Iyintoni inkqubela? Iintlobo, iifom, imizekelo yenkqubela phambili. Impumelelo kunye nenkqubela ephikisanayo

Iingcamango zophuhliso oluqhubekayo zangena kwisayensi njengengqungquthela (yehlabathi) yekholo lamaKristu e-Providence. Umfanekiso wexesha elizayo kumabali eBhayibhileni yinto engenakuguquka, eyakhelwe ngaphambili kunye nengcwele yophuhliso lwabantu abakhokelwa yintando kaThixo. Nangona kunjalo, imvelaphi yale ngcamango ifunyenwe ngaphambili. Emva koko, siya kuhlalutya inkqubela phambili, yintoni injongo yayo nokubaluleka kwayo.

Ukuthetha okuqala

Ngaphambi kokuba sithethe yintoni inkqubela phambili, sifanele sinike ingxelo emfutshane malunga nokuvela nokusabalalisa le ngcamango. Ngokukodwa, kwiinkcubeko zeGrike zefilosofi, kukho iingxabano malunga nokuphuculwa kwesakhiwo sezopolitiko-nkqubela esivela kwiindawo zakudala kunye nentsapho kwipolisi yamandulo, oko kukuthi ummandla-dolophu (Aristotle "Politics", uPlato "Imithetho"). Kancinci kamva, ngexesha leMinyaka Ephakathi, iBacon yazama ukusebenzisa umgaqo kunye nenqobo yenkqubela kwendawo yokucinga. Ngokwakhe uluvo, ulwazi oluqokelelwa ngokuhamba kwexesha luya kuphucula kwaye luphuculwe. Ngaloo ndlela, isizukulwana ngasinye esiyimpumelelo siyakwazi ukubona ngakumbi kwaye siphumelele kunabakuqala.

Iyintoni inkqubela?

Leli gama linentsingiselo yesiLatin kunye nokuguqulela lithetha "impumelelo", "ukuqhubela phambili." Inkqubela phambili lukhokelo lwentuthuko. Kule nkqubo, utshintsho oluphezulu ukuya phezulu, ukusuka kumncinci ukuya ngaphaya, luphawu. Inkqubela phambili yoluntu yinto yehlabathi, yehlabathi. Le nkqubo ibandakanya ukunyuka kwemibutho yoluntu kwiindawo zokuzikhusela, kwiindawo zakudala ukuya kwiindawo eziphakamileyo zentlalo. Olu tshintsho lusekelwe kumgaqo-nkqubo wezopolitiko, wokuziphatha, wokuziphatha, isayensi kunye nezobugcisa.

ZiPhambili

Siye sachaza ukuba yintoni inkqubela phambili kwaye xa saqala ukuthetha ngale ngcamango. Ukuqhubela phambili siya kuhlalutya izixhobo zayo. Kwinkqubo yokuphucula, amaqela alandelayo akhula:

• Izinto. Kule meko, sithetha ngolonwabo olupheleleyo kunabo bonke abantu kunye nokupheliswa kwanoma yimuphi umda wezobugcisa.
• Icandelo loluntu. Apha sithetha ngenkqubo yokuzisa uluntu olukufutshane nolungileyo kunye nenkululeko.
• I nzu lulwazi. Eli candelo libonisa inkqubo yokuqhubeka, yokwandisa nokwandisa ulwazi lwehlabathi elizungezile, ukuphuhliswa kwalo kumabini nakwii-macro-spheres; Ukukhululwa kolwazi oluvela kumda wezoqoqosho.

