Cannon: iintlobo kunye noluhlu lomlilo. Isishwankathelo amaqokobhe zokudubula ndulo namuhla

Ngaba uyazi ukuba uhlobo mkhosi ngentlonelo ngokuba "uthixo imfazwe '? Kakade ke, zokudubula! Nangona ukuphuhliswa imijukujelwa kwiminyaka engamashumi amahlanu edlulileyo, indima kweenkqubo umphanda ophezulu-ngqo mihla ebese phezulu kakhulu.

History of uphuhliso

"Bawo" uthathwa ukuba nemipu German Schwartz, kodwa mbali abaninzi bayavuma ukuba olungenza zakhe kulo mba kunokuba kuyathandabuzeka. Ngoko, ukukhankanywa yokuqala ukusetyenziswa zokudubula aqhelekileyo kwi edabini bobabo 1354, kodwa kumathala kukho amaphepha amaninzi ezikhankanya 1324.

Akukho sizathu sokukholelwa ukuba ezinye umpu zokudubula ayizange isetyenziswe ngaphambili. By the ukuthetha ndlela, uninzi ukhankanya izixhobo inokufumaneka-ngqangi IsiNgesi ubudala, lingakhululwanga kwi imithombo zaseprayimari waseJamani. Ngenxa yoko, ephawulekayo ingakumbi ngokuphathelele kulo mba kakuhle-eyaziwa othi "Xa Imisebenzi Kumkani", eyabhalwa imbeko Edward III.

Umbhali wayengumfundisi wokumkani, kwaye ncwadi yayibhalwe 1326 (ngexesha Edward kubulawa). Kumbhalo akukho ingcaciso eneenkcukacha beziva, kwaye ke ngoko kufuneka ukuba sithembele kuphela phezu subtext. Ngoko ke, ngenye imifanekiso ezichazwe, ngaphandle kwamathandabuzo, kube yinto umpu yokwenene, esifana ivazi enkulu. Ibonisa ephuma emlonyeni 'imbiza' ithatha indlela off boom enkulu, bujikelwe nentshinyela yomsi, yaye umgama kukho knight, umgubo nje podzhegshy usebenzisa ngentonga eshushu.

abonakala okokuqala

Ke eChina, apho kusenokwenzeka ukuba ube umgubo wompu esungula (a abenzi bamachiza aphakathi wafumanisa ukuba ezintathu amaxesha, akukho ngaphantsi), kukho zonke izizathu ukucinga ukuba zokudubula wokuqala kuyo yonke ungajongana phambi kwexesha lamaKristu. Ngamafutshane, zokudubula, njengazo zonke imipu, ngokuqinisekileyo omdala kakhulu kunokuba kucingelwa.

Xa ixesha kaCharles the Bold , ezi zixhobo ziye zasetyenziswa xa kukuninzi ekungqingweni, nasekuxinweni iinqaba, iindonga leyo sele loncedo lwesiphumo kangaka ongqingiweyo.

tsi ezingapheliyo

Ngoko ke kutheni abantu bamandulo zange siphumelele ngoncedo "UThixo of War" lonke ihlabathi? Yinto elula - ekuqaleni kunaso kwenkulungwane ye-14. kunye 18. Ahluke kancinane enye kwenye. Baba angenzi, enzima kakhulu, nika ukuchaneka kakhulu. Akumangalisi izixhobo yokuqala mayisetyenziselwe bazigunguxule iindonga (kunzima ukungayi!), Kwakunye lokudubula zoqhaphelo olukhulu yotshaba. Ngelo xesha xa imikhosi utshaba waya kwenye enezintlu emihle, oko akuthethi ukuba imipu phezulu ngqo.

