Isakhiwo lwentlalo Egypt yamandulo kunye neempawu zayo

Egypt yamandulo - Impucuko laseMpuma. Yaye kubaluleke kakhulu apha akukho licandelo wejografi, kunye culturological kunye nempucuko. Apha, indima ephambili ekuphuhliseni uluntu wadlala akukho propati yabucala, kwaye tsar kunye nolawulo itempile. Ngenxa yoko, abantu ekuhlaleni isakhiwo yoluntu waseYiputa yamandulo, eli lizwe, indawo awazalelwa kuyo elinye lamazwe yokuqala ukuphuhlisa okwanamhlanje kakhulu. Kwaye lo umahluko nobuntu kuphela yale mpucuko, kodwa ezinye nayo eMpuma. Ziziphi iimpawu yokuma koluntu eYiputa yamandulo? Makhe sihlolisise kweli nqaku.

Egypt yamandulo: iziseko

Ngaphambi kokuba baqalise ukuthetha ngayo ubomi boluntu, ndifuna ukwenza uhambo olufutshane kuxhoba aye imbali. Ngoko ke, kuphuhliso laseYiputa kuphunyeziwe ngamaxesha eziliqela, izikumkani:. Early (... Ekuqaleni III leminyaka BC E.), yaMandulo (. Ukuya xxviii lwekhulu XXIV BC E.), Phakathi (ukususela ekupheleni kwenkulungwane III To XVII BC. e.), New (s XVI-XII XI-VIII BC. e.) yaye kamva (ukusuka VII ngo IV-I BC. e.).

Onke la maxesha luphawulwa kuphuhliso kakhulu kade karhulumente. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba ukutyhubela imbali yayo, le idla amaYiputa amandulo yohlulwe (kwizikumkani ephezulu nesezantsi) iinxalenye ezimbini, ngoko bahlanganisane ukuze zikarhulumente eyodwa enamandla, kwaye konke oku ngokweyelenqe. Ukongeza, ukuba iimfazwe rhoqo loloyiso. Ngokuchasene imvelaphi kwezi ziganeko bayiqinisa kumandla kaFaro, kunye nokungalingani iklasi kubangele kwinkqubo ngamakhoboka.

labemi beli lizwe - namaLibhiya African-Hamitic, Nubians kunye Semites - inzalelwane yase-Afrika. Bonke aba bantu baye bakhetha ukuhlala kummandla kwintili esezantsi loMnayile - oku yaba umda zendalo zokuhlala saqinisekisa wedwa kwaye umgangatho wokhuseleko.

umhlaba Rich otyebileyo nje kuphela, kodwa kwizimbiwa ndawo zibonelelwa ngokupheleleyo ngenxa yabantu. Eyokuqala nobuDlelwane zivele ngexesha xa kukho imfuneko yokulawula lwezikhukula ekwakhiweni umNayile kwezibonelelo zonkcenkceshelo. Society wohlulwe abo basebenza iya kulawulwa, yaye abo benza loo nto.

Imfundo kunye nophuhliso karhulumente

Ngoko ke, malunga nama-in V. BC. e. State Egypt Ancient iqalisa ukuba zikhona. It iqulathe polynomials ezininzi (njengoko kweli lizwe kuthiwa yokuhlala abangekaphuhli) kunye IV. BC. e. kumiswa izikumkani ezimbini - phezulu nasezantsi. union yabo esidityaniswe anegazi yeemfazwe zembujiswano kunye. Oku konke kwenzeka ngexesha ubukumkani ekuqaleni. YaMandulo njengoko ubukumkani ndawonye kakhulu ngexesha ubukho eli lizwe. Kwakhona, iYiputa iza ibolile kwi Noma, yaye ngamnye kubo uthi geqe. Kwakhona uqalise imfazwe phakathi komzi-amazwe kweli lizwe.

