Imfazwe Civil iinkosana Russian: inkcazelo, unobangela kunye neziphumo. Ukuqala kwemfazwe yamakhaya kwi ubulawuli eMoscow

Enye amaphepha buhlungu imbali yethu ukuqhekezwa Russia yamandulo kumaXesha Aphakathi. Kodwa imfazwe yamakhaya - oku lilungelo leZiko eliQinisekisa izikumkani yamandulo. Mezhfeodalnymi iimfazwe ingene yonke eYurophu, e-France kuphela, bekukho 14 primogeniture enkulu bondage, phakathi leyo Bakulibala ukungqubana wamagazi. imfazwe Civil - ngokwenene of the Ages Aphakathi.

urhulumente amandla e Kiev nesikhundla agnatic

Oyena nobangela kwakungasekho lonke buthathaka amandla. Ngamaxesha athile, kukho iinkokheli eyomeleleyo, ezifana noVladimir Monomakh kunye Yaroslav Mudry, radeyuschie ubunye ngamandla, kodwa umthetho, emva kokufa koonyana babo kwakhona yaqala ingxabano. Abantwana bebesoloko abaninzi, yaye isebe ngalinye lentsapho, evela utatomkhulu eqhelekileyo Rurik wazama ukuba kukhuselwe mthetho. Kuxhotyiwe zonke nkcukacha yolandelelwano - yezikhundla agnatic, xa amandla uzipase kwithuba elingekho kwi ilifa ngqo unyana omdala kwaye omdala entsatsheni. Russia iimfazwe zamakhaya patted de kokufa Prince of eMoscow Vasily II Dark, oko kukuthi, kude kube kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane XV.

nabunye

Kumanqanaba okuqala zophuhliso zikarhulumente ngamathuba kwasekwa ezinye ubuhlobo phakathi abathetheli eziliqela, neemfazwe zazilwela iibhloko, okanye ngexesha lonke Kievan Rus united ukuba alwe iyangena kwezizwe emathafeni. konke oku Kodwa okwethutyana, kunye nabaphathi zazitshixiwe kwakhona elifeni labo, iyileyo ngokwahlukeneyo engazihlambanga imikhosi okanye ubutyebi, ukuze zimanyane phantsi umyalelo wakhe wonke laseRashiya.

mfelandawonye buthathaka kakhulu

imfazwe yamakhaya imfazwe yamakhaya. Ku va kwegazi omkhulu phakathi kwabahlali kwelinye ilizwe, bamanyene kwiqela elithile. Nangona ngaloo mihla, ilizwe lethu liye amelwe inani geqe kwimbali ibihleli njengoko Kievan Rus, nomanyano yayo, nangona abapholileyo, kodwa ndaziva. Yaba umanyano enjalo obuthathaka, ogama abemi zibizwa ngokuba abameli ekufuphi inogorodtsami oozilawuli abasemzini - basemzini.

izinto ezicacileyo Engcotyeni ingxabano

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba isigqibo ukuba aye kulwa mzalwana wathabatha kuphela umthetheli, wema emva kwakhe abemi kunye nabarhwebi, nakulo ibandla. amandla kwesikhulu kulinganiselwe kakhulu kwaye Boyar Koti kunye zikamasipala Veche. Izizathu iimfazwe zamakhaya kulala nzulu kakhulu. Kwaye ukuba ubulawuli walwa phakathi kwabo, ngoko kuba oku izizathu olomeleleyo ezininzi, kubandakanywa ubuhlanga, kwezoqoqosho, kunye norhwebo. Yobuhlanga ngokuba ngaphandle Russia waseka urhulumente omtsha, abemi wakhe waqalisa ukuthetha ngeelwimi yaye nezithethe zabo kunye nendlela yokuphila. Umzekelo, Belarus kunye Ukraine. Ngu Ukuqhela oozilawuli kwakhokelela abathetheli kunye bafuna ukudlulisa amandla njengelifa ngqo. Umzabalazo phakathi kwawo ngenxa ukunganeliseki kunye nokusasazwa zindawo etroneni Kiev, kuba inkululeko evela eKiev.

abazalwana kobunye

imfazwe yamakhaya eRashiya yaqala ngenkulungwane IX, kunye zeenkcuba ezincinane phakathi abathetheli, enyanisweni, akazange ayeke. Kodwa kwakukho feuds ezinkulu. Kwavela I ingxabano yokuqala ekupheleni X - ekuqaleni XI kwiinkulungwane emva kokufa Svyatoslav. Oonyana bakhe abathathu, Jaropolk, uVladimir kunye Oleg inomama ezahlukeneyo. Umakhulu, Grand neTshawekazi laseYork bashiya ilifa uOlga, nako ukuhlanganisa kubo, wafa ngo-969, yaye emva kweminyaka emi-3 kunye noyise wafa. Imihla ngqo wokuzalwa weenkosana yokuqala Kievan kunye nabalandeli babo, kukho kancinane, kodwa kukho amacebiso ngexesha yokulahlwa Svyatoslavich Yaropolk omdala wayeneminyaka eli-15 kuphela ubudala, yaye ngamnye kubo sele kwambatha Svyatoslav yakhe yasekhohlo. Konke oku negalelo ukuvela umanyano emaqandeni.

