History of Estonia: isishwankathelo

History of Estonia imbonakalo luqala zokuhlala indala kummandla eziye zavela kwiminyaka 10,000 eyadlulayo. Izixhobo ze Stone Age afunyanwa kufutshane Pulli kufuphi Parnu yanamhlanje. izizwe Finno-Ugric ukusuka empumalanga (mhlawumbi ukusuka Urals) eminyaka kamva (mhlawumbi ngo-3500 BC. E.), Mixed nabantu basekuhlaleni kunye kuhlala Estonia, Finland namhlanje iHungary. Ezikuthandayo ilizwe elitsha, kwaye ziyalicekisa ubomi ephila oluye luphawulwa uninzi lwezinye iintlanga European zeminyaka ezintandathu ezilandelayo.

Imbali yokuqala Estonia (ngokufutshane)

Ngenkulungwane 9 no-10 AD Estonia wayesazi Vikings, ababonakala wanomdla nangakumbi iindlela zorhwebo ku Kiev ne eConstantinople, ngaphezu ukoyisa kwelizwe. Kwafika isisongelo yokuqala yokwenene evela abahlaseli zamaKristu ukusuka entshonalanga. Ukuzalisekisa libiza Pope ngenxa yomnqamlezo nxamnye abahedeni emantla, amajoni Danish kunye kartel yaseJamani ahlasela Estonia, ngowe-1208 enqabeni iphumelele laseOtepää. Abahlali balapha wabeka up ukumelana bungwanyalala, Wendelisa iminyaka engaphezu kwama-30, phambi kokuba yoyiswa mmandla wonke. Phakathi kwinkulungwane ye-13, Estonia yahlulwa phakathi Danish kunye German esemantla ukuya ezantsi Order leTeutonic. Omnqamlezo wafuna ukuya ngasempuma, zavalwa Aleksandrom Nevskim of Novgorod edikeni ekhenkcezisiweyo Peipsi.

Boyisa selezinzile kwiidolophu ezintsha, ukudlulisa uninzi ngamandla ngoobhishophu. Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-13 kwi Tallinn kunye Tartu wavuka icawa, kwaye Cistercian kunye Dominican imiyalelo zonqulo eyakhelwe yoonongendi, ukuze sishumayele kubantu basekuhlaleni ukuba ambhaptize. Ngelo xesha, Estonia waqhubeka ukuvukela.

Le mvukelo ebalulekileyo kwaqala ngobusuku St George (Apreli 23) ngo-1343 ukuqala kwakhe ilawulwa yi Denmark North Estonia. Imbali Eli lizwe kuphawulwa iphanga abavukeli eMonastri Padise Cistercian nokubulala ziimonki zakhe. Emva koko ke yangqinga Tallinn yaye e Haapsalu Episcopal Castle wabiza uncedo balwa. Enyanisweni Sweden wathumela ukusekelwa yomkhosi wamanzi, kodwa kwathi kakhulu emva kwexesha kwaye kwanyanzeleka ukuba babuye umva. Nangona nokuzimisela Estonia, lo qhankqalazo sinomoya 1345. I Danes, Noko ke, wagqiba ukuba anele yaye bathengisa Estonia ukuya Order Livonian.

I-shop yobugcisa nomi imifela yokuqala ukuvela ngenkulungwane ye-14., Yaye izixeko ezininzi ezifana Tallinn, Tartu, Viljandi kunye Pärnu, kwatyatyamba njengelungu le-okhawulezileyo हायपरटेक्स्ट League. ST. John e Tartu kunye imifanekiso ubumba i ubutyebi ubungqina kunye norhwebo amaqhina Western.

Estonia babeqhubeka bephila izithethe zobuhedeni emitshatweni, imingcwabo kunye nendalo baqubuda, kude kuse ngenkulungwane ye-15, ezi izithethe sibe edibene ubuKatolika, yaye amagama zamaKristu. Ngenkulungwane ye-15 abalimi zabandezwa amalungelo abo kwaye isiqalo 16 baba ngamakhoboka.

neNguquko

KoHlaziyo, nesuka eJamani, bafika Estonia kwi 1520s, kunye abashumayeli yamaLuthere lencinibakazi yokuqala. Phakathi kwinkulungwane ye-16, icawa enokulungiswa, kwaye yoonongendi neecawa babekwa phantsi ukusekelwa yamaLuthere Church. E Tallinn, abasemagunyeni wavala Dominican eMonastri (walondoloza amanxuwa yayo enhle); Tartu Dominican nezigodlo Cistercian zavalwa.