Nokumanyanisa ilizwe kwenzeka kuphela ngexesha kuMbindi yoBukumkani. Yaba kumbindi wesixeko uAmoni. Ekugqibeleni - kanye ukuwa, imfazwe kunye manyano kwi ubukhosi elinamandla, bathi kulawula kwihlabathi lamandulo (New Kingdom). Eli lixesha njengegorha ndlongondlongo. Emva - kwakhona ukuhla ukusuka apho eJiputa Ancient iye akaphumanga - uYesu woyisa yamaPersi koko Alexander Omkhulu. Igcina likhona ezohlukeneyo; ngoku ke impucuko someleleyo - kuphela iphondo uBukhosi baseRoma.

inkqubo yezopolitiko

Njani isicwangciso uhulumeni Egypt Ancient? isakhiwo Social njalo iqala ukusuka isixhobo nkqubo. Kufuneka ke ukuba eli candelo ngexesha, yaye lonke nokuqhekeka kukho bekusoloko eli lizwe libe nezithili ezibini - North noMzantsi. Walawula namabamba khona uFaro. Yena ngokwakhe isihloko igunya lakhe lokuphatha, esasisithi :. "Nkosi lwala mazwe mabini"

Urhulumente bekusoloko ndawonye ngokuthe ngqo, ngexesha yexesha dissociation waba okungenamsebenzi. Ngomhla sisisekelo sempatho ngokungagungqiyo kaFaro, a sama enkulu kunye zangaphakathi. indima ephezulu uFaro kurhulumente wabelwa kwinkundla yakomkhulu, apho intloko yaba vizier. Nguye kwaye sithobele kaFaro, Iintloko zamasebe, kunye nabasebenzi elikhulu lamagosa ezinkulu nezincinane.

Phezu komhlaba, wabaleka nomarhi. Bona babe namandla olungenamiqathango, kodwa kuphela kwisifundo sakhe. In nomarhov kwakhona subordinated ifike uyilandela. Kwelona nqanaba lisezantsi kule nkqubo kwakukho amabhunga zoluntu kunye umphathi selectable uyaphi. Ewe, babejongene inkqubo yenkundla kunye nolawulo, kunye nemisebenzi yezoqoqosho.

Uphuhliso nobuDlelwane

Cinga, njengoko isakhiwo yentlalo laseYiputa yamandulo lonke imbali yayo. Ekuqaleni, lo uhlanga lalicinga saa umzi-ithi, ngalinye waphila yimithetho zabo yaye nomlawuli walo.

State ngexesha ubukumkani yokuqala yaba uhlobo ubuhlobo yezizwe. Abemi beli lizwe yaba nabalimi simahla, amanyene ekuhlaleni. Yena kunye namandla sokwabela umhlaba ukuze kulinywe. Inxalenye iinzuzo evela imveliso yezolimo ukuya uhulumeni ahlawule kuyimfuneko.

Kwaba ngexesha Old Kingdom kukho isiphene kuluntu, ukulahlula libe amakhoboka neenkosi zawo. Ubume kuluntu samandulo saseYiputa uba inhomogeneous: zonke ukuqinisekisa ubudlelwane kwezentlalo kunye nempahla. Phambili kaFaro zababingeleli. Oku zilahlelwe nakwigama abantu kaFaro ezinxulumene sezandleni amandla mda, nokulingana ukuya isithixo.

era Middle Kingdom luphawulwa kuphela ukukhula elikhulu-isikali inkqubo ngamakhoboka (amakhoboka ezisetyenziswayo ngoku kwifama). Isakhiwo Social laseYiputa yamandulo ngeli xesha luphawulwa kukuba uluntu kuya wakubo. Ngoko ke, nedzhesy apho, nasakhulayo. Bona, kunye nababhali, abalimi kunye nabarhwebi abahlala eninzi, kodwa abalimi kunye nezinye ungqameko aphantsi nzima ukufumana imali yokuthenga ukutya.