Ixesha elitsha

Ngeli thuba, baqala ukubona ukuqhubela phambili kwintlalo yesayensi. UG. Spencer wabonisa imbono yakhe kwenkqubo. Ngokwakhe uluvo, inkqubela-kokubili kwindalo nakwintlalo - yayingqinelana nomgaqo-nkqubo wokuziphendukela kwemvelo: ukwanda okuqhubekayo kokusebenza kwangaphakathi kunye nentlangano. Xa kudlula ixesha, iifom zenkqubela zaqala ukubonakala kwiincwadi, ngokubanzi imbali. Azange ahlale ngaphandle kwengqalelo kunye nobugcisa. Kwiinkcubeko ezahlukeneyo kukho iintlobo zentlalo. Umyalelo, owathi, waholela kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo zenkqubela. Kwaye kwakhiwa okuthiwa "i-ladder". Kwiphezu layo kwakukho intlalo ephuhliswe kakhulu nephucukileyo yeNtshona. Ukuqhubela phambili, kwizigaba ezahlukeneyo kwakukho ezinye izityalo. Ukuhanjiswa kuxhomekeke kwinqanaba lophuhliso. Kukho "i-Westernization" yalo mqondo. Ngenxa yoko, iintlobo ezinjalo zenkqubela "njenge-centricm yaseMerika" kunye ne "eurocentrism" yabonakala.

Ithuba elitsha

Ngeli thuba inxaxheba ebalulekileyo yabelwa umntu. U-Weber wagxininisa ukutyekela ukulinganisa umgangatho wendalo jikelele ekulawuleni iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo zoluntu. I-Durkheim yanikela eminye imizekelo yenkqubela phambili. Wathetha malunga nomsebenzi wokudibanisa uluntu "ngokubambisana." Kwakusekelwe kumnikelo owancedisayo kunye ohlangene nabo bonke abathathi-nxaxheba kuluntu.

Iingcamango zesigaba

Ukujika kwekhulu lama-19 neye-20 kuthiwa "ukunqoba kwimbono yophuhliso." Ngelo xesha, ukuqinisekiswa ngokuqhelekileyo ukuba inkqubela phambili yesayensi kunye nezobuchwepheshe ingaqinisekisa ukuba uphuculo oluqhubekayo ebomini luhamba kunye nomoya wokuba nethemba lokuthandana. Ngokubanzi, kuluntu kwakukho ingcamango yobudala. Kwakungumxholo othembekileyo wokukhulula ngokuthe ngcembe koluntu kwimeko yokwesaba nokungazi endleleni eya kwiindawo eziphuculweyo kunye eziphakamileyo zempucuko. Ingcamango yeklasi yayisekelwe kwingcamango yexesha elingenakuphikiswa. Apha, inkqubela phambili yayibonakaliswe ngokuthe ngqo ngokuhlukileyo phakathi kwamanje kunye nekamva, okanye esidlulileyo nekhoyo.

Iinjongo kunye neenjongo

Kwakucingelwa ukuba ukunyuswa okuchaziweyo kuya kuqhubeka ukuqhubeka kungekhona nje kuphela, kodwa nakwixesha elizayo, nangona kunxaxha okungahleliwe. Inkolelo kwinto yokuba inkqubela ingagcinwa kuzo zonke izigaba, kuzo zonke iziseko ezisemgangathweni zoluntu, zazisasazeka ngokwaneleyo phakathi kwabantu. Ngenxa yoko, wonke umntu wayefanele aphumelele ngokupheleleyo.

Imigaqo ephezulu

Phakathi kwabo bahlala bedibana:

• Ukulima kwenkolo (J. Buce, uAgasine).
• Ukwandisa ulwazi lwesayensi (O. Comte, D. Vico, J. A. Condorcet).
• Ukulingana nobulungisa (K. Marx, T. Campanella, T. Moore).
• Ukwandiswa kwenkululeko ngamnye ngokubambisana nokuphuhliswa kokuziphatha (E. Durkheim, I. Kant).
• Ukuhlala kwimizi, ukukhushulwa kwezinto, ukuphucula iteknoloji (KA Saint-Simon).
• Ulawulo lokulawula amandla emvelo (G. Spencer).

Uphikisana nenkqubela

Ukuqala ukungathandabuzeki malunga nokuchaneka kwengcamango yaqala ukubonakaliswa emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi yokuqala. Ukuchasana kwenkqubela phambili kubandakanya ukuvela kweengcamango malunga nemiphumo emibi ekuphuhliseni uluntu. Enye yeyokuqala ngokugxeka yenziwe nguFennis Tennis. Wayekholelwa ukuba uphuhliso lwentlalo oluvela kwimveli ukuya kumaxesha anamhlanje, ezoshishino, akuzange nje iphuculwe, kodwa, ngokuchasene noko, yonakalisa imeko yokuphila yabantu. Izibambiso eziphambili, ngokukhawuleza, ezentlalo zentlalo yoluntu ngokubambisana kwendabuko zatshintshwa ngokungahambelanga, ezingabonakaliyo, ezisekondari, oonxibelelwano olusetyenzisiweyo kuphela kwihlabathi lanamhlanje. Kule nto, ngokweSigxina, ingxaki enkulu yenkqubela phambili.