Musa ukulibala malunga yasinda njengoko kwazo, kwakunye neempawu zawo akucingeleki, nakuba ngezinye Sweden gunners Russian imfazwe kwafuneka izihlandlo ezithathu ukwandisa izinga nedibanisa core camera utshaba inqaba ubuncinane abanye umonakalo. Kakade ke, phezu imipu ukuthembeka yale kubonakala embi ngokuphandle. Kwakukho izihlandlo ezininzi xa ukubalwa zokudubula kwi imipu kuqhuma ngokubanzi akukho ndlela yimbi.

ezinye izizathu

Ekugqibeleni, yokunyibilikisa isinyithi. Njengoko kunjalo kunye zikaloliwe, kuphela kwasungulwa ematyeni ukuziqengqa kwaye olunzulu yophando kwinkalo yokunyibilikisa isinyithi banikwe ulwazi oluyimfuneko ukuvelisa zemithi ethembekileyo ngokwenene. Ukudalwa amaqokobhe zokudubula ixesha elide ngaphandle kokuba imikhosi amalungelo "monarchical" kwi edabini.

Musa ukulibala ukuvuleka zokudubula Kuloo minyaka, ukuba lwabalwa njengoko ezisekelwe ubukhulu be umphakathi ezisetyenziswayo, kwaye ngokubhekiselele parameters lo buti. Waba lihlazo, yinto eningenakukholwa yiyo, nangenxa umkhosi yokuzithenga asizenzi into ngenene enobunye. Konke oku ndathintelwa kakhulu kuphuhliso shishino.

iintlobo eziphambili iinkqubo yamandulo zokudubula

Ngoku cinga iintlobo eziphambili amaqhosha zokudubula, nokuthe kwiimeko ezininzi kwandinceda ngokwenene ukutshintsha imbali, waphula igagasi lemfazwe bekekhetha bengatshatanga. Yi kunyaka 1620 kuye kwagqitywa ekubeni ezohlula ntlobo zilandelayo zomculo:

• Ukuvuleka gun ukusuka intshi-7 ukuya kwi-12.
• Perriere.
• Ukhozi kunye nabalandeli ( "Ukhozi").
• izixhobo Pilot ukusuka umlayishi breech.
• Robinety.
• Mortars kunye bombards.

Olu luhlu lubonisa imipu "oyinyaniso" kuphela ngaphezulu okanye ngaphantsi ingqiqo mihla. Kodwa ke ngelo xesha umkhosi Babebaninzi kakhulu imipu waphosa-yentsimbi ubudala. Abameli kakhulu yoqobo yalo kulevriny kunye polukulevriny. Ngelo xesha, kwacaca ukuba shaka ngxilimbela, ezibe ubukhulu becala eqhelekileyo kumathuba, yanto: ukuchana ezinezothe zabo, ukunqanda ingozi dubulo mkhulu kakhulu, kwaye ke ixesha lokuba uyitshaje lukhulu.

Ethetha kwakhona amaxesha uPetros mbali kwaloo minyaka ziye zaphawula ukuba ibhetri ngalinye "zenqu uya kundiphendula" (iintlobo kulevriny) efunekayo amakhulu eelitha iviniga. ihlanjululwa wakhe emanzini njengoko isetyenziswa zokupholisa ebilayo ukusuka umphanda badubula.

Ayifane ndadibana umpu zokudubula endala kunye bodidi ngaphezu intshi-12. Kakhulu wayedla kulevriny core ogama ubunzima 16 neekhilogram (malunga 7.3 kg). Ngaphantsi endle iimeko falsconet kakhulu eqhelekileyo core ogama ubunzima lbs 2.5 kuphela (malunga ngekhilogram). Kwaye ngoku makhe sijonge iintlobo amaqhosha zokudubula ukuba eqhelekileyo ngaphambili.