Iimfazwe loloyiso kuBukumkani New ngokuyintloko kuchaphazela ukwanda udidi lwekhoboka. Onke amazwe ngenqindi phantsi zabelwa kurhulumente kunye amabandla. Ngoko ke, benani ke zazikhawu- njengeklasi. Kwaye sisebenze kweli lizwe ububingeleli akuvumelekanga akukho namnye ukuba ayinike kumalungu okufana kweklasi babo. Ngoku ububingeleli - kwiklasi evaliweyo, apho ungafumana kuphela umgaqo ezinxulumeneyo.

iimpawu ngokubanzi uluntu yamandulo baseYiputa

Ngoko ke, yenza kwisigqibo lokuqala ukuba ubume bentlalo i ngeYiputa yamandulo. Social isakhiwo waso ezi mpawu zilandelayo:

• Kwelaxesha Ndandime intloko kaFaro, lowo wayesoyikwa ngenxa ngokwaselukholweni.
• Ifom karhulumente - a despotism, kwaye luphawulwa ulwakhiwo ubulungiseleli waseYiputa kakumkani ibe lenkolo.
• A indima ekhethekileyo yanikwa ababingeleli.
• Isiseko yoluntu - zasemaphandleni uluntu ukuba bathembele kumandla emhlabeni.
• Yinxenye yeklasi ecacileyo.
• Ubume bentlalo laseYiputa yamandulo ukuze oluneqela ukusuka ngaphezulu ukuthoba maleko na ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: uFaro - ababingeleli inkundla izidwangube - amajoni - nabalimi kunye namagcisa - amakhoboka. Le yokugqibela ngaphandle kubomi boluntu ngokupheleleyo, ngenxa yokuba kuthathwa njengokuba singabantu nje, yaye kuthiwa 'abantu. " Thetha ngale kamva.
• Kukhal amaninzi, kodwa yahlulwe kancinane emsebenzini. Omnye mntu unoxanduva lolawulo kunye nokusebenza, kwaye noqoqosho, kwaye enze izithethe ezithile zonqulo.

amandla kaFaro

Ngoku makhe sithethe ngokwahlukeneyo malunga iqela ngalinye kwezentlalo. Egypt yamandulo, isakhiwo loluntu lusekelwe despotism, walawula uFaro. yehlelo lakhe kubekwe elilinganayo koothixo. Ngako oko, ububingeleli yenziwe bayinqule ekhethekileyo isiko loThixo-ukumkani. Ke amagama ooFaro ibonisa ivela kuThixo. Umzekelo, Amenhotep - "Amon cwaka" Thutmose - "Anathoti bazelwe nguThixo." AmaYiputa amandulo ayekholelwa ukuba izityalo, intlalo-ntle, ukungabikho imfazwe kuxhomekeke uthixo kuFaro.

Loo kumkani umnini engundoqo ezweni laseYiputa, ngubani ukunika okanye irhoxise. Ezandleni zakhe, amandla enkundla, wamisa amagosa ephakamileyo zaye bagxila.

Amandla esasulela ubuzibulo, ngenxa kuFaro, kodwa umfazi wokuqala idla enxulumene kuye igazi (kaninzi kwenzeka imitshato nkqu kunye noodade nezalamane) abanye abafazi namaqadi. Kwakukho zonke kwi ngokulinganayo. Kodwa kuthekani Ixesha Iingxaki, xa omnye ubukhosi indawo komnye? Apha, ababingeleli bafumana "isizathu". Ngokutsho iinkolelo bamaYiputa, ulwalamano phakathi usapho lukaThixo akwanelanga, nto kusafuneka othile warholela ukumkani. Nokutshintsha zezindlu sigqibo. Ngaphezu koko, "esangweni kaThixo" enokwenziwa indlalifa kuphela, kwakunye nodade, umfazi kunye nabanye.

ababingeleli

Iimpawu ze ubume bentlalo eYiputa yamandulo abanjalo ukuba uFaro, ngamandla ayo yonke ngendlela engaqondakaliyo, hayi kuba onako ukubalawula yedwa. Wayethembele kakhulu kwi ababingeleli, kwakunye namagosa, izidwangube.

