho waba Count ngempumelelo. Emva yanqoba baseTurkey, wamkela Order of St George le isidanga sokuqala.

Luxolo iziphumo

Xa thethwana Turks, eSt Petersburg shushu mpikiswano malunga nokuba ukunqanda imfazwe, okanye ngaba ukufumana ku Istanbul. Nicholas, ngubani asanda kwetrone, madolw 'anzima. Akazange afune ukungena impixano kunye Austria, leyo yamelana ekuqiniseni Russia.

Ukuze bacombulule le ngxaki, umlawuli waseka ikomiti ekhethekileyo. Oku kuquka bureaucrats amaninzi abo engathethekiyo kule miba ezibe phambi kwabo. Bona yamkela isigqibo njengako apho, kwagqitywa ekubeni alibale eConstantinople.

Amaqela ingxabano benze uxolo 2 Septemba 1829. Uxwebhu esayinwe Adrianople. Russia ifumene izixeko ezininzi kunxweme kwimpuma yoLwandle Black. Ukongeza, sele iwupasisile iDanube Delta. Iziphumo kwemfazwe Russian-Turkish ka-1828-1829. agqiba ukuba Port ingqalelo inguqu eRashiya ithi eziliqela eCaucasus. Yaba izikumkani Georgian kunye nazo izilawuli. I Ottoman kwakhona waqinisekisa ukuba kuya athobele ukuzimela eSerbia.

Le okufanayo nakuwo oozilawuli Danubian - lahlaselwa kunye Wallachia. On Umda wabo nabaphumi Russian. Kwafuneka ukuba ukuguqula kubo. Ezi ziphumo ebalulekileyo imfazwe Russian-Turkish ka-1828-1829. Greece wafumana ukuzimela (yaye kamva ngonyaka - inkululeko). Okokugqibela, i-Port kwafuneka ukuba ahlawule imali enkulu.

Basala baba simahla iinqanawa zabarhwebi Russian. Kulo mzekelo kwemvumelwano azilawulwa imeko yabo ngexesha lemfazwe. Oku kwabangela ukungaqiniseki kwixesha elizayo.

War Russian-Turkish (1828-1829), izizathu kunye neziphumo iziganeko echaziweyo kulo mbandela, akazange ukuphumeza injongo yayo engundoqo. Empire kunjalo babefuna ukumbamba eConstantinople, leyo waxhathisa eYurophu. Ngaphandle koku, ilizwe lethu liye laqhubeka ukwanda yalo kwelasezantsi.

Russian-Turkish War, 1806-1812, 1828-1829 ,. Siye waqinisekisa lo mkhuba. Yonke into ibheke ezantsi kwiminyaka embalwa. Ngaphambi nje kokufa uNicholas ndaqalisa i iCrimea kweMfazwe, apho amazwe aseYurophu inkxaso ngokuphandle Turkey ayihlasela Russia. Emva kokuba Alexander II kwakufuneka enze umnyinyiva kule ndawo kwaye ukwenza utshintsho sikarhulumente.