Imfazwe Russian-Persian ka-1826-1828.

Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XIX, i-Russian uBukhosi namaPersi babephikisana ngenxa yempembelelo eCaucasus kunye nonxweme noLwandle lweCaspian. Phakathi la magunya mabini ezinza amazwe afana Georgia, Armenia kunye Dagestan. Ngo-1804 kwaqala imfazwe yokuqala Russian-Persian. It yaphela emva kweminyaka elithoba. Ngokusekelwe kwiziphumo, ezibekwe akafane izivumelwano yoxolo, eRashiya wajoyina kumazwe bakhe Georgian yaye inxalenye Armenian.

Ekubulaleni yamaPersi ayizange ivumelane. Eli lizwe sele mazwi ethandwayo revanchist. Shah wayefuna ukuba aphinde kwiphondo ezilahlekileyo. Ngenxa yale impixano ezingadibaniyo iimfuno yaqala imfazwe Russian-Persian (1826-1828). Ezibangela ingxabano kunye impixano nakummandla aye wakwenza nakanjani.

Imeko zokubonisana

Ukulungiselela ukuba imfazwe omtsha waqalisa ePersi, ngoko nangoko emva kokoyiswa ngo-1813. Okokuqala Fath-Ali Shah Qajar wazama ukuba acele inkxaso amagunya yaseYurophu. Ngaphambi koko, wathembela UNapoleon Bonaparte, owenza umfelandawonye namaPersi phezu olwandulela kuhlaselwa iRussia ngo-1812. La magama ezicaciswe kule mvumelwano Finkeshteynskom.

Ukususela ngoko, nangona kunjalo, imeko ihlabathi litshintshile kakhulu. I Napoleonic Wars lwaphela ngokoyiswa France kunye koMlawuli namabhongo, lowo esekuthinjweni St Helena. Shah wayefuna ally entsha. Ngaphambi kokuqalisa kwemfazwe Russian-Persian ka-1826-1828., Ukunakwa wasePersi kwaqala ukunikwa UK.

Kule amandla colonial ebanqwenelela yayo kuloo ngingqi Asia. Kingdom ngeye-Indiya, kwaye unozakuzaku British eyenziwe izithembiso Iranian ukuba ukuvumela naziphi na iintshaba kweli lizwe eLondon. Ngelo xesha linye ungquzulwano imfazwe phakathi iPersi ne Turkey. abajongene British badlale indima thethwano kunye Ottoman kwiinzame ukulukuhla Shah ukulwa nenye ummelwane - Russia.

Ngomhla olwandulela imfazwe

Ngeli xesha, unyana wesibini ka-Fath Ali Shah Abbas Mirza wenziwa injengele yomkhosi basePersi. Wayalelwa ukuba alungiselele umkhosi ukuba imingeni emitsha, uyenze yonke iinguqulelo eziyimfuneko. Army maxesha uxhaswe yi-UK. Amajoni ukufumana izixhobo ezitsha kunye iiyunifomu, ngokuyinxenye ezithengwe eYurophu. Ngaloo ndlela Abbas Mirza wazama ukoyisa backwardness lobugcisa baphantsi kwabo ukusuka kwiindawo Russian. Ngobuchule oko yaba linyathelo eliya kwicala elichanekileyo, kodwa ikomkhulu wokuguqula yayo Iranian wakhawuleza kakhulu, ezama ukuba lisale. Oku idlale joke ngenkohlakalo. Xa imfazwe Russian-Persian, abo bathatha inxaxheba ungquzulwano lokugqibela, ukuze uqaphele utshintsho kwinkampu yotshaba. Kodwa abazange ngokwaneleyo ukoyisa umsantsa esibe siphakathi imikhosi ka uNicholas I and Shah.

Ngowe-1825, militarists Iranian wayamkela ngovuyo iindaba ukuba Russian uMlawuli Alexander I ngesiquphe waza wafa baseTaganrog. ngokuhamba kwakhe ubomi kukhokelele elifutshane ntlekele dynastic kunye (ngaphezulu kakhulu) imvukelo Decembrists. Alexander bengenabantwana, yaye itrone leyo sifudukele umzalwana elandelayo, Constantine. Wala, waza ekugqibeleni waba ngukumkani Nicholas, abangazange ezilungiselelwe oku. Ngokuqeqesha yena ijoni. uphakamo Decembrist bamrholela entlanganisweni ngumsindo. Xa ukuzama akazange aphumelele, eSt Petersburg, waqala ulingo elide.

