Jacobin ukulawulwa

Ngehlobo lowe-1793 i-revolution eFransi singene kwisigaba eliphezulu yakhe. Babuza ukuba amandla umgaqo-nkqubo kakhulu ezinkulu, ibhodi apho wehla embalini njengoko Jacobin nguzwilakhe. Yayiqhubeka kuphela ngonyaka, kodwa ngeli xesha bakwazi ukwenza lukhulu.

Ukuza amandla kunye ekulweni intelekelelo

May 31 e Paris kwimvukelo abahluphekayo wayaphula. Kuye ekhokelwa abameli amaqela ezopolitiko kakhulu esigqibeleleyo Convention - i Jacobins. Bona ngokuxhaswa amahlwempu ezidolophini nasemaphandleni, abameli loohlohlesakhe abathile. Ukwakhiwa kwipalamente French batyath le ezaziwayo, imibombo ukuba amasekela bagqiba ngomhla ukubanjwa Girondins ngoJuni-2 - elichasayo zobupolitika Jacobins. Ekubeni lizwe liseke ulawulo olutsha yezopolitiko.

I Jacobins ndaphelelwa ngamandla malunga nonyaka. Ngeli xesha eFransi, utshintsho abaninzi baye yenzekile. Imeko ngaphakathi lizwe aphesheya kwaba kwabonakala ukuba revolution imalunga livunyelwe. Army amazwe aseYurophu ngelo imida French: emantla - i Austrians kwaye Prussians, nakwelasezantsi - baseSpeyin, yaye bendihamba kufuphi nonxweme kwizithuthi IsiNgesi. Xa iphondo Vendée umlimi rap mvukelo, ekhokelwa ngamanene elubhacweni. imeko yeli lizwe yezoqoqosho Sikwimeko: ukunyuka kwamaxabiso okutya, intelekelelo yachuma. Kwiimeko ezinjalo ke kufuneka ukuqaliswa kwamanyathelo likaxakeka, kwaye Convent le Jacobins phantsi koxinzelelo wahamba ngayo. NgoSeptemba, phantsi kwempembelelo yokunqongophala okuziinkozo, yapasisa umthetho phezu ukusekwa ngamaxabiso likhulu le zorhwebo ibalulekileyo. Kuba waphula umthetho isohlwayo sokufa wathembela.

yokuguqula Jacobins

Ngo-Oktobha 1793 yayamkela yi -siseko isiFrentshi, leyo yeyona eziphambili ngexesha layo. Lazazisa jikelele lokuvota labantu yamadoda abaphumelele engama-21 amalungelo alinganayo wanika abo ukuvota kwaye abo kulungiselwe bona ukuba bavote. UMthetho, umzimba lowiso wangena ukusebenza kuphela emva kokuba imvume lwabo ngabantu. Kodwa ke eneneni,-siseko yaseFransi ngo-1793 waza waqalisa ukusebenza. Ngexesha lemfazwe, i Jacobins wakhokela lizwe ngoncedo nemimiselo kaxakeka - imimiselo leyo waba amandla komthetho. Kwaba Jacobin ngokozwi - inkqubo karhulumente apho epalamente zaye zidudulelwe ngasemva, kodwa amandla ngokwenene yaba imizimba olawulo - iikomiti.

Undoqo imvukelo nabalimi, ngoko ke urhulumente omtsha ngenkalipho ukuphumeza utshintsho kwicandelo lezolimo. Sele ngoJuni 1793 imihlaba edityanelweyo ezidluliselwe abalimi, yonke imithwalo feudal bayiyeka kunye namaxwebhu ubungqina kubo, ukuze sitshatyalaliswe. Imihlaba nabanumzana abefundisi, zathinjwa. Ngoku ke nabalimi belizwe babe ngabanini ezipheleleyo ilizwe labo. Kwaye nangona phesheya ukuba ngeqhudu Jacobin akazange aye kwi umbuzo kwezolimo, ezinye zezi mithetho sele wabalungiselela inkxaso kumafama abakulungeleyo ukukhusela revolution iingalo ngezandla zabo.

Kuninzi esele yenziwe emkhosini. Igosa abo wazibonakalisa kwimeko, yaye akazange abe imvelaphi unguwo. Endaweni lwamagosa ubudala weza ebantwini abatsha. Kwaba ngelo xesha waqalisa umsebenzi wakhe UNapoleon Bonaparte, owabonisa ubuchule bakhe sequmrhu kuthinjwe iToulon. Jacobins ikwazile ukuba iphelise imvukelo kwi Vendee. kunye iintshaba bangaphandle aqale. NgoJuni 1794 umkhosi revolution woyisa Austrians kwi Fleurus, ezuze nomda French.

Ukududuzelisa kwaye ukuwa

Nangona kunjalo, lo ngeqhudu Jacobin kwaba nemiphumela emibi. Inkokeli Revolutionary Government of Maksimilian Robesper kunye nabaxhasi bakhe iintloni kumajelo eendaba, ngokuhlaziya phantsi phezu kweentshaba zabo. Terror nxamnye Girondins kunye abaxhasi ukumkani lwenziwa ndingosemthethweni. Ngo September 1793 kwakukho umthetho ukuba ukubopha bonke abantu besola. Kodwa kome izothuso inkulu ngo June 1794, esamkelwa ngelo xesha umthetho wavelisa ingqiqo entsha - i "lutshaba zabantu", ngoko ke leyo ukufumana ubomi obutsha eSoviet Union. A nenkcazelo ecacileyo ziintshaba kufuneka ziqwalaselwe, olu xwebhu akazange anikezele, kodwa ulungelelanisa ukuba isohlwayo - isohlwayo sentambo. Iinkqubo yaba ehlekisayo ngokupheleleyo; ngokuba umntu obekwa waba labagwebi ngokwaneleyo isigwebo. Malunga na amagqwetha ayamileyo babengamele nokuphupha ngayo. Ngoko Jacobins kwavusa iliza ngokunxunguphala ukuba wachukumisa amawaka abantu.

kwabanjwa Mass, ngokwahlukileyo koko bekulindelekile, abasemagunyeni musa kuyikhusela kwiintshaba, kodwa sivete kuphela ukuwa ngokozwi lakhe. Eyona kakuhle-off umaleko, ndizityebisile ngexesha Revolution ayenganelisekanga kunye umyalelo omtsha, wawunyamezela kuphela bada bawela ingozi zongenelelo ngoncedo. naye ke amahlwempu, ngubani de kutshanje wakhokela Jacobins kumandla, zibangele ingcwangu nangoloyikiso kwaye onganelisekanga-nkqubo yazo isiqingatha-abantliziyo - imithetho nokulawula kwamaxabiso yephule ngamandla, ilizwe athimba ukususela iintshaba revolution, kwaye isasazwe phakathi kwabahluphekileyo. Isiphelo Jacobin ngokozwi yaba lika July 27, 1794, xa iqela zabo Convention evunyiweyo isigqibo ukumbamba kunye nokubulawa Robespierre kunye nabaxhasi bakhe. Kungekudala kuthwalelwa phandle, beza amandla abameli ngoohlohlesakhe bezindlu zasebukhosini nababenemihlaba enkulu.

Uninzi iinguqu, i Jacobins ziye zapheliswa, yaye ngowe-1795, weza amandla urhulumente omtsha - ulawulo. E France, yaseka omtsha korhulumente kwezopolitiko, ebonisa umdla abo benza ubutyebi bakhe ngexesha Revolution.