iimpawu lokuthelekisa ezinye izixhobo yamandulo

Igama lwemipu	Kwagcinwa Ubude (in calibers)	ubunzima Projectile, kilograms	ngempumelelo Est Umgama ukudubula (ngeemitha)
musket	Akukho standard iseti	0,45	50-75
ukhetshe	30	1,36	70-100
Sacra	28	4-5,4	malunga 400
"Wephimpi"	20-25	4-5,4	1000-1067
gun Standard	17-21	9-45,4	ku 1300
Polupushka	Akukho standard iseti	13.6	Ukuya ku 200
Kulevriny (omdala zokudubula ngompu kunye komgqomo elide)	33	9-22,7	230-250
"A isiqingatha" kulevriny	32	5,4-13,6	150-170
yeNyoka	akukho Information	24	malunga 300
ongowakhe	akukho Information	18.6	400-700
Kamnemet		9-45,4	900-1000

Ukuba wabukela ngenyameko itafile waza wabona umpu, musa ukumangaliswa. kanjalo nje imipu sine- inzima, nto leyo sikhumbula ukusuka bhanya malunga Musketeers, kodwa kananjalo zokudubula ngompu epheleleyo kunye bodidi encinane elide barreled. Ngapha koko, cinga "ibhulethi", zalishumi 400 grams kuyingxaki kakhulu!

Kwakhona, musa ukumangaliswa kamnemetu phambi kuluhlu. Inyaniso kukuba, umzekelo, baseTurkey izihlandlo uPetros impindezelo ezisetyenzisiweyo ityhubhu zokudubula, ihlumelo iinkozo, zaba nemikrolo ngaphandle ngamatye. Ukuba kungenzeka kangako ukuba atyhudise iinqanawa utshaba azigwebele, kodwa zibangela umonakalo omkhulu ukuya yokugqibela kunye ivolibholi yokuqala.

Okokugqibela, yonke idatha eziboniswa itafile - luqikelelo. iintlobo ezininzi imipu zokudubula iya kuhlala kulityalwa ngonaphakade, yaye ababhali-mbali bamandulo badla wayezazi kakhulu iimpawu kunye namagama abo ngemipu ezazisetyenziswa kukuninzi ekungqingweni, nasekuxinweni iidolophu kunye iinqaba.

izinto abaqambi

Njengokuba besesitshilo, ukudubula zokudubula kangangeenkulungwane ezininzi isixhobo leyo, njengoko kwakuthe, ngonaphakade engumkhenkce kuphuhliso yayo. Noko ke, izinto ngokukhawuleza zatshintsha. Njengoko kwiimeko ezininzi, le ezintsha kwimicimbi zomkhosi, ingcamango yaba amagosa kwizithuthi.

Ingxaki engundoqo zokudubula aqhelekileyo kwi iinqanawa yaba nemiqobo isithuba esinzulu, ukuntsonkotha zokuqhubeka naluphi zigcwalisa. Akubonile konke oku, uMnu Melville kunye noMnu Gascoigne, owayephethe yemveliso bobakhe, wakwazi ukwakha umpu ezimangalisayo mbali bayazi namhlanje phantsi kwegama "karonada". Ku nga waba izikhonkwane boko yakhe (kuba izibophelelo imasti). Kodwa ke iliso encinane, nto leyo ngokukhawuleza nangokulula bufakwe ngentonga yentsimbi. Yena ngokuqinileyo babambelela compact umatshini zokudubula.

Umpu ucime isibane kwaye elifutshane, kulula ukumelana. ukudubula Est umgama olusebenzayo kuzo malunga-50 eemitha. Ukongeza, ngenxa ezinye eyilwe features ithuba ukukhokela projectiles umlilo kunye Molotov cocktails. "Karonada" yaba zithandwa kangangokuba Gascoigne kungekudala bafudukela eRashiya, apho amagcisa anetalente asemzini basoloko silindele, wafumana isikhundla jikelele kunye nendawo enye sabacebisi uCatherine kaThixo. Ku ri na ngaloo minyaka, imipu zokudubula Russian zaye zaphuhliswa kwaye ziveliswa ngomlinganiselo ezingabonwayo unangoku.

