Iipropati Physical of nesalfure. inkcazelo sulphur

Sulphur - into oko kukuthi okwangoku bafundele eyiyeyabantu phantse ngokupheleleyo. Kumaxesha amandulo kuye ingqalelo oyinqaba, Wayengqongwe iimfihlelo, amabali kunye neentsomi ezithe zavela ngenxa yokoyika neenkolelo zabantu angaziwa lonke. Noko ke, uninzi iimpawu ezibonakalayo ngayo sulphur kuyaziwa bantu ngaphambi kokuba Mendeleev wabeka echazwe lwezakhi waza wamnika inani 16. Le into lisetyenziswa kwi ixesha kaHomer, ukongeza, olunye ulwazi (oluthembekileyo noko) kuwo inokufumaneka ezintsha kunye Old kwaneTestamente eNtsha.

chemical element

Ebusuku nokumisa iinkulungwane ezingasetyenziswanga inkcazelo ngalo mba, njengoko isalfure, kwaba nzima kakhulu. Oku kwenziwa ezininzi zizazinzulu, kodwa bafumanise ukuba kokwabo udidi ngemichiza elements Ayikwazanga D. I. Mendeleevu. Kule nkqubo ibhetshi eboniswe ngereferensi Inani u 16. sulphur Ifunyanwa kwixesha wesithathu, ku- wesithandathu iqela engundoqo, ubunzima atom - 32, ingxinano (phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo) - 2070 kg / m ^3.

History of ukusebenzisa

Mandulo abantu belizwe zisetyenziswa emzimbeni iimpawu nesulfure, apho ababesaziwa kubo. Umthombo imvelaphi yayo babegqalwa oothixo behlabathi, okanye abantu emhlabeni, sanikwa iimpawu ezikhethekileyo. Ivumba uphawu lwesiyobisi lula ucinezelo yicawa luncedo ekwenzeni imisitho yonqulo ezahlukeneyo kokugxothwa "noomoya abakhohlakeleyo". Kamva sulphur waqala ukuba isetyenziselwe iinjongo zomkhosi, kwaba yinxalenye umxube ezinokutsha. Nge Amathuba aphezulu sinokuthi olusebenzise ukwenza i "umlilo yesiGrike", nto leyo ebonisa uyoyikwa engcwele yotshaba. Xa sulphur zasekhaya kunye nemixube yayo zisetyenziswe zokuthambisa, ezolimo, kunye ngoncedo inyama ukuphupha ezidala sirhoxiswe. E China yamandulo, yemifuniselo yokuqala pyrotechnic lwenziwa ngoncedo lwe nesalfure. Le mixube kuphumela ningekabi ngumgubo evakalala, kodwa waba njengesiseko nokudalwa ifomula yayo, ngokuzenzekelayo, iimeko langoku zaphuculwa. Nangona kunjalo, ngexesha lokuqala isiseko salo kwaba nesalfure. Chemistry, okanye kunoko alchemy elo xesha, iminxeba nesiqalelo "nguyise wabo bonke zesinyithi." Esi sigqibo sisekelwe ubukho nesalfa ores ezininzi Ukungabinakutsha yayo lekhamera. Lombono le ntsomi akaphumeleli Lavoisier ngo ka1789. Le Isazinzulu wathabatha element ukuya non-izinyithi, yaye, njengoko kuboniswe nezifundo, ukhwankqe kunene. E imithi, i nesulfure ephindeneyo njengomfanekiso kubola anti-ekumfimfitheni arhente.

Kwindalo,

Nasemaweni kuqweqwe sulphur asinto ingaqhelekanga. Ngokutsho neqondo ngokufumaneka kunye yokwanda endaweni 16 phakathi zonke imichiza. Ubume sulphur atom yenza into ekwimo yayo enyulu (kwiimeko ezithile zendalo). Kodwa kwiimeko ezininzi le yinxalenye sisimbiwa ezahlukahlukeneyo, iikhompawundi kwenza sulfides kunye sulfates. Yeyona ixhaphakileyo ayo ngokunxulumene isinyithi intsimbi pyrites (pyrite), cinnabar, galena (galena), izinc blende (sphalerite). Elwandle phezu wemagniziyam sulfate, calcium, sodium. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, ngaphezulu kwama-200 yatyunjwa nezithako. Okwesibini - umxholo iqhekeza mass - Iqembu gypsum, kieserite, ityuwa Glauber kaThixo. Sulphur iqukiwe ukwakheka protein iimolekyuli, ukutsho oko. E. kufunyanwa makanyebeleze eziphilayo. ngokubanzi kakhulu iikhompawundi ezikhoyo organic ke ioli, igesi yendalo kunye namalahle. Lo mthombo uphambili sulphur kunye nezakhi zayo lo mlilo, kodwa umsebenzi yabantu (mveliso, nendlu) okukhawulezileyo zacebisa inkqubo. A isixa esikhulu ukwimo ezingasetyenziswanga kwi komhlaba, clays, gypsum, emazantsi kweelwandle kunye namachibi, ioli, igesi yendalo kunye namalahle, xa imigxobhozo ityuwa emanzini olwandle. Ukujikeleziswa ngayo sulphur kwi onokuphila kwenzeka ngokusebenzisa Cya, yaye oku kunegalelo ukufuma leyo ngokomphushu ukusuka kumphezulu yequmrhu enkulu yamanzi, iwela njengemvula kwaye ukusuka inkunkuma imilambo ingena abuyele elwandle kunye neelwandle.