Ukugxeka okungakumbi

Emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi yesiBili, kwabonakala kwabaninzi ukuba uphuhliso kummandla omnye lubandakanya nemiphumo emibi kwenye. I-Industrialization, ukuhlala kwamadolophu, inkqubela phambili yezenzululwazi kunye nezobuchwepheshe zihambisane nokungcola kokusingqongileyo. Yikuphi, okwakubangela ukuba ingxaki yendalo yenzeke. Inyilo entsha iye yavela. Ukuzithemba ukuba uluntu lufuna inkqubela phambili kwezoqoqosho luye lwashiywa ngenye indlela ecinga ngayo "imida yokukhula."

Forecast

Abaphandi baye babala ukuba xa izinga lokusetyenziswa kwamanye amazwe lifikelela kwimilinganiselo yasentshonalanga, iplanethi ingaqhuma kwi-loadload environment. Ingqiqo ye "biliyoni zegolide," ngokubhekiselele kuwo ukukhokelela okuqinisekileyo kwiMhlaba kunokuqinisekiswa kuphela ngabantu abayi-1 bhiliyoni abavela kwizizwe ezizityebi, ngokugqithiseleyo ukugxothwa kweyona nto eyona nto iqala ngayo ingcamango yenkqubela phambili kwikamva elihle kubo bonke abaphilayo ngaphandle kokunye. Inkolelo ekuphakameni kwenkqubo yophuhliso lweNtshona Koloni eyayikulandela, inokubambelela ixesha elide, lithatyathwa yinto edakisayo.

Umbono ongekho

Le ngcamango ibonisa iingcamango ezintle malunga noluntu olungcono. Ngokwale ngcamango yokucinga, kufuneka ukuba kuqhutywe umsindo onamandla. Iyokugqibela kwemizamo yokuqonda olu hlobo lombono wehlabathi yindlela yehlabathi yentlalo. Ngexesha elifanayo, uluntu alunayo kwiiprojekthi zamanqanaba ezikhoyo "ezikwazi ukuququzelela inxaxheba, isenzo sabantu bonke, ukuthatha ingcamango yabantu" engayikhokela uluntu kwixesha elizayo (le nxaxheba yazaliseka ngempumelelo kwiingcamango zoluntu). Kunoko, namhlanje kukho ukuphucula okulula izinto ezikhoyo, okanye iziprofeto ezimbi.

Ukucinga ngekamva

Ukuphuhliswa kweengcamango malunga neziganeko eziza kwenzeka ngoku okwenzeka kwiindlela ezimbini. Kwiimeko zokuqala, ukuqinisekiswa kokungathembeki kuqinisekiswe, apho imifanekiso ephazamisayo yokunciphisa, ukutshatyalaliswa nokutshabalalisa kubonakala. Ngenxa yokudumala kwizenzululwazi nangokwenzululwazi, ubuqhetseba kunye nokungahambisani nokungalingani kwaqala ukusasazeka. Isizathu kunye nengqiqo kule ndawo okanye loo ndawo iyancatshiswa ngokuvakalelwa, intuition, ingqiqo. Ngokwezimangalo zeengcamango ezingasemva kwexesha elide, inqobo ethembekileyo inqabile kwiinkcubeko zanamhlanje, ngokuthethwa kwimbali eyahlukileyo kwizinto eziyinyani, ezimbi kumnandi, ubuhle obuvela kwi-vice. Konke oku kubonisa ukuba ixesha "inkululeko ephakamileyo" sele iqalile ekuziphatheni, kwinkcubeko, kwinkqubela phambili, ekupheleni. Ngokwesibini ulwalathiso olusebenzayo lweengcinga ezintsha zokuphuhliswa, ezinokukwazi ukunika abantu ithuba lokufunda ngokufanelekileyo kwixesha elizayo, ukusindisa uluntu kwiingcamango ezingenangqiqo zijongwa. Iingcamango zangasemva zazingekho, ngokusisiseko, i-theory yokuphuhliswa kwimiqulu yemveli kunye nokugqitywa kwemali, i-fatalism kunye ne-determinism. Abaninzi babo bakhetha ezinye iimpawu zenkqubela-ezinye iindlela ezingenakwenzeka ekuphuhliseni uluntu nenkcubeko. Ezinye i-theorists (uBuckley, Archer, Etzioni, Wallerstein, Nisbet) kwiingcamango zabo zichaza le ngcamango njengethuba elinokwenzeka lokuba uphucule, olunokuthi, ngezinga elithile linokwenzeka, okanye lingabonakali.