Iinkqubo zokudubula Modern

Njengokuba sibonile ekuqaleni kweli nqaku, kweli zokudubula kwihlabathi lanamhlanje waba eziliqela "igumbi zenza" phantsi kwempembelelo imijukujelwa. Kodwa ke oku akuthethi ukuba iinkqubo eqhelekileyo kunye ngexabiso Akukho sithuba esishiyekileyo edabini. Makube lee oko! Ukuveliswa imijukujelwa ngqo-ekhokelwa kwi GPS / GLONASS nga ngokuzithemba singabhengeza ukuba 'balapho' evela kude 12-13 leminyaka kuya kuqhubeka ukugcina utshaba zam.

Eqhelekileyo kunye irula zokudubula: ngubani na ngakumbi?

Ngokungafaniyo umphanda irula ufakelo iinkqubo imvula zemveli ngokubonakalayo musani ukunika imveliso ebambekayo. Xa oku kwahluka nayiphi na imipu self-ngokwaso okanye mfutho, nto leyo inkqubo yokuzisa kwi leHamas kwindawo ubuninzi efunekayo abe eqiniselweendlwini, akhuselekile kwaye khendimbe ndiwurhaqe emhlabeni, njengokuba kungenjalo kusenokuba kuqeka. Kakade ke, ukuba malunga naluphi na utshintsho olukhawulezayo isikhundla iphumile umbuzo siseko, nokuba ukuba esingazihambeliyo umpu zokudubula.

Iinkqubo izidubuli nje ngok and mobile, uyakwazi ukutshintsha ukulwa isikhundla sakhe nje imizuzu embalwa. Enyanisweni, aba matshini nga umlilo kwanaxa eqhuba, kodwa ukuchaneka obethe lichatshazelwe kakubi. Engxakini izixokelelwano ezilolo hlobo - ngokuchana yabo. Efanayo "Isichotho" uyakwazi ngokoqobo alima kufutshane isikwere, etshabalalisa izinto phantse zonke eziphilayo, kodwa kuya kuthatha i ufakelo battery lonke amaqokobhe ngendlela eqolo. Ezi amaqhosha zokudubula, iifoto apho uya kufumana kweli nqaku, ingakumbi wayemthanda ngababhekisi yasekhaya ( "Katyusha").

A howitzer ivolibholi kunye projectile "smart" okwaziyo ulahle naziphi na itanki mihla omnye umzamo, ngoxa izindululi irula ibhetri kwaye ingafuna imvula ngaphezu kwesinye. Ukongeza, i "Isaqhwithi", "iNkanyamba", "Grad" yaye "Isaqhwithi" kwi ixesha lokuqala liya kuba nako ukubona ngaphandle kokuba lijoni oyimfama, njengokuba ilifu elingumsi kwindawo kwakhiwa langutana. Kodwa izakhiwo ezinjalo projectile omnye anokuqulatha ukuya kwi ngeekhilogram amakhulu eziliqela neziqhushumbisi.

Cannon zokudubula, ngenxa ichanile, ingasetyenziswa ngemibuzo utshaba ngexesha indawo yayo kufutshane kwizikhundla zabo efanayo. Ukongeza, zokudubula umpu self-ngokwaso barreled ngokwenene ukuphumeza umlilo-ibhetri, iyenza kangangeeyure ezininzi. Xa imvula iinkqubo umlilo kunokuba ngokukhawuleza bayiqhekeze iziqu ukuba musa kuba negalelo ekusetyenzisweni wabo ixesha elide.

By the ukuthetha ngendlela, kweli phulo Chechen yokuqala esetyenziswa "Grad", ngubani wakwazi imfazwe e Afghanistan. Nxiba komboko ziye ezinjalo ukuba kweqokobhe Yaphaphazela maxa wambi kumacala engalindelekanga. Oku kukhokelela "isigqubuthelo" amajoni zabo.