Lokuqala - mithetho yokuziphatha kunye nobomi iinjongo. Ekubeni ababingeleli babephuma umsebenzi oluntu yonxibelelwano kunye noothixo, akabaphulaphula, nkqu ooFaro. Fumana umbingeleli san babungelulanga: kufuneka abasebefe kade yaye kunzima ukufunda. Iminyaka emine ulwazi accumulated baqalisa ukuba idluliselwe kwizizukulwana ezizayo.

Institute of inkonzo koothixo yasungulwa kunene; abakhonzi betempile usebenza umsebenzi wempangelo, engabagcini iimfihlakalo kunye ngqangi, iimboni - iitoliki zonke iintlobo ngemiqondiso, yaye izazi.

Ngokufutshane, ababingeleli wadlala indima ebaluleke gqitha kubomi kuluntu ngamaYiputa amandulo. ulwazi lwabo malunga izithethe, ukuthanda woothixo, amayeza kunye nezolimo kunye nezityalo nezilwanyana, wegqitha phantsi ukusuka kwisizukulwana ukuya kwisizukulwana, njengengcwele, ukususela endodeni eziqhelekileyo esitratweni ifihliwe. De kube ngoku, Egyptologists, izazinzulu kuqhubeka ukuba kukuphina babongamele abefundisi.

ukhomba

Isakhiwo Social impucuko waseYiputa yamandulo, incam yayo ayiphelelanga ebubingelelini. UFaro wayethembele izidwangube zakhe enkundleni. Yaba basebukhosini, abo eneneni kulawulwa zonke iinkalo zobomi kazwelonke. Chief phakathi kwabo kwakukho vizier, okanye jati. Le ndoda isandla sokunene sikaFaro. Njengomgaqo, wonyulwa ukusuka yaka elilawulayo. Kwakukho iimeko xa vizier kwenzeka ilungu begazi, hayi enxulumene kuFaro - oku kwenzeka ngamaxesha buthathaka isidima lizwe, ebizwa ngokuba yi-nguqu.

Ngoko ke, yintoni imisebenzi bathunyelwa jati? yonke iYiputa yamandulo liyi- ezandleni zakhe. isakhiwo Social kwakhiwa ngendlela yokuba zonke izikhulu, iintloko amasebe ezahlukeneyo, oko uxanduva. Ukongeza, le Vizier ngekamva:

• ngamasebe email.
• imisebenzi yoluntu (umz, irrigation).
• Walawula ubomi eyinkunzi wayephatha kuyo.
• Waba uxanduva umkhosi.
• Koko wabubhekisa ezobulungiswa.

Ezinye abasebukhosini athobele kaFaro jati. Zazakhiwe abantu abazizityebi ngokwabo kwamangcwaba abahlala kumakhaya zodidi.

nezikhulu

ababhali ingqalelo ngamnye. Awase abasebukhosini ephezulu yaye intlonipho yoluntu-jikelele. Isikakhulu abantu abangafundanga kumiwa iYiputa yamandulo. isakhiwo Social ke ngoko kunokwenzeka ukuba ababhali bazahlule manuelle.

Ezi abasebenzi ingangeni kuphela uFaro imiyalelo yakhe, kodwa wayesazi ukuba ukubala njani inqanaba amanzi omlambo, ukuhlola iziphumo xa kunokwenzeka izikhukula, oovimba owaziwa kwemithombo. Baba ezibalulekileyo kwezolimo kunye neenkomo zizalele nakuzo. Ngapha koko, kuphela umntu abafundileyo uyakwazi ukuhlola emva kwezikhukhula loMnayile, iya kuba yintoni isivuno, uze ubale inani lezilwanyana okanye iwayini zokupheka. Ababhali babejongene ukuqokelela irhafu.

Bacela uncedo ukudala ileta (kubandakanywa data buqu), ubhale umthandazo isiko.

Yintoni kukhal nje isakhiwo lwentlalo eYiputa yamandulo? Ngokufutshane sinokuthetha oku: ukuba zahlulwe gaba. Fuzo isigxina ngamnye umntu othile, loo nto singeniswe kwezinye anoxanduva kwiindawo ezithile kuqoqosho.

impi

A umfelandawonye enamandla kaFaro, amatshawe aphathwe sisicaka? Nababingeleli bakwazi ukuqinisa umkhosi wamajoni kuphela. Ngoko ke kukho umkhosi.

