Imisebenzi kunye nesakhiwo sesityalo sityalo

Ihlabathi lezityalo liyimimangaliso emangalisayo kunye engavamile kwiplanethi yethu. Izityalo ziyahlukahluka ngamaxesha amaninzi njengoko zihluke ngokumalunga nezilwanyana. Into yodwa edibanisa ezinye zazo ziyi-stem. Ngokuqinisekileyo, oku kunesakhiwo esiyinkimbinkimbi kunye nesiqhelo, imisebenzi yayo eyahluke kakhulu. Ngoko ke, kwisakhelo sale nqaku, siza kuqwalasela isakhiwo se-stem.

Ulwazi jikelele

Le ngundoqo yintloko yesityalo. Kulo, amaqabunga afakelwe, aqhutyelwa ekukhanyeni kwisiqhamo, izisombululo zondlovu, amanzi kunye nezamaminerali zetyuwa zondliwa ngeendlela zayo. Kufuneka kukhunjulwe ukuba kungaphakathi kwayo kunokuhlehliswa izondlo "kwindawo egcinwe kuyo." Ukongezelela, isakhiwo se-stem sibonisa ukuphuhliswa kwayo kwiintlahlela, imbewu kunye neentyantyambo, eziza kwenza ukwandisa isityalo semvelo.

Iinqununu eziphambili zakhiwo ziyi-node kunye ne-internodes. I-node yilapho amaqabunga okanye iintso zifumaneka khona. Ngaloo ndlela, i-interstice iphakathi kweendawo ezimbini ezizondelene nazo. Isiza esakhiwe kwisithuba phakathi kwe-node kunye ne-petiole yeqabunga kuthiwa yi-sinus. Ngako oko, ezo ntliziyo ezifumaneka kule ndawo zibizwa ngokuba yi-axillary. Kwisona santloko se-stem ekhulayo kukhona intliziyo, ebizwa ngokuba yi-apical.

Ukuba unobumba obuncinci ukusuka kwinqununu engundoqo kwinqaku, unokuxelela into enomdla. Ngaba uyazi ukuba ii-internodes apho izityalo zikhulu ngokwaneleyo ukuba zenze iincwadana ezincinci zazo? Ezinye iintlobo ze-bamboo, kunjalo! Utyani obunzima bunemigangatho enamandla engagcini nje kuphela izitya, kodwa kunye neengqungquthela ezihle kakhulu zenziwa kuzo. Iziqu ze-bamboo ziyiqhwa, ziqine, ziphantse zonakale, ezibangele ukhetho lwabaninzi olwandle kumaxesha amandulo.

Ukuphila

Wonke umntu uyazi ukuba iziqhamo zityalo kunye neentlobo zeengcingo zihluke kakhulu kwixesha lokuphila. Ngoko, kwiindidi ezahlukeneyo, eziqhelekileyo kwindawo epholileyo, akahlali ngaphezu kwexesha elilodwa. Isiqhamo sezityalo ezinokutya singapheli ngaphezu kwekhulu leminyaka. Ehlabathini lonke liyaziwa ngokuba ipineyini yahamba i-Prometheus, eyakhula kummandla we-United States (i-WPN-114). Yaye yahlulwa ngo-1964. Ngokutsho kwedatha ye- radiocarbon analysis, ubudala bakhe ... iminyaka engama-4862! Nangona kuzalwa kukaKristu, lo mthi wadibana, sele sele usemdala "ohloniphekileyo"!

Ziziphi ezinye iimpawu ekufuneka ziyazi xa zifunda isakhiwo se-stem? I-trunk ibizwa ngokuba yi-stem ephezulu, kwiintlobo ezinamaqondo amaninzi okukhula ngelo xesha, ezo zifundo zibizwa ngokuthi iisigunki. Khumbula ukuba kukho iindidi ezininzi. Makhe sicacise ukuhlelwa kweentlobo zeempawu eziye zamkelwa kwangoku.

Udidi oluphambili

Ixhaphake kakhulu iindidi. Khawukhumbule phantse yonke imithi, inxalenye enkulu yengca. Kule meko, isakhiwo sesiqhamo sesityalo sichazwe yinkqubo eyenziwa kakuhle, kodwa akuyimfuneko ukuba izicubu zayo zomelele. Umzekelo - i-sunflower, ingqolowa, apho i-trunk isenokuguquguquka kwaye iphila. Kwizityalo, inxalenye engasentla-sitshixo ibizwa ngokuba yi-straw. Njengomthetho, ngaphakathi kungenangqungquthela (ngaphandle kwemimandla ye-nodal). Nangona kunjalo, iintlobo ezingapheliyo zixhaphake phakathi kweengqungquthela, izityalo ezitshiweyo, njl njl.