Eyona ndlela lomlilo imvula

Iinkokeli iya kufika nakanjani zokudubula Russia "Isaqhwithi". Bamtola projectiles ukuvuleka 122 mm kumgama ozikilometa eziyi-100. Xa imvula omnye inokukhutshwa ukuba izityholo-40, nto leyo zizobandakanya indawo 84 amawaka square metres. Ingami kungekho ngaphezulu okanye ngaphantsi - 650 leekhilomitha. Kunye chassis ukuthembeka ephakamileyo ngesantya nentshukumo kwe-60 km / h, oko ivumela ukudlulisela ibhetri "Isaqhwithi" endaweni eyiyo kunye nexesha kuncinane.

Eyesibini ngokugqibelela lwasekhaya MLRS 9K51 "Grad", indawo edume emva iziganeko kwi South-East of Ukraine. Ukuvuleka - 122 mm, 40 zemithi. Imililo umgama ukuya ayi-21, xa lokuphumelela linye "ukuphatha" kummandla ezikwere zeekhilomitha 40. Ingami ngesantya esiphezulu of 85 km / h na njengoko 1.5 ophosa!

indawo wesithathu uya kunaso HIMARS evela kumenzi American. Nezikhali ine bodidi umxhelo-227 mm, kodwa ezintandathu kuphela ekukhokeleni bambalwa ukulonakalisa onophawu ufakelo. Wadubula Uluhlu - up ayi-85 ngexesha bukugubungele kummandla ezikwere zeekhilomitha 67. Isantya intshukumo - ukuya ku-85 km / h kunye noluhlu ingami kweekhilomitha ezili-600. esekwe kakuhle kwiphulo ilizwe e Afghanistan.

Kwindawo yesine i Chinese izityalo WS-1B. Chinese angabi iinkcukacha: zizicatshulwa ndlela ingabizi gun yi-320 mm. Ngembonakalo, oku MRL ifuze S-300 yenziwa eRashiya yaye umphanda ezine kuphela. uluhlu yokusebenza malunga ne-100 km, indawo ekuqaliseni - up to ezikwere zeekhilomitha 45. Enesantya ubuninzi kula zokudubula mihla kufuneka uluhlu ingami nama-600 km.

Endaweni yokugqibela yi Indian MLRS Pinaka. Uyilo - oonokrwece 12 guides 122mm. Beqhumisa Uluhlu - up to km 40. Enesantya esiphezulu of 80 km car / h zihamba ayi-850. indawo ochaphazelekayo - kangangoko 130 ezikwere zeekhilomitha. Le nkqubo yaphuhliswa kunye nxaxheba ngqo leengcali Russian, yaba entle kakhulu ngokwayo kungquzulwano ezininzi Indian-Pakistani.

gun

Esi sixhobo ikude lee langaphambili yamandulo, owayelawula kumaXesha Aphakathi emasimini. guns ukuvuleka ezithi zisetyenziswe kule meko zigqubayo, isusela ku-100 (kunaso anti "nekrele") ukuya 155 mm (TR, NATO).

Neentlobontlobo amaqokobhe isetyenziswa ngokubanzi kakhulu: ukusuka kuqhume phezulu-edubulayo eqhelekileyo ukuba projectiles yobuchwepheshe ukuba arhabaxa ithagethi kumgama 45 yeekhilomitha kunye an ukuchaneka kwamashumi cm. Nakuba kunjalo, iindleko enye kuqhume kunokuba ukuya ku-55 lamawaka eerandi! Kule nkalo, i-zokudubula eSoviet ayibizi kakhulu.