igama

Kwisithuba yophuhliso alchemy, kwakukho eziliqela amagama ukubonisa mihla imichiza element nesalfure. Kokuphi ntoni ngabo - asikho ecacileyo, mhlawumbi, Libe umbuzo malunga ngendibaniso, ore okanye emanzini negesi. Xa periodic inkqubo Mendeleev sulphur otyunjwe uphawu S (sulfur). Eli gama Latin Akukho imvelaphi ecacileyo, mhlawumbi, ukuba abolekwe kulwimi isiGrike nesiguqulela ukuba ukwazi ngokuba 'ovuthayo ". NgokoMthetho asetyenziswe ngolwimi Russian na iingcambu mandulo kakhulu. Igama elithi "nesalfure" libhekisela izinto unpleasantly ukunuka, umxube ezinokutsha. Kukho kwakhona inguqulelo ngemvelaphi igama lombala kwezinto: .. "Pale yellow", "grey", oko kukuthi angqalileyo. Ngoko ke wabiza zonke nentlaka. Igama yesibini ukwimo ayisetyenziselwanga kule mihla - "bogey". Kwakhona unelona inkcazelo ingqiqo LINGATSHA kunye nevumba elibi. Iingcali ngeelwimi ziye kufika kwisigqibo ukuba olwimi ingcambu elithi "bulala", nto leyo mhlawumbi ngenxa iimpawu sulphur dioxide.

Iipropati Physical sulfur

Kuxhomekeka iinguqulelo allotropic ngaphakathi kuluhlu iseli unxibelelwano. Yahlulwe yaba ezintathu uhlobo wambumba emkhusaneni (esitalini ngemixokelelwane atomic): orthorhombic, iplastiki, monoclinic. Umbala, iimpawu ezibonakalayo ukwimo ixhomekeke ukuguqulwa nesalfure. Eyona ziqhelekileyo izinze kwaye S ₈ elibujikele compound. Yile hlobo mxokelelwane nto luphawu lokuba crystalline nesalfure - izinto ntlanzi ukuba ithinti elityheli. Zeplastiki monoclinic ukuguqulwa Bakhona singazinzi kuguqulwa ube elibujikele isakhiwo ngokuzenzekelayo emva kwexesha emva kokuba zifunyenwe. Formula sulphur kulo mzekelo iqulathe uphawu S ₄ S _6. Phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo (lobushushu room), ezimbaxa ezinzileyo chain rhombic; ngexesha ngokushushubeza ubuncwane iyatshintsha zibe kwimeko ulwelo lwe udibaniso, ngoko sikhula. Ukupholisa kancinane kwenza iinaliti sulphur monoclinic ukuba abe umbala enzulu omthubi. Xa ukusabela etyhidiweyo ngesixhobo abandayo ngamanzi ntlobo zeplastiki allotropic kokulungiswa, esiye eyakhiweyo efana irabha kunye ubunjwe eziliqela Polymer ngemixokelelwane, iye dirty-esimthubi (mnyama) umbala. Eyona rhoqo sulphur njenge inkcazo eqinileyo elimthubi angavumelaniyo ngamanzi eseleyo kumphezulu wayo. Njengoko nazinkinga ingasetyenziswa oganikhi khompawundi: .. neturpentine, carbon disulfide, njalo-sulphur njenge into elula phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo kuye iimpawu thermodynamic ilandelayo:

1. Density Relative - 2,070 g / cm ^3.
2. conductivity thermal - 300 K.
3. Lokunyibilika - 112 ° ^C.
4. umthamo ubushushu izinyo - J 22,6.
5. abilayo - 444 ° ^C.
6. umthamo izinyo - 15.5 ^cm3 / nolovane.