Umgaqo wokwakha

Ukusuka kuzo zonke iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zeendlela, le ngcamango yayisisiseko sobugcisa besemva kwamadoda. Umsebenzi ukufumana amandla okuqhuba inkqubela kwimpilo yobomi bemihla ngemihla yabantu. Ngokutsho kukaK. Lash, isisombululo se-puzzle sinikwe ngokuqinisekileyo ukuba kuphela ngenxa yemigudu yomntu kunokukwazi ukuphucula. Ngaphandle koko, ingxaki ayifumanekanga.

Ezinye iingcamango

Zonke, ezivela kwisikhokelo sombono wezenzo, ziyabonakala. Eminye imiqondo ibheno "kumntu ngokubanzi," engabonakali umdla oluthile kwiinkalo zenkcubeko kunye nentlalo. Kule meko, ngokwenene, uhlobo olutsha lwentlalo yoluntu lubonakala. Ingumzekelo we-cybernetic of cultural societies of order order, ejongwa kwi-prism yemisebenzi yabantu. Ezi ngcamango zibuyisela izikhokelo ezilungileyo, inkolelo ethile ekuphuculeni okuqhubekayo. Ngaphezu koko, babiza (nangona kwinqanaba eliphakamileyo lemfundo) kunye nezimo zokukhula. Okwangoku, ezinye iingcamango aziphenduli umbuzo oyintloko: kutheni abantu "bekhululekile" kwaye "bekhululekile", kwiimeko ezininzi, bakhethe inkqubela phambili baze bafune "uluntu olutsha, oluqhelekileyo," kodwa ukutshabalalisa nokutshatyalaliswa kuyisikhokelo. , Ngokubhekiselele, kukhokelela ekuhlakaleni nasekunyuseni. Ngokusekelwe kwingcamango yomsebenzi, akunakuphikiswa ukuba uluntu lufuna inkqubela. Oku kubangelwa kukuba akunakwenzeka ukubonakalisa ukuba uluntu luya kufuna ukuqonda amandla alo okudala esikhathini esizayo. Akukho zimpendulo zale mibuzo kwi-cybernetics kunye ne-systemory theory. Nangona kunjalo, bahlaziywa ngokubanzi ngenkcubeko nangenkcubeko. Ngokumalunga nalokhu, njengenye indlela yokwakha i-modernism, inyilo yenkqubela-phambili ingoku kwenziwa yimiqathango yokuziphatha kwezentlalo.

Ekugqibeleni

Abafilosofi baseRussia banamhlanje baya kubuya "kwiSiliva yobudala". Ukujikela kulelifa, bazama kwakhona ukuvala imvelaphi yeengcamango zesizwe, baziguqulele ngolwimi olungqongqo olulululwazi. Ngokutsho kwePanarin, isakhiwo se-biomorphic of cognition sibonisa umntu umfanekiso wesimo sezulu njengesimo esiphilayo, esinobulungisa. Isikhundla sakhe sivusa abantu abantu abangaphezulu kwezinto ezihamba phambili ezingahambelani nabangenakuzimela. Namhlanje kucace ngokucacileyo ukuba isayensi yoluntu yanamhlanje idinga ukuhlaziywa okunzulu kwemigaqo-siseko ekhoyo, izinto eziphambili kunye nexabiso. Ingakwazi ukuxelela umntu umyalelo omtsha, ukuba yena, naye, ufumane ngokwakhe imikhosi eyaneleyo yokuyisebenzisa.