Umbuso Ottoman

Ottoman (Ottoman) Empire, waqala kunye nembali yakhe kwenkulungwane ye-14 (ukususela ukwehla waseByzantium), kwasekwa izizwe eAnatolia Turks. State waze 1922 uninzi kunyaka - ukususela lokusekwa Turkish Republic. Igama le Ottoman emva Sultan yokuqala - ngunozala i Osman ubukhosi.

Ekuqaleni kobukumkani umbusi eyandisiweyo ilifa lakhe, annexing ummandla evela Marmara noLwandle Black, inxalenye enkulu ilizwe kwintshona Sakarya River.

Emva kokufa Uthman wakhululana Orhan wakhe. Bursa (owayesakuba isixeko yaseByzantium) - Ebudeni bolawulo lwakhe, inhloko i savunywa.

Emva uOrhan waba ngumlawuli Murad 1. unyana wakhe omdala Le laseburhulumenteni enkulu ndakwazi ukomeleza ubukho amajoni ayo kwiphondo Europe. Murad 1 ngo-1389 woyisa umthetheli Serbian e Kosovo Polje. Ngenxa yale edabini Ottoman ifumene uninzi kwindawo ekumazantsi weDanube.

Inkqubo karhulumente kweli lizwe elisekelwe kwindibaniselwano yaseByzantium, Seljuk kunye nezithethe Arab kunye namasiko. On ezweni yoyiswa Ottoman, bazama ukugcina kangangoko kunokwenzeka izithethe zasekuhlaleni, kutshabalalisa ulwalamano zembali.

Sandise indawo ye Ottoman ngexesha sewusesandleni sonyana wakhe Murad 1, Bayezid 1. uloyiso ebalulekileyo Idabi kwiNikopoli 1396 (kwi-iDanube). Noko ke, nangona impumelelo yangaphandle, uBukhosi Ottoman ubunzima neengxaki ezinkulu kakhulu, ngaphandle kunye nezo ziphuma ngaphakathi. ukuziphatha Ikakhulu ziziphatha yomphathi, yabafazi lakhe elikhulu, umsitho entle kwibhotwe wabiza Ghazi usi abaninzi. Ukongeza, ukukhathazeka kunye nokunyuka Bayazid nxamnye Muslims kunye nezinye Gazi e Asia Minor. Ngenxa yoko, uninzi Beys basekuhlaleni bafudukela Tamerlane yaye yaqinisekisa uqale nxamnye imfazwe umlawuli Ottoman.

Ngenxa lokulwa 1402 umkhosi Bayezid kaThixo woyiswa waza wayithimba yi umphathi ngokwakhe. I Ottoman waba ngokwahluka ngenxa amaphulo koko Tamerlane. Nangona kunjalo, kuba umthunyelwa मेसेजिंग oko yagcinwa igunya phezu kwezinye iindawo zeli lizwe.

Ebudeni benkulungwane ye-15 kwi Ottoman karhulumente lwaqhutywa umgaqo-nkqubo zangaphakathi litsha kunye nokwandiswa lwangaphandle kunye nokomelezwa emideni.

I "igolide" kuba bukhosi yaba ngenkulungwane ye-16. Ngeli xesha, walawula Sulaiman 1, kubaluleke kakhulu eziqhotyoshelwe ekomelezeni amandla yomkhosi karhulumente. Phakathi kwenkulungwane ye-16 yaba zebhola izakhiwo kunye noncwadi.

Xa Ottoman ngelo xesha kugcwele ubuhlobo bondage, kwaye umbutho yomkhosi kunye nenkqubo yolawulo zaye wakhiwe mthetho.

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba emva kweli xesha (emva ulawulo Suleyman 1) ezininzi umthunyelwa मेसेजिंग zazanele abalawuli buthathaka. Ngenkulungwane ye-17, urhulumente uye zingaguquka ngurhulumente. Ekuqaleni bukhosi wayekho isithethe kakhulu yinkohlakalo - nghena itrone Sultan wababulala bonke abantakwabo. Ukususela ngo-1603 abalawuli abazalwana kunye neentsapho zabo ahlohla ngokukodwa, inxalenye ekude yasebhotwe, apho wachitha bonke ubomi bakhe, ukuze ukufa lerhuluneli. Ekufeni umbusi, indawo yakhe mdala amabanjwa. Ngenxa yoko, le umthunyelwa मेसेजिंग azizange phantse yonke ngukumkani kwiinkulungwane 17-18, uphuhliso ngokwasengqondweni, Kakade ke, kwafuneka akukho amava kwezopolitiko. Ngenxa yokuba ukuba akandifanele komlawuli, ilizwe elikhulu waqala ukuphelelwa umanyano wayo, kwaye urhulumente ngokwawo waqalisa ukuba buthathaka ngokukhawuleza.

Ngenxa yokuba i-Ottoman ngenkulungwane ye-18, iye ulahlekelwe igunya layo kwiMeditera. Ukuzaliswa War kweminyaka esixhenxe leyo ukumqumbisa ukuhlaselwa ngaphezulu kurhulumente. Ngenxa yoko, ubukhosi ezifunyenwe, kodwa utshaba endala Austria, sotshaba entsha - Russia.