Kwakunjalo ngemihla kwabacebisi abatsha ukumkani waqalisa ingxelo inkosi ukuthi ummelwane esemazantsi belungiselela ngokuphandle ngenxa yongquzulwano ngezixhobo. Commander in eyiNtloko eCaucasus yaba odumileyo Jikelele Aleksey Ermolov. Iimfazwe ezidlulileyo Russian-Persian kwenzeka phambi kwamehlo akhe, waza ke yena, njengaye nabani na, wayeyibona ingozi ungquzulwano entsha. Yile jikelele okuba safana Nicholas malunga amathuba eCaucasus.

I koMlawuli waphendula kunokuba ngababuthuntu, kodwa wavuma ukuba ukuthumela ku Tehran Prince Alexander Menshikov. UMphathiswa elizayo Navy abazange bafumane ulwimi olufanayo ne oonozakuzaku basePersi. Ukumkani wabanika imiyalelo bakhe umthetho, njengoko yena wayekulungele ukuncama inxalenye bebangisana Talysh Khanate sisananelo yesisombululo esinoxolo kwimpixano. Kodwa e Tehran akazange azamkele ezi zindululo. Menshikov Ngisho, kunye nabo bonke abathunywa, nangona sele kukhululwa 1827.

ukungenelela Persian

Ukusilela of thethwano phambi kukhokelele ekubeni imfazwe Russian-Persian kodwa uqalile. July 16, 1826 amajoni Iranian ewela umda kwingingqi Azerbaijan mihla, apho kwakukho Talysh kunye Karabakh khanate. Lo msebenzi kwenziwa ngokufihlakeleyo ngobuqhophololo, akukho saziso esemthethweni akukhange kubekho mfazwe.

Phezu kodini ababehlanganisene ngobungxamo nezenziwe Azerbaijani zasekuhlaleni kuphela amajoni ukuzithethelela. Babengenako kukuchasa esinzulu elungiswe umkhosi wasePersi. Abanye abahlali abenza Islam, wada wangena aba bahlaseli. Ngokutsho izicwangciso, Abbas Mirza, umkhosi wasePersi ukuze sifudukele emntla ecaleni ezintlanjeni i Kura River. Eyona njongo ephambili yayigqalwa eyinkunzi yephondo Tiflis. Ngokusesikweni, umkhosi Russian babeza aphoswe kwelinye icala Terek.

Imfazwe kummandla Caucasus ibisoloko waba iimpawu ezimbalwa Committe enxulumene kwindawo ethile. Yiya kummango ilizwe kunokwenzeka kuphela abapase ezithile. Ukwenza eCaucasus, yamaPersi wayikhupha imikhosi kwanancedisayo entla, enethemba ukuvala yonke indlela eya umkhosi omkhulu Russian.

Impi Karabakh

Iqela iphambili phantsi kobunkokheli ngqo Abbas Mirza wababala amajoni 40,000. Lo mkhosi awela umlambo umda Araks kwaye kuqonde inqaba Shushi. Ngomhla olwandulela umyalelo basePersi wazama ukuba acele inkxaso khans basekuhlaleni, aziinkulu Azerbaijani ababehlala kweso sixeko. Ezinye zazo wathembisa ngokwenene Abbas Mirza inkxaso.

In Thwebula njengoko abemi Armenian abemi Orthodox, leyo, ngokuchaseneyo, iye zithembekile abasemagunyeni Russian. Ekampini ezinqabeni kwakuba lamabutho Cossacks. Wangqingwa wagqiba ukuba bathinjwa le khans Muslim, abo orhanelwa lokungcatsha kunye nentsebenziswano kunye namaPersi. Yaqala engxamisekileyo noqeqesho wamajoni, olu sapho lwaluquka ubukhulu becala Armenia. Nangona isenzo ngamandla le Cossacks, Umxokozelo akazange abe nantoni na efana eninzi ukutya kunye nezixhobo ezifunekayo ukuze ukuziphendulela ngempumelelo kwi uhlaselo okanye zokungqinga.