Ngexesha ubushushu, inani sulfur molecule nganye kunciphisa. Kwi 300 ^C kubhaliwe ngenkuthalo ihamba fluid, ngokufumana ubushushu engumphunga olwandisiweyo 450 ° ^C monatomic sulphur zingafumaneka ngexesha ubilisa izinto ku-1760 ^C (S ₈ - S ₆ - S ₄ - S ₂ - S). Le nto umqhubi okulambathayo umbane nobushushu, nesetyenziswa ngokubanzi isicelo yayo.

iipropati chemical

Isalfure ihlangana ngesinyithi isiphumo uluhlu lwe sulfides. Ezininzi Kwiimeko, umchiza indlela ifuna ngumnxibelelanisi apho njengezenzo ukufudumeza. Phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo (lobushushu room), i-compound kwenzeka kuphela mercury. Le propati isetyenziselwa neutralization of umphunga zayo, nto leyo akhiwa impefumlelwano intsimbi kunye amathontsi ioksijini. Akunamsebenzi banxibelelane element platinum, iridium, igolide. Kubangela sulfides Bakhona olunokutsha izakhi komtshiso oko xa ilunyekwa ngokwaneleyo kakhulu. Isalfure, ongaphandle nyulu idityaniswe oksijini. Le nkqubo compound luphawulwa ukuyilwa igesi ezingenambala (sulphur dioxide) kunye otshisayo. Indlela abasabela ingathityazwa kunye hydrogen lwenzeka ngexesha zokufudumeza (yi umzekeliso le carbon kunye lesilicon), irhasi ezenziwa emanzini kuthiwa, carbon disulfide. Njengazo zonke ezinye izinto qela VI periodic table, nesulfure liselikho wasabela evaliweyo tube ne halogen (fluorine, bromine, chlorine, phosphorus). Bushushu, basabela kunokwenzeka kuphela fluorine. sulphur chloride kuyinto material esetyenziswa ngokubanzi kushishino kwemichiza le. Ngamanzi kunye acid izisombululo hayi asabele, kunye elibona kwealkali ingathityazwa - ukuba benziwa phantsi yintshukumo kuvala. Abaninzi acid ekhoyo kunye netyuwa akhiwa indibanisela (a imfuneko ubushushu) of sulphur ioksijini kunye hydrogen.

isakhiwo electronic

Ulwakhiwo atom wesalfure ivumela element ukuba ukuzibonakalisa njengento oxidizer kunye arhente nokunciphisa, yaye asabela imichiza abe Valence eyahlukileyo. Oku kubangelwa ukwabiwa kwamanqanaba electron. nucleus atomic uba isigxina 16 xa weight atomic-32 (16 protons kunye neutron) radius - 127 pm. sulphur Scheme (e) ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: S + 16) 2) 8) 6; nokuphumla - 1 ² 2 ² 3 2P ^{6 2 4} 3P. Kwinqanaba wesithathu atom sulphur iye orbitals ezintlanu asihlali mntu ngoko ke Valence of iikhompawundi bayo kule ndlela ilandelayo: -2, + 2, + 4, + 6, leyo zixhomekeke iqondo excitation.

idiphozithi

Isixa sulphur eveliswa kuyanda ngonyaka. Oku kuhambisana uluhlu olubanzi isicelo, nto leyo likhula rhoqo ngenxa yokuhambela phambili zobugcisa ngakumbi ukufunda ngokucokisekileyo izinto sele eyaziwa chemical. Indlela emi ngayo sulphur equlethwe kule fomu lomthonyama kwaye yinxalenye inani elikhulu ekrwada. Ngokuxhomekeka oku, iindlela ezahlukeneyo ezisetyenziswa imveliso yawo. iidipozithi Stratiform asasazwa eUnited States, Iraq, i-Middle iVolga nommandla zeCarpath. Bona inzuzo kakhulu ngokubhekiselele ipesenti, iveliswa khona ukususela kuma-50 ukuya kuma-60% nesalfure. Le-carbonate kunye sulfate rock balele omkhulu, ukufikelela amashumi yeemitha nzulu kunye amakhulu ezininzi - ubude. iidipozithi Soljanokupolnyh ezi uphawu kwimimandla kakhulu kwimveliso petroleum. Kuba iidiphozithi inkulu yalo mmandla zingundoqo ziquka i-Gulf of Mexico, apho enxuseneyo ukuphuhlisa US, Chile kunye Mexico. The, imali-elisandul abaninzi namhlanje iidipozithi mlilo. imvelaphi yabo edibene ziitectonic plates iimpazamo Uqweqwe kunye nesenzo mlilo. Ngako oko, le iidiphozithi ibekwe Pacific Ocean. Ngokuqinisekileyo ukuqhubeka ukuhlola data Japan kunye nezowuni Russian. Asia iidipozithi eziqhelekileyo ngakumbi isalfure lomthonyama, nto leyo iba imvelaphi ngokwaneleyo yamandulo yaye ngokukhethekayo ibekwe kwiingcamba kumphezulu. Phambene Mountains, kwisiqithi yeSisili, ummandla iVolga, ummandla eLviv na uphuhliso iidiphozithi, leyo enzelwe namhlanje. imveliso World of sulphur ingaphezulu kwe-50 ezigidi zeetoni ngonyaka ngamnye, apho-30% - igolide, 33% - iimveliso igesi kunye neoli, 14% - processing of ezikhutshwayo mveliso,-16% - evela sulfides, 6% - of sulfates.