Ezinye izityalo zineenkomo ezinwabuzelayo. Isici saso sinobuchule bokuqhawula. Umzekelo ogqityileyo ngumsila.

Uhlobo lokunyuka kunye nokuloba, ezindlela ezininzi ezidlulileyo, lukwabiwa ngokubanzi phakathi kwe-lianas. Phakathi kwezi zityalo nazo ziintlobo ze-herbaceous and woody. Zonke ziyaziwa ngezinga eliphezulu lokukhula, ngenxa yokuba inxalenye yenkxaso yokuxhaswa ayinaso ixesha lokuphuhlisa, kwaye ngoko i-liana ifuna kakhulu inkxaso.

I-Curly, ngokwegama layo, shintshisa isiseko. Kuyinto enomdla ukuba kwezinye iindidi ze-antenna zibopha ngaphantsi kwe-base-clockwise, kwaye kwezinye - ngokubhekiselele. Kukho izityalo ezinjalo, iimpawu ezineempumelelo ezilinganayo zingaluka kuzo zonke izikhokelo. Ngokungafani nabo, ukubethelela iintlobo zenyuka ukuxhasa, ukubamba iintsilelo ezincinci kunye nezitenxo ebusweni bayo kunye ne-antennae (hops, ivy).

Iifom eziqhelekileyo zeziqu

Ukuba uthatha isityalo kwaye uyinqumle, ngoko kubonakala ukuba isakhiwo sesiqu kulo mzekelo siza kufana nesangqa. Ewe, imvelo ayigcini kulo:

• Amacandelo amathathu atyunwe.
• I-Quadrilateral kwi-nettle.
• I-polyhedra enhle kunye neyinkimbinkimbi ye-cacti.
• I-Opuntia ifake i-flattened, ephantse ikhangeleke.
• Ngee-peas eziqholiweyo, isakhiwo sesityalo sesitshalo sifana nephiko.

Kodwa ungacingi ukuba le ntlukwano ayinakuphela. Iziqu eziqhelekileyo ezingaqhelekanga zihlala zibangelwa ukuphazamiseka okukhulu kunye nokuphuhliswa kokuphuhliswa. Nazi ezinye iintlobo zesakhiwo sesiteji.

Amanzi ahamba njani kwisiqu kunye nezisombululo zetyuwa?

Njengoko siyazi, isityalo sobomi obuqhelekileyo kufuneka sinikezelwe ngamanzi kunye nesisombululo samanzi esitampu. Omnye wemisebenzi ebalulekileyo ye-stem ngokuchanekileyo ukuthutha kwabo. Ukuba unqamle i-birch okanye i-maple yesebe ekuqaleni kwentshukumo ye-sap, oko kuya kuqinisekiswa ngokulula, kuba ijusi ephilileyo iya kuphazamisa ukuphakama komhlaba.

Ekubeni umzimba wonke wezityalo ugcwele izicubu. Kwaye zonke ziyahlukahlukana: amanzi kunye nezixazululo ezinamanzi ziphakanyiswa enye, kunye nezinto eziphilayo ngezinye iindlela. Kwizityalo, ezi zakhiwo zihlala zigcwele izixube zamancuksi omatshini, ezinika amandla abayidingayo.

Ingxaki yomhlaba ihamba njani kwisiqu? Baya kugcina phi?

Zonke izondlo zendalo zifakwa kwiiseli ezikhethekileyo ezidlala indima ebalulekileyo. Enyanisweni, yilezi zinto umntu azondla izityalo: uyasusa kuwo amafutha kunye namafutha, izinto ezixabisekileyo zeekhemikhali, ukucubungula kunye nokutya kwamashishini.

Njengomthetho, zonke ezi zihlanganisi zifakwe kumahlumela amancinane, imbewu kunye neziqhamo zezityalo. Sicinga ukuba wonke umntu uyazi iitatata, amazambane amnandi okanye amanqwanqatha, apho kwenzeka konke kwenzeka njengaye. Ngokuphathelele imithi, izinto eziphilayo zihlala ziqokelele kwingundoqo. Ngaloo ndlela, kuvela kule nxalenye yezinye iintlobo zemithi yesundu ezixabisekileyo zoshishino lweekhemikhali (iparafini, ioli).

Yintoni ephakathi?