I uvulele yokuqala enkulu

Ukuqala kwemfazwe yamakhaya kufika ngexesha abazalwana yokukhula - ukuba Ndifumene amandla, yaye abalindi ukubukela fiefdoms zabo. Ngesizathu esithile Yayilixesha nokubonwa Oleg emahlathini zabo Ohotnikov Yaropolka, ukhokelwa unyana neyamabamba Sveneld lyutom. Emva kokuba ezenzeka kwengxabano exheliweyo nelembande, ngokutsho kwabanye, uyise ngamandla Svenald Jaropolk ababethunywe kuhlaselwa esotha ngamandla nentiyo abazalwana, zithi uphuphe yetrone Kiev. Enye indlela okanye omnye, kodwa 977 Jaropolk ibulala umzalwana wakhe Oleg. Yakumva ukubulawa umninawa wakhe, Vladimir, eyayihleli e Veliky Novgorod, wabaleka eSweden, apho wabuya ngumkhosi olomeleleyo mercenaries, ikhokelwa warlord yayo Dobrynya. ke Vladimir wafudukela eKiev. Ukuthatha abaziinjubaqa Polotsk, wayibeka zokungqinga lale dolophu. Emva kwexesha elithile Jaropolk wavuma ukuba intlanganiso umzalwana wakhe, kodwa akazange ukuya yokubheja, kuba yena wabulawa mercenaries ezimbini. Vladimir walawula etroneni Kiev emva kweminyaka-7 kuphela emva kokusweleka kukatata wakhe. Jaropolk kwimbali, Isimanga, ebeyinganga inobulali, yaye kukholelwa ukuba abazalwana abaselula kakhulu baba ngamaxhoba ngamayelenqe, ikhokelwa omalunga abanamava kunye nobuqili ezifana Sveneld kunye Uhenyuzo. Vladimir walawula eKiev iminyaka 35 wazuza isiteketiso Red Sun

Iimfazwe sesibini nesesithathu nembambano Kievan Rus

Imfazwe yesibini yamakhaya yeenkosana iqala emva kokufa Vladimir bakhe, noonyana bakhe, lowo waba 12 Kodwa umzabalazo omkhulu phakathi Svyatopolk ne Jaroslav.

Kule uvulele wabulala Boris kunye Gleb, owaba abangcwele yokuqala Russian. Ekugqibeleni ngesandla upper Yaroslav, kamva wafumana igama elithi Wise. Ngelo kwetrone Kiev wenyuka ngo-1016-m yaye walawula de-1054, apho wafela khona.

Kakade ke, lo uvulele enkulu yesithathu baqala emva kokufa kwakhe phakathi koonyana bakhe abasixhenxe. Nangona Yaroslav esaphila ichazwe ngokucacileyo kunye fiefdoms abantwana, waza itrone Kiev Izyaslav, nto leyo kwiimfazwe fratricidal walawula phezu kuphela ngo-1069.

Century ukuqhekeka kunye nokuxhomekeka i Golden mkhosi

Ixesha emva kwexesha de ekupheleni kwenkulungwane XIV ixesha eqhekekileyo kwezopolitiko. Baqalisa ukwenza oozilawuli ezizimeleyo, kunye nenkqubo eqhekekileyo kunye ukuvela kwiindawo ezintsha isiba mandundu. Ukuba kwinkulungwane XII kwi kummandla Russia kwakukho izilawuli-12, sele ngenkulungwane XIII, apho kukho-50, yaye XIV - 250.

Ngesayensi, le nkqubo yaziwa ngokuba wobukhosi ukuqhekeka. Nditsho ekoyiswa Russia Tatar-Mongols ngo-1240, zange ayeke inkqubo obukhulu. ukufumana kuphela 2.5 kwekhulu phantsi kwedyokhwe nyambalala Golden le ukwehla weenkosana Kievan ekudaleni yorhulumente enamandla zangaphakathi.