Beka ekungxoleni kuluntu yamandulo zaseYiputa ubezukile kunene: zibe izindlu zabo, nempahla, ilizwe. Into kuphela ukuba akalahlwa, - kuba bubomi bam. Ngapha koko, sisigqibo uFaro, exhaswa ngababingeleli, nangaliphi na ixesha na Kunokusuka imfazwe. Kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuba emfazweni kunye nomkhosi wangena ekuzingeleni kwakhe. Ngapha koko, abantu bafumane ipropati yabo ngenxa yeemfazwe loloyiso.

Umkhosi sasetyenziswa isisombululo iingxabano zembujiswano kunye lwangaphakathi.

Xa kwincopho impucuko yamandulo baseYiputa, umkhosi wababala 100 amawaka abantu, kwaba yomeleleyo ehlabathini.

Abalimi kunye nabakhi

Le ezinawo inkulu ekuhlaleni eYiputa yamandulo - abalimi. Wadliswa udidi echazwe apha ngasentla, kunye nokunika kubo ubukho obutofotofo. Ngokwabo njengabalimi ayikwazanga ndoqhayisa yobukho bekhululekile. Ngokwahluke ngokupheleleyo koko, eli lizwe liya kulinywa wayengekho nempahla yabo, ngokulandelelanayo, uninzi isityalo kunye nemfuyo amafama Ndinyuke. Ihlwempu, abalambileyo, ukuba adla ngokusetyenziswa kwimisebenzi karhulumente.

Kanye ubomi lowo ebekho amagcisa ngamaYiputa amandulo. Oomasifundisane baya apho benza imveliso, kodwa musa akangowakhe. A host-esihle iirenti pick up phantse zonke iimveliso kunye ngoko lithengiswe ngamaxabiso anyuswe usebenzisa abarhwebi aqhelekileyo kunye abarhwebi.

amakhoboka

Kodwa sikhundla yaseXhora ke, Kakade ke, amakhoboka. Egypt - hayi nje i imeko yamandulo zehlabathi kunye nenkqubo ngamakhoboka. Kwakuyinto eqhelekileyo ngelo xesha ubume ekuhlaleni.

Kwamhla akuthathwa njengokuba singabantu nje, baba "abantu", ukuthengisa, athenge kwaye iziyobisi njengoko mbuka. Isiphelo yonke eyayilikhoboka ezandleni wekhoboka-umnini: ambulale, zenzakalise. Kwaye nokuhluthwa ekunene yaba ukubulawa elinye ikhoboka (oku kuyafana "umonakalo" ipropati).

Imitshato phakathi amakhoboka kwakuthetha ngokusemthethweni nto: indoda nomfazi lula nizahlule, umzekelo angathengisa kubanikazi ezahlukeneyo.

Kakade ke, luqhankqalazo yelizwe kwamakhoboka. Ngoko ke, "enkosi" komnye wabo bamana kwezithandani yemvukelo ukuba ngokulula akwazi ukufumana mbuya Arabhu.

izinto zentlalo yokwehla yempucuko

Emva kokuhlalutya zonke iiklasi eYiputa mandulo, ungenza kwisigqibo ecacileyo, phakathi kwabo kwakukho kwakungekho umanyano, kunoko, ngokuchasene - ubutshaba ngenkohlakalo kunye nentiyo. Kwaye inkcaso ayiphelelanga komgca "amakhoboka, abalimi -. Ukwazi ' Baceba, ebukhosini ufuna amandla kwaye aqalise umdlalo kwezopolitiko kuFaro. Ngoko ke sihlala yenzeka iinkqubo zentlalo kunye ngabacinezeli babo yaye bacinezelwe. Isiphumo nokungafezeki yokuma koluntu weYiputa yamandulo ukwehla yempucuko.