impi Livonian

Ngenkulungwane ye-16, le ntsongelo yomngcipheko wentshabalalo enkulu Livonia (ngoku Northern Latvia and Southern Estonia) amelwe empumalanga. wavakalisa Ivan Grozny yena ukumkani yokuqala ngo-1547, waphum umgaqo lokwanda ukuya ngasentshona. amabutho Russian ekhokelwa neengcwangu Tatar amahashe kuhlaselwa 1558 kummandla Tartu. Ebhasini babenogonyamelo kakhulu, abahlaseli ababesele ukufa kwayo wake nokutshatyalaliswa. Kuba Russia wajoyina ePoland, Denmark kunye Sweden, kunye nemisebenzi ngamaxesha lwaqhutywa kulo lonke eli ngenkulungwane ye-17. Ukuhlolwa emfutshane yembali Estonia awuvumeli ukubacacisela eli xesha, kodwa ngenxa yaseSweden kwaba owoyisileyo.

War wabeka umthwalo onzima phezu nabantu basekuhlaleni. Kuba izizukulwana emibini (ukususela 1552 nge-1629 gg.), Isiqingatha uluntu lwasemaphandleni wabulawa, malunga kwiikota ezintathu zonke iifama ezathi ibhungane, izifo ezifana isibetho, ukusilela kwezityalo, indlala kunye ezilandelayo landa inani lamaxhoba. Ukongezelela Tallinn, inqaba ngasinye neziko ngalinye ezinqatyisiweyo kweli lizwe ziye baphanga okanye satshatyalaliswa, kuquka imboniselo Viljandi, ilungu elinye iinqaba anamandla Northern Europe. Ezinye izixeko ziye zitshatyalaliswe ngokupheleleyo.

ixesha Breakfast

Emva kwemfazwe, imbali Estonia kwaphawula ixesha loxolo nempumelelo phantsi kolawulo Sweden. Cities, ngenxa urhwebo, owakhulayo unamathupha na, ukunceda uqoqosho ukuze achache, wamkhulula kwiintlungu imfazwe. Phantsi kwegunya yaseSweden okokuqala kwimbali united phantsi umlawuli enye. Noko ke, ngenkulungwane ye-17, izinto zaqala ukuba maxongo. Ukuqhambuka isibetho, kamva ke indlala enkulu (1695-97) kwabulawa 80 amawaka abantu -. Phantse-20% yabemi. Kungekudala Sweden wajamelana isisongelo evela Polish Union, Denmark naseRashiya, efuna ukuba abe phantsi yalahleka Livonian War. Lihlaselwe ngo-1700, emva ethile nempumelelo, xa Vol. H. ngokoyiswa butho Russian kwi Narva, i balwa baqalisa baleka. Ngowe-1708 yatshatyalaliswa Tartu, bonke abasindileyo zithunyelwe eRussia. Ngowe-1710 Tallinn bayishiya, waza woyiswa Sweden.

imfundo

Yaqala imbali Estonia njenge yingxenye Russia. Ayikho amafama ezilungileyo zatsho phantsi. Imfazwe sabonakala isibetho 1710 kwabulawa amashumi amawaka abantu. Peter I Wabaphelisa inguqu Swedish, wabatshabalalisa naziphi na ithemba inkululeko ngamakhoboka usindileyo. Ukuziphatha kwabo ukutshintsha de ixesha yiEnlightenment ngenkulungwane ye-18 emva kwexesha. UCatherine II wazicutha amalungelo le-Elite yaye yabamba inguqu kumahlelo-lwentando yesininzi. Kodwa ke ngo-1816, amafama ekugqibeleni wakhululwa kuso serfdom. Kwakhona wamkela amagama inkululeko engakumbi yokuhamba nokufikelela ngokupheleleyo lokuzimela ulawulo. Yi Kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane ye-19, abantu basemaphandleni ukuba athenge ifama ukufumana ingeniso evela izityalo ezifana neetapile kunye neflakisi.

Awakening kazwelonke

I ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-19 yaba ekuqaleni Awakening yesizwe. Eliqhutywa elite entsha, ilizwe waya kurhulumente. Iphephandaba lokuqala ulwimi Perno Postimees Estonian wabonakala ngo 1857. Ku yapapashwa Yohannom Voldemarom Jannseni, omnye wokuqala ukusebenzisa igama elithi "Estonia" hayi maarahvas (yasemaphandleni). Enye sazi abanempembelelo yaba Carl Robert Jakobson, elalilwela amalungelo ezopolitiko olinganayo Estonia. Kwakhona waseka iphephandaba yokuqala lesizwe yezopolitiko Sakala.