Ngeli xesha, i-Karabakh Khan, waba ingumbuso of Russia emva kwemfazwe ka 1804-1813., Umemezele inkxaso zabahlaseli basePersi. Abbas Mirza, icala, wathembisa nokwabela phezu-Muslims yasekuhlaleni. Azisa ukuba imfazwe kuphela Russian, unethemba lokuba uya kumnceda ukuba itsalele abantu kwicala labo.

Nasekuxinweni of Khipha

Imfazwe Russian-Persian omtsha waqalisa kunye wayethimba Umxokozelo inqaba. Nabahlaseli abavikeli bahlukaniswa nokomelezwa iindonga. Ukuze ukulahla komqobo, yamaPersi walala imigodi, wafumana enkosi uncedo yaseYurophu. Ukongeza, Abbas Mirza wayalela ilungelo phantsi iindonga isishwankathelo ezimbalwa ibonisa i-Karabakh Armenia, ngethemba lokuba esi senzo kaJuni abambana Armenian kwaye Russian, ensconced kwi inqaba. Ayizange yenzeke.

Umkhosi Persian ibiyingqingile Umxokozelo iiveki ezisixhenxe. Oku kulibaziseka watshintsha kakhulu ikhondo kwiphulo lomkhosi. I-Iran baye bagqiba ekubeni zahlule umkhosi uthumele ngamava 18000th ukuya Elisavetpolya (seGanja). Abbas Mirza Siyathemba ukuba le kushenxa uya kumvumela ukuba aye Tiflis ivela empumalanga, ukuba kwakuya kuba yinto Uzizalise kOsenyangweni Cossacks.

Shamkhor ukulwa

In-Oyintloko imikhosi Russian eCaucasus Jikelele Yermolov ekuqalekeni kwemfazwe yena e Tbilisi, bazibutha ezishelifini. icebo yokuqala ngokukhawuleza abhenele ubunzulu mmandla sokurhwebesha namaPersi kude nommandla wayo. Sele kwizikhundla ezitsha Cossacks wayeza kuba luncedo ecacileyo phezu yomkhosi Shah kaThixo.

Noko ke, xa le onebutho lamajoni 8 lamawaka elibe lihlanganiselene e Tbilisi, kwacaca ukuba abahlaseli ezazixingile ixesha elide phantsi iindonga Shushi. Ngoko ke, ngequbuliso, waqalisa imfazwe Russian-Persian. 1826 waba ujingi ngokupheleleyo, yaye Yermolov wagqiba ukuba balwe phambi kubanda. Army ekhokelwa uMajor General Madatova wathunyelwa ukuya Elisavetpolya ukunqanda utshaba irhoxe ka Umxokozelo.

Eli qela wajongana utshaba labalindi kwangaphambili kufuphi kwilali Shamkir. Impi kwi historiography iye ngokuba Shamkhor edabini. Yaba yena lowo nempembelelo iziphumo imfazwe Russian-Persian ka-1826-1828. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku i-Iran ehlasela, phantse ngaphandle udibana naye nawuphi ukuxhathisa umbutho. Ngoku ke kwafuneka ajamelane umkhosi yokwenene Russian.

Ngexesha Madatov wabonakala Azerbaijan, yamaPersi ayesele sivete Elisavetpol. Ukuba atyhudise, abheke isixeko esirhangqiweyo, kwakufuneka umkhosi IsiRashiya ukuya ukwaphula Vanguard utshaba. NgoSeptemba 3, kule mpi abakwa, yamaPersi elichithwe wabulala abantu abangama-2000, lo gama Madatov waphulukana amajoni 27. Ngenxa kokoyiswa kwi Battle Shamkhor Abbas Mirza kwafuneka irhoxe ka Umxokozelo kwaye ushukume ngecala ezishelifini ingeniso wema Elisavetpolem.