Indlela yemveliso

Kuxhomekeke kubunzulu wesalfure ores eziqulathe usebenzisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo gesi kunye kuqhutyelwe phambili. Iimpawu ezibonakalayo ngayo sulphur ongaphambili, kungakhathaliseki indlela zemveliso, inkqubo yemveliso yokhuseleko. Ngokuqhelekileyo, ichibi kweziyobisi kunye olwenzeka enkulu imimoya enetyhefu asizozinto ngaphandle umlilo okhawulezileyo. umaleko befunda maleko ekrwada asuswe usebenzisa abembi - le ndlela yeyona mncinane yingozi (ngokuthobela zonke iimfuno zobugcisa). Isalfure nyulu iziphumo zokulungisa zayo phambili izityalo zabo, apho uyakhululwa inkwali. Iindlela zokuhlanjululwa okuzikisa kwatshintsha: thermal, icentrifuge, ukuhluza, Steam, utsalo.

Kuba nzima kakhulu ukwenza nezokukhupha isalfure, apho ikhoyo nokubakho ngokwemaleko komhlaba. indlela Umgodi - ngokubonelela irhasi ezinxulumene - phantse ingafikeleleki, ngoko kakhulu ngempumelelo Germana Frasha indlela esetyenziswayo ukususela 1895. He is nemveliso kuphuhliso etyebileyo iidiphozithi ibonelela kakhulu ukonga iindleko zothutho kunye neendleko nangakumbi processing of esikrwada, njengoko oku kubonisa zikhutshwa ehlambulukileyo kweziyobisi. Umgaqo Lokulinganisa ulula: layers esikrwada equlethe isalfure, baphathwa ngamanzi ashushu onikezelwa ngokusebenzisa umbhobho. Amalungiselelo ngaphakathi kuyo ezimbini isitya zezindlu ezahlukeneyo, leyo eyenzelwe lokubonelela igesi kunye nokukhululwa imveliso ogqityiweyo. Ngenxa lobushushu yokunyibilikisa eliphantsi komhlaba phantsi koxinzelelo lukhupha sulphur imali encinane ukungcola.

isicelo

Umboleki iphambili iikhemikhali isalfure, apho awukwazi ukubakhona ngaphandle asidi ezisekelwe nesiqalelo. Belaphu, neoli, ukutya, yintlama, izahluko imveliso kwemigodi akakwazi ukwenza ngaphandle le nto. Formula sulphur kwenza kube lula ukusebenzisa imichiza yayo lokuvelisa neziqhushumbisi, imatshisi, irabha, zokuthambisa, amayeza njalo njalo. D. Kwezolimo esixubusha into ifakiwe ukwakhiwa isichumiso emhlabeni (kwandisa pesenti yayingeyonxalenye phosphorous), ibinza okunyangileyo imbewu ezahlukeneyo izinambuzane. Kuba imveliso iidayi kunye nokwenziwa luminescent kusetyenziswa nesalfure okuhlamba. Ngokutsho ngomlinganiselo gesi, inkqubo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwalo element kungabonwa kwi amandla industrial karhulumente yonke. Uninzi lwabantu zamvanje eziqhubekayo ezininzi kulwazi amacandelo ezoqoqosho zisekelwe ekusetyenzisweni kwe-sulphur kunye yayo kusitsha. Kunzima ukuba ukuvavanya amandla ngokupheleleyo yesicelo lwesi sakhi lwekhemikhali, esiza kusetyenziswa uluntu ukususela kumaxesha amandulo, kwaye asathe gqolo ukuba bathathe inxaxheba ngokukuko kwinkqubo kwezobuchwepheshe yendaleko.