kwango

I ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-19. Yaba ixesha kukwanda kweefektri ukuvela mveliso ezinkulu kunye nothungelwano olubanzi iziporo leyo enxulumene eRussia Estonia. Iimeko abasebenza nzima kwabangela ukunganeliseki, kwaye iqela ukusebenza-elisandul kwakhokelela imiboniso kunye uqhankqalazo. Iziganeko e Estonia ephinda into eyenzekayo eRashiya, yaye kwimvukelo exhobileyo kwaqhambuka ngoJanuwari 1905. Ukungakhululeki ekhwele de ukuwa kwaloo nyaka, xa 20 amawaka. Abasebenzi waya ugwayimbo. Zeza ke ukumkani wenza kabuhlungu, nangokubulala, kwalimala 200. Kuba ingcinezelo le mvukelo ye-Russian bafika amawaka amajoni. 600 Estonia kunye amakhulu wathunyelwa eSiberia zabulawa ngokugwetywa. Iimanyano zabasebenzi kunye namaphephandaba phambili kunye nemibutho ziye zavalwa, kunye neenkokeli zezopolitiko ziye ubalekile kweli lizwe.

izicwangciso Okuninzi ezinkulu lokuhlala Estonia, amawaka abalimi Russian ngenxa yeHlabathi yokuQala ayikhange ilandelwe. Ilizwe uhlawule ixabiso eliphezulu ngokuthatha inxaxheba kwazo emfazweni. 100 lamawaka. Abantu ziye kuthiwa, i-10 amawaka. Uyabulawa. Estonia abaninzi waya emfazweni ngenxa uloyiso phezu eJamani, eRashiya wathembisa ukunika sokumiswa eli lizwe. Kakade ke, ukuba bubuqhinga. Kodwa 1917 lo mba iyatyhilwa akanguye ukumkani. Nicholas II Kwanyanzeleka ukuba asuke, kwaye iiBolsheviks bambamba amandla. Russia wahlasela isiphithiphithi, kunye Estonia, wathabatha inyathelo kaFebruwari 24, 1918 ukuzimela.

War of Independence

Estonia kudingeka yosongo Russia kunye reactionaries eBaltic-German. Imfazwe, i-Red Army phambili ngokukhawuleza, ngoJanuwari 1919, bathimba isiqingatha lizwe. Estonia lukhuni othile esoniwa, yaye ngoncedo iinqanawa British kunye Finnish, amajoni Danish kunye Swedish boyiswa utshaba lwakhe endala. NgoDisemba, eRashiya wavuma isgqibo, no-2 Februwari 1920 Tartu Peace iSivumelwano yasayinwa, ngokoko athe ngenqaba amabango kwi kummandla lizwe. Okokuqala wabonakala phezu kwimephu yehlabathi elizimeleyo ngokupheleleyo Estonia.

Imbali karhulumente kweli xesha luphawulwa luphuhliso olukhawulezayo loqoqosho. Amazwe ukuba basebenzise izixhobo zabo bendalo ukutsala utyalo-mali evela kwamanye amazwe. Tartu University waba University of Estonia kunye nolwimi Estonian waba ulwimi nonxibelelwano lwamazwe ngamazwe, ukudala amathuba amatsha kwiinkalo kwezobungcali nezemfundo. Kwakukho ushishino omkhulu yokupapasha - phakathi 1918 no 1940. amawaka 25. lobuMnini ziye zapapashwa.

Nangona kunjalo, lo kwinqanaba lezopolitiko akazange kamnandi kangaka. Ukoyika imisebenzi zamaKomanisi loku-, ezifana, kwakhokelela kwesikhokelo Ilungelo ayiphumelelanga ukuzama ngo-1924, waba mdibi d'AFP. Ngowe-1934 inkokeli urhulumente lotshintsho, uKonstantin neePAT kunye umphathi kwi intloko Estonian Army Johan Laidoner phula-siseko yaye bababamba namandla benze yokukhusela idemokhrasi evela kumaqela eziyingozi.

ukuhlasela Soviet

bayahlelwa sikarhulumente kokuvalelwa xa lwamaNazi Germany kunye eSoviet Union usayine isivumelwano ngokufihlakeleyo ngowe-1939, enyanisweni, ukubudlulisela Stalin. Amalungu Communist Party liququzelele mvukelo wasentsomini yaye abantu kufuneka ukuba ibandakanye Estonia eSoviet Union. UMongameli neePAT, Jikelele Laidoner kunye nezinye iinkokheli babanjwa baza bathunyelwa kwiinkampu eSoviet. A Urhulumente yonopopi ekwacwangciswa ngayo, yaye ngoAgasti 6, 1940 , i-Ephakamileyo yiSoviet ye-USSR yanika "isicelo" of Estonia nabalimi USSR.

Kwabathile kunye iMfazwe Yehlabathi II esalidlakaza lizwe. Amashumi amawaka ziye ebizwa wathumela umsebenzi nokufa kwiinkampu kumantla eRashiya. Amawaka amabhinqa kunye nabantwana ekwabelwana nakwizibetho zabo.