Ukugxothwa yamaPersi Russia

Valerian Madatov wayalela abantu 6 amawaka kuphela. Bona ngokucacileyo ngokwaneleyo ukuqhuba namaPersi evela Yelizavetpol. Ngoko ke, emva kokuphumelela ngeenxa Shamkhor, wenza i eqondisa encinane, apho nozimanya ngokupheleleyo kunye ukusekelwa fresh ukuba uvela Tiflis. Intlanganiso yaso yabanjwa ngomhla we-10 kuSeptemba. regiments ezintsha owawukhokelwa Ivan Paskevich. Wathabatha umyalelo yonke umkhosi, uhamba ukuba akhulule Elizavetpol.

September 13, imikhosi Russian baba kufuphi nesixeko. Kananjalo bekukho namaPersi. Amaqela baqala ukulungiselela kwidabi. Baqalisa neziqhushumbisi kakhulu. Uhlaselo lokuqala nomkhosi wamaPersi zixinge ngenxa yokuba ezishelfini wabalekela ebisenyobeni amanyala, beza phantsi umlilo yotshaba.

Xa lohlaselo eentloko ezaxhobela Russian wadlala indima Kherson webutho, eyayikhokelwa ngqo Paskevich. Iran ayikwazanga ukunceda ingenakulinganiselwa zokudubula okanye amahashe wazama ukuba ahlasele wamajoni ephangweni Georgian. imfazwe Russian-Persian, oonobangela yona Umnqweno Shah ukuhlasela ummelwane wayo, lubonise kwakhona njengoko isimbo umkhosi wasempuma angabi nxamnye umkhosi Russian, abaqeqeshwe ngendlela yaseYurophu. amalungu ukuba balwe Paskevich kukhokelele kwinto yokuba Iran ekuqaleni lihambe liye kwizikhundla zazo zokuqala, ngokuhlwa, yaye bonke badlula kubo.

Iilahleko amaqela ezahlukeneyo kwakhona Akumangalisi omkhulu. Jikelele Paskevich kwabalelwa 46 kwabulawa malunga namashumi amabini balimala. I-Iran, abantu abangamawaka amabini babulawa. Malunga inani elifanayo emkhosini yanikezela. Ukongeza, i-Russian waya zokudubula utshaba nezibhengezo. Koloyiso Elisavetpolem kukhokelele vula amehlo. Ngoku Russia iye yagqiba uya kuba yintoni na imfazwe Russian-Persian. Iziphumo edabini zaye wamemezela ilizwe liphela wafumana njengesipho umlawuli omtsha, owaba ukubonisa esidlangalaleni ubuchule babo abe yinkokeli.

Campaign 1827

impumelelo Paskevich ihlaziywe. Wamiselwa alimwi kakumkani kunye irhuluneli eCaucasus. Ngo-Oktobha, imikhosi Iranian siqhutywaqhutywa phezu Araks umda umlambo. Ngaloo ndlela ke kwabuyiselwa imeko. La majoni wachitha ebusika, kwaye ngaphambili, waseka senze yethutyana. Noko ke, onke amaqela baqonda ukuba ayikho ngaphezu imfazwe Russian-Persian (1826-1828). Ngokufutshane, Nicholas wagqiba ekubeni uthathe ithuba impumelelo yomkhosi hayi kuphela amgxothe bahlaseli, kodwa ndiwufeze ukulawula Orthodox eArmenia, inxalenye asekhona ekule Shah.

Eyona njongo ephambili yolu Paskevich yaba kwisixeko Erivan (Yerevan) kunye Erivan khanate, ekhonza owayesakuba Iran. Kumadabi yaqala entlakohlaza emva kwexesha. Ehlotyeni eentloko ezaxhobela Russian wanikezela into ebalulekileyo Fort Sardar-Abad. De Agasti mkhosi bokumkani akayenzanga ukumelana kakhulu. Lonke eli xesha, Abbas Mirza ekhaya, icholwa ezishelifini ezintsha.