Emacaleni ezimbi nezilungileyo nokuqhekeka

iimfazwe zamakhaya eRashiya luyatshatyalaliswa ize bazophise lizwe, angavumeli ukuba zikhule kakuhle. Kodwa ke, njengoko kuchaziwe apha ngasentla, neengxabano phakathi kweentlanga kunye nokwahlukana zaye ukukhubazeka kuphela Russia. Quilt wayefana eFransi iJamani, kunye England. Isimanga, kodwa ezinye nqanaba ityumza yaye wadlala indima entle. Phakathi sikhokelo karhulumente waqala ukuba ngenkuthalo kukho mhlaba uthile, ajike abe amakhulu omhlaba, yakhiwe ze banda izixeko kwakhiwa ezintsha iicawa, wadala kwaye axhotyiswe amaqembu ezinkulu. indlala kwezopolitiko, ezoqoqosho kunye nezenkcubeko yezikumkani peripheral ngamandla kwezopolitiko buthathaka e Kiev negalelo ekukhuleni ukuzimela geqe. Nangeendlela ezithile ukuvela lwentando yesininzi.

Nangona kunjalo muzhdousobitsey eRashiya ebesoloko ayisebenzisa kakuhle iintshaba zakhe, nto leyo ngokwaneleyo. Ukuba ukwanda nempahla peripheral kubuphelisa uhlaselo Russia Golden mkhosi. Inkqubo lonke yomhlaba Russian kancinci yaqala ngenkulungwane XIII kwaye ukuba XV. Kodwa ke kwenzeka ukungqubana zembujiswano kunye.

I-mbini lwe imigaqo yolandelelwano

amazwi ngqo ofanelwe ekuqaleni imfazwe yamakhaya kwi seLizwe eMoscow kwiminyaka 1425-1453. Emva kokufa Basil I amandla udlula esandleni sonyana wakhe, Vasily II Dark, iminyaka ukubusa yabalasela enembambano. Ngoko nangoko emva kokufa Basil I ngowe-1425 de yaliwa imfazwe 1433rd phakathi Vasily i Dark nomalume wakhe kaYuri Dmitrievich. Inyaniso kukuba kwi Kievan Rus kwinkulungwane XIII, imigaqo yolandelelwano babezimisele aphezulu agnatic. Ngokutsho kwakhe amandla idluliselwe omdala entsatsheni, yaye nguDmitry Donskoy ngo-1389 wamisela unyana omncinane wakhe uYuri yindlalifa kwitrone phezu kokufa unyana omdala Basil. Basil I wafa, kunye iindlalifa zabo, ingakumbi unyana wakhe Basil, naye uphethe amalungelo etroneni, kuba amandla kwenkulungwane XIII nalapha ngaphakatyhi zadluliselwa wazala unyana omkhulu.

Ngokubanzi, ngowokuqala makayiqhawule ekunene Mstislav I Enkulu, unyana noVladimir Monomakh, owayelawula ukususela 1125 ngo 1132. Emva koko, ngenxa igunya Monomakh, Mstislav uya, exhaswa ezinye iinkosana izinduna cwaka. Kwaye ilungelo kaYuri Basil umngeni, yaye ezinye izalamane shoka him.

umlawuli onamandla

Ukuqala kwemfazwe yamakhaya kwi ubulawuli eMoscow , kukhatshwa kokutshatyalaliswa iinxenye ezincinane, kwaye ukomelezwa ngamandla yasebukhosini. Vasiliy Temny wawalwela yokumanya kumazwe Russian. Kuyo yonke wobukumkani bakhe, eyathatha nqapha ukususela 1425 ukuya 1453, Vasiliy Temny ngokuphindaphindiweyo walahlekelwa itrone yakhe kumlo yokuqala nomalume wakhe waza emva koko noonyana bakhe kunye nabanye ilangazelela ukuba itrone abantu Moscow, kodwa usoloko ubuyela. Ngowe-1446 waya phezu oluya Emnye-uSergiyo Lavra, apho yathinjwa kwaye tameke, yaye kutheni ibizwa ngokuba Dark. Power eMoscow ngelo xesha yathinjwa Dmitriem Shemyakoy. Kodwa ke, naxa wabethwa Basil Dark baya umlo onzima kunye Tatar ngesinyanzeliso iintshaba zangaphakathi, nihlinza Russia ngaphandle.

imfazwe yamakhaya kwi ubulawuli eMoscow yaphela emva kokufa Basil II Dark. Isiphumo wobukumkani bakhe, kwabakho ukwanda okubonakalayo kummandla Grand Duchy of eMoscow (wajoyina Pskov kunye Novgorod), kunye nokulahlekelwa buthathaka ebalulekileyo ulongamo ezinye iinkosana, ukuba eMoscow kwanyanzeleka ukuba ukuthobela.