I-cell stem esandula, esanda kukhula ihlanganiswa ngesikhumba esikhathele. Emva koko, yatshatyalaliswa ngokupheleleyo yi-stopper. Iiseli zakhe ziyafa ngokupheleleyo, kuphela "amatyala" angenanto azaliswe ngomoya. Ngaloo ndlela, ulusu kunye nesikhombe zihlelwa njengezambatho zengubo, kwaye iplagi isakhiwo esinezakhiwo ezininzi.

Ngokuchasene nenkolelo eninzi, iyakhiwa kakade kunyaka wokuqala wokuphila kwezityalo. Ngokukhula kwexesha, ubukhulu bomgca wokhuni luya kwanda. Zonke izixhobo ezifakwe kwiinkcukacha zendalo zenzelwe uluntu ukuba zikhusele izityalo zezityalo ezivela kwimiphumo emibi kunye neemeko zendalo.

Kufuneka ukhunjulwe ukuba yonke le data ayibalulekanga kakhulu kumashishini athile. Okokuqala kuzo zonke izinto ezenziwe ngamaplanga. Ngaloo ndlela, xa uqhuba umthi, kufuneka uhlale ukhunjulwa ukuba kungcono ukuba ungasebenzisi ezo ndawo apho iiseli ezincinci kunye nokukhawuleza zihlula ngexesha lobomi bomthi. Enyanisweni, iiphakamiso ezenziwe ngokhuni ziphonswa ngaphandle kwesizathu. Nantsi indlela ibhililo ebaluleke ngayo ubomi bemihla ngemihla! Isakhiwo sesiqu kunzima, kodwa kufuneka ukwazi.

Ngoko ke, ezi zambatho zithintela ukukhuphuka kwamanzi, okubaluleke kakhulu kwiindawo ezinesimo eshushu nesimo eshushu, khusela isityalo ukuba singene ngaphakathi ekutheni uthuli lwayo olunobunzima kunye nezinambuzane ezinobungozi ezinokubangela ukugula nomzimba ukufa. Ukutshintshiselwa kwegesi kummandla weetekisi ezinokubakho kukho iincinci ezincinane apho isityalo "siphefumula".

Kwi-kork, ungabona amabhobho amancinci aneemingxuma, ezibizwa ngokuba yi-lenticles. Ziyakhelwe ukusuka kwiiseli ezikhulu zeethambo eziphambili, ezahluke ngobukhulu obukhulu bomhlaba.

Ngaphantsi kwegobolondo yombombo (kwaye kungekho emkhatsini) ngumkhonto, ungqimba lwangaphakathi olubizwa ngokuba yi-bast. Ukongezelela, isakhiwo sangaphakathi sesitshixo siquka izakhiwo ezinjenge-sieve kunye neeseli zesibini. Ukongeza kubo, kukho iiseli ezizodwa apho izondlo zigcinwa khona.

Ulwakhiwo lwe-crust

Iibast fibers zandiswa ngobude, kunye neziqulatho kunye neendonga ezinzima eziye zafa kwinkqubo yophuhliso, zenza indima exhasayo. Kuzo kuxhomekeke kumandla we-stem, ukuchasana nokuqhekeka. Izakhiwo ze-Sitovid zilungiswe ngokusemthethweni imigca yeeseli eziphilayo, kunye ne-nuclei etshabalalisiweyo kunye ne-cytoplasm, ehambelana negobolondo yangaphakathi. Iindonga zabo zigqitywa ngemingxuma. Iiseli ze-Sitovid zikho kwinkqubo yokuqhuba yesityalo, apho amanzi aphuma kunye nezixazululo zezondlo.

Kwisakhiwo sangaphakathi sesitshixo siquka i-cambium, eyaziwa ngamaseli amade, adibeneyo kunye neentlanzi. Bahlanganyela ngokuzithandela kwixesha leentsasa kunye nehlobo. Inxalenye ephambili yesitshixo ngumthi ngokwawo. Kufana kakhulu nokwakheka kwiploko, kwenziwe ngamaseli eemeko kunye nemisebenzi eyahlukeneyo, eyenza ama-tissue amaninzi (amaninzi aqhuba izixhobo, izakhi kunye nezisiseko ezisisiseko). Amakhonkco emithi yaminyaka yonke akhiwa yizo zonke iiseli kunye nezicubu.