Oshakanskaya ukulwa

Kwinyanga ka-Agasti, ukuba ezihlangwini Persian of 25-amawaka umkhosi wangena khanate Erivan. umkhosi wakhe wahlasela idolophu Echmiadzin, leyo kuphela amabutho encinane Cossack, kwakunye eMonastri yamandulo enqatyisiweyo zamaKristu. Le nqaba kwafuneka kuhlangula squad, ikhokelwa ngu uLieutenant General Athanasios Krasovsky.

Agasti 17 inani elincinane imikhosi Russian ngo-3000 umntu ahlaselwa umkhosi 30-zeziziimbalasane Abbas Mirza. Yaba enye ugqaliselo imincili, ezaziwa yi imfazwe Russian-Persian. Umhla Oshakanskoy idabi (njengoko waziwa historiography) kungqamane emileyo ubushushu abaseAfrika zingenakunyamezeleka, yayinjengentuthumbo efanayo onke amajoni.

Injongo Krasovsky looding ukuba atyhudise, abheke njengomzi ongqingiweyo ke enyuselwa oxineneyo yotshaba. Russian wathwala i nempahla olubanzi kunye nezibonelelo eziyimfuneko ukuze ikampu. Indlela kwafuneka esabekwa bayonets, ngokuba akubangakho kwendlela, apho kuya kubakho namaPersi. Ukugcina ukuhlaselwa lutshaba, zokudubula wawuqokelela Krasovsky, leyo ukususela ekuqaleni yokusebenza uthathe ngobuchule elula ukuphakama iqokobhe. guns adubula akazange avumele amaPersi lokuhlasela Russian nangamandla akhe onke, nto leyo kubonakaliswe ngenxa edabini.

Ngenxa yoko, looding Krasowski wakwazi ukuba waphule Echmiadzin, nangona into yokuba zonke ezinye joni yale ngxokolo wabulawa, repulsing ukuhlasela Muslims. Ukungaphumeleli kuye kwaba nempembelelo kuyadumaza kuzo zonke iinkokheli Persian olomeleleyo. Abbas Mirza esithile xesha usazama iintsuku niwungqingile umzi, kodwa kungekudala lweMedia ngobulumko.

Eyona imikhosi iphambili bukhosi phantsi kobunkokheli Paskevich ngelo xesha uceba ukuba ahlasele Azerbaijan yaye ukuya Tabriz. Kodwa ekupheleni Agasti, abaziintloko ufumene iindaba iziganeko Echmiadzin, ngenxa apho waya kwelinye ibakala imfazwe Russian-Persian (1826-1828). Izizathu Paskevich wathumela ngamava encinane ukuya ngasentshona, baba ezilula - wayekholelwa ukuba Abbas Mirza ukho kummandla ezahlukeneyo ngokupheleleyo. Eqonda ukuba umkhosi omkhulu Iranian umi bakhe ngasemva-oyintloko wala ukuba ahambe aye Tabriz waza waya kwicala le Erivan khanate.

ukuthatha Yerevan

Septemba 7 Paskevich kunye Krasovsky badibana Etchmiadzin, ngazo kwi olwandulela zokungqinga wavulwa. Ngelo ibhunga kwagqitywa ukuba ukuthatha Erivan Armenian. Ukuba umkhosi nako ukufaka isixeko, oko kwakuya yaphela imfazwe Russian-Persian. 1828 waba isondela, ngoko Paskevich nangoko wabetha endleleni, enethemba ukugqiba umsebenzi phambi ebusika.

iminyaka Russian-Persian imfazwe, owenzeka kwelo xesha lokungazinzi ngokwaseburhulumenteni Russian, Noko ke, lubonise ukuba, phezu kwayo yonk 'into, umkhosi wokumkani nga ukusombulula imingeni zokusebenza iimeko eyona inzima. Nicholas I, hayi ngaphandle isizathu sokukholelwa ukuba kuyimfuneko ukuseka Protectorate phezu lonke Armenia. Abantu bemveli kweli lizwe nabo baba ngamaKristu Orthodox kwaye kangangeenkulungwane ubunzima kulawulo Muslim.