iimpawu lokuthelekisa yemveliso imipu zixhaphakileyo kwi USSR / Russia neendlela Western

igama	Ilizwe production	Ukuvuleka, mm	Guns Weight kg	lomqolo obukhulu (ngokuxhomekeke kuhlobo projectile), km
GHN-45	Belgium	155	8900	30-39
C. 45	Belgium	155	8222	30-39
BL 5.5 intshi (kuyekiswa phantse yonke)	England	140	5851	16.5
"Zsolt" M-68 / M-71	Israel	155	9500	21
WA 021 (actual Belgian GC clone 45)	China	155	9500	30-39
M-46	USSR	130	8450	27
2A36 "eseshumi-B"	USSR	152	9800	27
"Nekrele"	USSR	100	2800	3
ESoviet zokudubula C-23	USSR	180	21450	30.5
D-20	USSR	152	5700	17-24
"Ngwane-B"	Russia	125	6575	12.2
G5	South Africa	155	13500	30

mortars

iinkqubo ngodaka Modern baka bombards yamandulo mortars, nto leyo kukhupha ukuqhushumba (ukuya kutsho kumakhulu kilograms ubunzima) kumgama oziimitha 200-300. Namhlanje zatshintsha kakhulu uyilo lwabo, kwaye uluhlu ubuninzi izicelo.

Xa uninzi imikhosi exhobileyo ehlabathini babanga mortars mfundiso iqwalasela njengoko kunaso ekhwele ukuba zokudubula umgama omalunga nekhilomitha enye. It uthi impumelelo ekusetyenzisweni kwale isixhobo kwimeko ezidolophini kunye nokupheliswa saa, amaqela utshaba mobile. Kule mortars umkhosi Russian izixhobo ezisemgangathweni, ukuba zisetyenziswa kancinane ukusebenza yonke kakhulu emkhosini.

Yaye ebudeni siganeko Ukrainian omabini lubonise ukuba nkqu omdala 88 mortars mm ezi sixhobo sigqibeleleyo impi yokulwela, kwaye ulwe kuyo.

mortars Modern, kwakunye nezinye zokudubula kunaso, siqalisa kwicala yokwandisa nokuchaneka shot nganye. Ehlotyeni konyaka ophelileyo, ngasendlwini yezikrweqe corporation odumileyo BAE Systems lokuqala kwabonisa nodaka kwemijikelo ngqo noluntu lwehlabathi ukuvuleka 81 mm, ezibe avavanywa kwenye lweetiphu British. Kuvakala ukuba Iimboniselo ezinjalo ingasetyenziswa nge ukusebenza kakhulu kuluhlu lobushushu ukususela -46 ukuya +71 ° C. Ukongeza, kukho ulwazi malunga imveliso okucwangcisiweyo kuluhlu olubanzi lwezinto.

Uthemba emkhosini enxulumene nophuhliso ophezulu-ngqo min 120 mm ngamandla kakhulu. Neendlela ezintsha ukulungiselela i-US Army (XM395, umzekelo), kwi uluhlu km ukuya ku 6.1 abe ukwahluka akukho kweemitha ngaphezu kwama-10. Kuvakala ukuba kuqhume zisetyenziswa Stryker amaqela izithuthi vehicles e-Iraq kunye Afghanistan, apho iimbumbulu entsha abonisa icala akhe.

Kodwa kwezithembiso kakhulu ukuza kuthi ga ngoku ezi kuphuhliso imijukujelwa ekhokelwa kunye homing esebenzayo. Ngoko ke, lo imipu ezinkulu zasekhaya "Nona" ungasebenzisa i iqokobhe "Kitolov-2", apho u nga kubetha phantse naluphi itanki mihla kumgama ozikilometa ezilithoba. Ngenxa cheapness ngayo kwezobuGcisa izixhobo, ezifana iimfuno zophuhliso kulindeleke emkhosini ehlabathini lonke.

Ngenxa yoko, zokudubula kunye namhlanje ingxoxo engayiwayo kwi edabini. Ukuhlala ekuphuhliseni iindlela ezintsha kunye neenkqubo ezikhoyo barreled ukuvelisa oonokrwece athembisayo.