Ngoko ufunda isakhiwo sesigaba se-6 kwiklasi yesikolo ngokuqhelekileyo. Ngelishwa, inkqubo yezemfundo ayisoloko ingqalelo ingundoqo. Kodwa lenziwa ngamaseli amakhulu anodonga olunqabileyo. Ziyalandelelana ngokukodwa, njengoko zidlala indima yokuqokelela kunye nokuqokelela. Ukuba uke wambona umxholo wesiqu somthi, ngoko ngokuqinisekileyo ukhumbule "i-antennae" eyahlukana nayo kwiindlela ezahlukeneyo.

Kodwa badlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu! Kungenxa yale migqa, eyimibutho emikhulu yezinto eziqhubayo, ukuba izondlo ziya kwiindawo ezincinci kunye nezinye iinxalenye zomzimba wesityalo. Ukuze kuboniswe bhetele isakhiwo se-stem (izityalo ezikhethiweyo ngokukodwa), sinika idatha ebalulekileyo kwifom yetafile.

Le tafile "Isakhiwo sesiqhamo sesityalo" siya kukunceda ukhumbule iinqununu ezisisiseko, uqonde ukubaluleka kokusebenza kwazo. Ngokumangalisayo, kodwa ulwazi oluvela kuyo lunokuba luncedo kwimpilo yemihla ngemihla.

Iimpawu eziqhelekileyo zesakhiwo se-anatomiki se-stem

Kwaye ngoku siza kuhlalutya isakhiwo se-anatomical se-stem. Okumangalisayo kukuba, kodwa esi sihloko ngokuqhelekileyo kubangela ubunzima kulabo bafundi abafunda ikhosi ye-botany. Ngokuqhelekileyo, ukuba ubuncinane ngokwenqanaba jikelele uyazi injongo yezinto ezihlukeneyo zesitshixo, unokwenza isakhiwo ngaphandle kweminye imizamo ekhethekileyo. Ukubeka nje, isakhiwo kunye nemisebenzi ye-stem ayixhunyekanga, ngoko kufuneka ifundwe kunye.

Amancuba aqhubayo ahlakulela izakhiwo ezihambayo (iiselula zeseli), apho izondlo zihanjiswa kuzo zonke izityalo. Kwinqanaba eliyinhloko le-trunk kukho inani elikhulu lamathambo asebenzayo, enoxanduva lwempawu zamandla. Amahlumela amancinci aqukethe inkqubo ephuhlisiweyo yokufunyanwa.

Ukusebenzisa i-microscope yokukhanya eqhelekileyo, kunokubonwa ukuba i-apical meristems iphakamisa iprokambia, kunye ne-interistory meristems. Kungenxa yabo ukuba isakhiwo esiyinhloko sotsha siqala ukwenza. Kwezinye izityalo, kuqhubeka ixesha elide. I-Cambium, isakhiwo sesibini, sakha isakhiwo sesibini sesiqu.

Iimpawu zenkqubo ephambili

Khawuqwalasele iimpawu zesakhiwo sesiqu. Ngokuchanekileyo, isiseko sayo siseko. Kubalulekile ukuhlukanisa umgaqo-siseko (iplara), kunye ne-cortex yenkqubo ephambili. Ngaphandle kwesi sikhotho sigqitywe ngendwangu yesikhumba (periderum), kwaye ngaphantsi kwayo kukho izicubu ezinjengobungqina (chlorenchyme). Inendima ebaluleke kakhulu, kuba idlala indima yohlobo lwebhuloho phakathi kwee-cortex kunye nama-tissue tissue (collenchyma kunye ne-sclerenchyma).

Intonga encinci ikhuselwe kuwo onke macala ngumgca we-endoderm. Uninzi lwalo luhlala kumacu aqhubayo, olwenziwe ngenxa ye-confluence yee-tissue zokuqhuba kunye nezomatshini, esizithethileyo. Ingundoqo ibandakanya i-parenchyma engaqhelekanga. Ngenxa yokuba iiseli zayo azihambisani kakuhle (njengoko kuye kwachazwe ngokuphindaphindiweyo apha ngasentla), izibilini zomoya zihlala zihlala kuyo, umthamo onokubaluleka.

Cambium ivelisa xylem lesibini kunye phloem. Oku kungenxa yokuba i-neuron zaseprayimari usoloko uyafa yaye ke ngoko kufuneka itshintshwe, ebonelela kunye cambial kwithishyu. Okokugqibela kufanelekile ukuba sikhankanye ukuba isakhiwo olubethelela becala kuxhomekeke nje kuphela kuhlobo kwezityalo, kodwa kwiimeko apho bekhula. Apha ke kufuneka bafunde isakhiwo iklasi stem 6.