Imizamo yokuqala of Armenia ukuseka uqhagamshelwano ne St. Petersburg zenzeka kwasekuqaleni ebudeni bolawulo uPetros I. Kungelo ngelo xesha umkhosi Russian ekhululekileyo phondo iphondo loMzantsi eCaucasus. Paskevich, ukuba kwimpuma eArmenia, kukwamkelwa ngomdla yi balapha. abantu abaninzi abaye bangenela le ngokubanzi njengoko athathwe.

Russian-Persian 1828 waba ithuba Armenia kwakhona baqale ukuhlala ezweni yobuKristu. Yaba ezininzi, yaye Erivan. Ebona oku, injengele wasePersi yaseYiputa wathuma evela kumalungu iintsapho anempembelelo Armenian, nto leyo eyenza ukuba abemi ukuba bavukele. Noko ke, amanyathelo okhuseleko abakhange sasiza Iran. Esi sixeko yathinjwa amajoni Russian-Oktobha 1, 1827 emva kokuba isaqhwithi emfutshane.

zingxoxo

kwikomkhulu kwiiveki ezimbini emva koku loyiso, oko kwazeka ukuba abanye abantu bakomkhulu wayithimba Tabriz. Lo mkhosi wayalela yi George Eristov wathumela Paskevich ukuya mpuma emva umphathi sokhohlo omkhulu Erevan. Olu loyiso kwaba umcimbi phambi-line wokugqibela, nto leyo eyaziwa ngokuba imfazwe Russian-Persian (1826-1828). Le isivumelwano soxolo ukuba kuyimfuneko shah. umkhosi wakhe wayeka lonke idabi qhinga. Kwakhona, ngoku regiments yasebukhosini ahlala yinxalenye yommandla.

Ngoko ke, xa kuqala ubusika, omabini amazwe baqalisa ukuba babelane oonozakuzaku kunye izikhali. Badibana e Turkmanchay - ilali encinane ekufutshane Tabriz wayithimba. Izivumelwano ngemvume kule ndawo ngoFebruwari 10, 1828, ushwankathelwa imfazwe Russian-Persian (1826-1828). Kuba Russia zonke iinzuzo awayexatyiswa, ukuba lasebukhosini akwenzileyo kwixesha ungquzulwano odlulileyo. Ukongeza, isithsaba komlawuli wafumana ekuthengeni ezintsha indawo. Yaba empumalanga Armenia kunye isixeko yayo engundoqo Yerevan kunye Nakhchivan Khanate. I-Iran ivumile ukuhlawula imali enkulu (million 20 engange zesilivere). Kwakhona ke saqinisekisa non-uphazamiseko kwi-Orthodox Armenia inkqubo yokuhlaliswa kwilizwe lawo.

Isiphelo ingxabano

Loo nto inika umdla ilungu nonozakuzaku wasebukhosini esikhulu kunye nombhali Alexander Griboyedov. Wathabatha inxaxheba kwingxoxo iimeko phantsi kwayo yaphela imfazwe Russian-Persian (1826-1828). Ngokufutshane, sivumelwano khange ivumelane Iran. Kwiinyanga ezimbalwa kamva waqalisa imfazwe omtsha Russian-Turkish, yamaPersi wazama bahlukumeze iimeko zehlabathi.

Ukuze zokusombulula ingxabano, Tehran athume isigidimi, eyayikhokelwa Griboyedov. Ngowe-1829, thimba ngokumasikizi wabulawa yempambano Islamic. inqwaba yabulala oonozakuzaku. Shah wathumela eSt izipho Petersburg-izityebi wokulungisa kwihlazo. Nicholas akazange aye ngenxa ngxabano, yaye ukususela ngoko abamelwane yaba uxolo elide.

umzimba Griboyedov kaThixo, ezilinyaziweyo, wangcwatyelwa Tbilisi. Ifunyanwa asanda kukhululwa Iran Yerevan, waqala eqongeni yokudlala yayo idumileyo "Yeha evela Wit". yaphela ke ngoko ukuba imfazwe Russian-Persian. Le isivumelwano soxolo avumele ukuba ukudala amaphondo ezininzi ezintsha, yaye ukususela ngoko South Caucasus yaba yinxalenye yoBukhosi de ukuwa yasebukhosini.