Xa imikhosi Soviet basaba ukumelana notshaba, Estonia kubulisa amaJamani njengoko abakhululi. 55 amawaka. Man wangena iiyunithi yokuzikhusela kunye ithathele le Wehrmacht. Noko ke, Germany akazange abe injongo ukubonelela sokumiswa Estonian kwaye abone njengentsimi nje ezinabantu eSoviet Union. Mathemba kwawa emva kokuphunyezwa abahleli. (Ngaba Estonia yobuhlanga, apho amawaka 5.) 75 lamawaka. Abantu shot. Amawaka babalekela eFinland, kunye nabo bahlala, zayilwa ukungenela umkhosi waseJamani (40 amawaka. Abantu).

Ekuqaleni kuka-1944, imikhosi yeSoviet ebezihamba Tallinn, Narva, Tartu kunye nezinye izixeko. Zalisa ukutshatyalaliswa Narva yaba isenzo ukuziphindezela "of bonke abanginizayo Estonia."

imikhosi yaseJamani lihambe liye ngoSeptemba 1944 Ukoyika ekuqaleni oluBomvu Army, Estonia, kakhulu, basaba, yaye abangama-70 amawaka. Betha i West. Ekupheleni kwemfazwe zonke Estonia 10 abahlala kwamanye amazwe. Ngokubanzi, eli lizwe ezilahlekileyo ngaphezulu kwama-280 amawaka abantu: .. Ngaphandle thutha 30 lamawaka babulawa ngekrele, kwaye abanye babulawa, kwiinkampu okanye wabulawa kwiinkampu zoxinaniso.

leSoviet

Emva kwemfazwe, urhulumente nangoko zathathwa yiSoviet Union. Imbali Estonian sonakaliswe kwithuba zocindezelo, amawaka batyakatywa okanye bathunyelwe kwiinkampu zentolongo. 19.000 Estonia babulawa. Abalimi kabuhlungu bamvalela collectivisation kunye amawaka abaphambukeli agalelwa eli lizwe ukususela kwiingingqi ezahlukeneyo USSR. Phakathi 1939 no 1989. ekhulwini zemveli Estonian lehla ukusuka kuma- 97 ukuya 62%.

Ukuphendula ingcinezelo yentlangano yabanqolobi yaququzelelwa ngo-1944. 14 amawaka. "Abazalwana Ihlathi" lixhobe tu, baya ngaphantsi komhlaba, besebenza ngokwamaqela amancinane kulo lonke elo lizwe. Ngelishwa, izenzo zabo azizingenisanga kube yimpumelelo, kunye nokumelana exhobileyo lezo kuphele 1956.

Kodwa wazuza intshukumo amandla ophikisana, yaye sikhumbuzo sama-50 wokutyikitywa i kuStalin-Hitler ekutheni e Tallinn yasingatha intlanganiso enkulu. Kwezi nyanga zimbalwa zizayo, uqhankqalazo wakhula, Estonia lwafuna nokubuyiselwa sokumiswa. imithendeleko ingoma zibe yindlela enamandla womzabalazo. Eyona enkulu kubo kwenzeka ngo-1988, xa 250 lamawaka. Estonia bezihlanganisene kwiziko Iingoma Festival Grounds e Tallinn. It kwatsala ingqwalaselo kakuhle zamazwe imeko kwi aseBalti.

NgoNovemba 1989, iBhunga Ephakamileyo Estonian ibhengeze iziganeko ka 1940 sisenzo yimpi waza wathi kubo mthethweni. Ngowe-1990, unyulo ezamahala zaye zabanjwa kweli lizwe. Phezu kwayo nje imigudu Russia ukuba ukuthintela oku, Estonia wabuyela inkululeko ngo-1991.

Modern Estonia: kwimbali yeli lizwe (ngokufutshane)

Ngowe-1992, unyulo jikelele lokuqala phantsi komGaqo-siseko omtsha, kunye nokuthatha inxaxheba kwamaqela amatsha ezopolitiko. Union of Pro patria iphumelele usecicini elimxinwa. nenkokeli yalo, mbali unyaka-32 ubudala Mart Laar waba Prime Minister. Imbali entsha Estonia njenge geqe. Laar waqalisa ukudlulisela karhulumente phezu yimiqolo noqoqosho ezamahala kwimarike, wayila kroon Estonian waza waqalisa iintetho ukurhoxiswa epheleleyo eentloko ezaxhobela Russian. Eli lizwe umphefumlo kunye isiqabu xa iinkampu yokugqibela ngasekhohlo kwiriphabliki ngo-1994, eshiya ilizwe wakwa-mpuma kwamanzi omhlaba angcoliswe malunga airbases nenkunkuma enyukliya iziseko aselwandle.

Estonia wajoyina i-EU ngomhla woku-1 Meyi 2004 kwaye zamkelwa yi-euro ngo-2011.