I-Vienna Convention 1961 kubudlelwane bozakuzo: ukubaluleka kunye nendima

ngomhla weshumi elinesibhozo Epreli watyikitywa i-Convention Vienna ngo-1961 phezu Relations Amanxusa. Kuye kulawulwa ukusekwa kunye nokupheliswa, kukusekwa kwee-ofisi ummeli kunye nemisebenzi yabo yonke, ukusekwa kweeklasi zozakuzo - Charge d'Affaires, uMphathiswa kunye Ambassador, wayalela yokuqinisekiswa iintloko yozakuzo kunye nabasebenzi babo ilawulwe.

nokuxolelwa

INgqungquthela yachaza okukwazi namalungelo yomelo bokuphathisana ngokubanzi, kwaye ingakumbi nokukhululeka kunye nabasebenzi zobugcisa kunye namalungelo bozakuzo zobuqu. Eyona nto ibalulekileyo ithathwa ingqibelelo egumbini. I-Vienna Convention of 1961 kubudlelwane oonozakuzaku lithintela nabasemagunyeni uthunyelelwa kaRhulumente ukungena ngaphandle kwemvume yentloko ebufundisini. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, abasemagunyeni kufuneka ukukhusela umsebenzi nawuphi intrusion okanye umonakalo minor, ngenxa yokophula ukumelwa nenzolo. amalungelo ozakuzo kunye nokukhululeka ekukhanyeni kwezibonelelo kwiNgqungquthela Vienna on yokuZakuzelana ka-1961 ukunyanzela uRhulumente ekuthumeleni, yaye imisebenzi emininzi ndlela aluvumelekanga.

Kumasango uthumo akakwazi ukwenza uphendlo, iirikhwizishini, attachment okanye ezifana. Inviolable kwaye kufuneka ofisi eposini, kunye nezinye neentlobano zokwazana isimo sabo. Abasebenzi kunye neentsapho zabo nazo eli lungelo: ubuntu babo inviolability le ekhaya kolawulo ilizwe ohlala kulo. inkonzo Igumbi uxolelwa irhafu yengeniso. I-Vienna Convention 1961 kwi yokuZakuzelana iye iprotocol ezimbini ozikhethelayo: imithetho ngabemi yomkhosi ilizwe ayisebenzi, kolawulo International Court of Justice efunekayo.

umthetho zokubonisana

Oku kuyinxalenye komthetho wamazwe ngamazwe kunye iseti yemithetho ucacise imo umda ixesha kunye nemisebenzi yamaziko karhulumente nonxibelelwano lwangaphandle. ukuthobela Apha ngokupheleleyo iintlobo ezisisiseko zozakuzo: bokuphathisana amabini ngokusebenzisa lamaphulo ezizodwa, bokuphathisana amazwe ikhutshwa phandle unikezelo yeeseshini amalungu emibutho ngezizwe okanye ofisi ummeli lwamazwe rhoqo kwi nemibutho yamazwe ngamazwe.

The main instrument zezivumelwano - i Vienna Convention ngo-1961 kwi Relations Amanxusa. Ngowe-1969, i-Convention Hague kwakhona asuswe lamaphulo ezikhethekileyo, yaye ngowe-1975 e Vienna, - i-Convention on nohlobo jikelele le lamaphulo ulwalamano kunye nemibutho yamazwe ngamazwe. Lo asinguye na wokuqala Vienna Convention on yokuZakuzelana. Vienna kabini ebebambe nabameli amazwe. I-Russian Federation bathatha inxaxheba Iindibano ezimbini eVienna.

Kwezombangazwe Relations zangaphandle

Izidumbu nonxibelelwano lwangaphandle zahlulwe zibe amazwe kunye zasekhaya. Le yokugqibela ziquka umzimba ephezulu urhulumente egqiba nkqubo angaphandle karhulumente, elihlanganisayo okanye kuphela intloko karhulumente kumela ilizwe kwiqonga lelizwe jikelele, urhulumente, eqondisa nkqubo angaphandle kunye igunya urhulumente - iSebe leMicimbi Foreign.

namaqumrhu angaphandle nonxibelelwano lwangaphandle kunokuba yinto nje yokwexeshana okanye ngokusisigxina. Le yokugqibela - lo wozakuzo okanye kubathunywa, ukumelwa kwimibutho ngamazwe, consulates. Okwethutyana - igqiza ekhethekileyo okanye mission kumaqumrhu amazwe okanye iintlanganiso.

Imisebenzi kunye nesakhiwo

Misela unxulumano lobuchule phakathi kwamazwe banikana lamaphulo yi amalungiselelo awodwa malunga intloko ummeli leklasi. Apha, kukho amanqanaba amathathu: Charge d'Affaires, sase, Ambassador. ligqwetha nje kufuneka zingahlukaniswa isigxina d'Affaires, owathi xa kungekho unozakuzaku wenza umsebenzi wakhe. 1961 Vienna Convention ichonge abantu kwizintlu ezintathu: yoosaziwayo kunye abathunywa ziqinisekiswe Heads of State, kunye nesigxina affaires d'- Abaphathiswa leMicimbi Foreign.

Amanani isakhiwo ukumelwa zozakuzo amiselwa ngokungqinelana nomthetho zasekhaya lizwe okwamkelwa. Abasebenzi lunamacandelo amathathu: ukongeza Amanxusa iye yolawulo kunye nobugcisa (coders, ezimali, abaguquleli, abasebenzi Office, njalo njalo) kunye nabasebenzi abanika inkxaso (nabapheki, ukhuseleko, yohlobo, umlimi, njalo njalo). Amanxusa iya kuba inviolable kwaye ayikho phantsi ukuba sihlolwe amasiko. Iindidi yesibini neyesithathu abasebenzi ukuthwala zonke iintlobo izinto, landlelwe kunokwenzeka, kodwa lisiko nje baxolelwe. I-Vienna Convention (1961), kunye nexabiso layo kungekudala kakhulu yaye ngokuqinisekileyo ngaBaphononongi bakwa-States Parties.

imisebenzi Establishment. sokuyila

enobudlelwane ayamiselwa kwaye ofisi yasungulwa kuphela ngesivumelwano zamazwe. Kodwa, ngasendleleni, owokuqala akusoloko esibandakanya yesibini. kujongwe zokubonisana, kwaye ngaphandle iziko ukumelwa, Vienna Convention on yokuZakuzelana (1961) omisela ngokukodwa ukuba. Injongo kunye nokwamkelwa kanozakuzaku - le qinisekiso. Kukho izigaba ezine:

1. Sokuyila. Imvume likaRhulumente abafumana yokuqeshwa komntu othile ngendlela enye okanye omnye, kunye nelungelo zokwaliwa yomkhosi kwelilizwe. isicelo sokuyila ziyimfihlelo yaye akukho mfuneko yokuba sibhalwe phantsi. Ngenxa kokufumana imvume (sokuyila) intloko ukumelwa iya kuba ngokuzenzekelayo ngabantu grata (ngabantu grata in Latin - umntu ezinqwenelekayo).
2. Ukuqeshwa esemthethweni intloko ebufundisini.
3. Ukufika kwiNtetho kuyo.
4. Ntetho zisayinwe yintloko karhulumente klk - igunya ngokubanzi.

Kulandele uphumezo ngqo umsebenzi wabo.

ukumisa umsebenzi

Mission ulwenze kanozakuzaku ngesizathu esihle (umhlala-phantsi, ukugula, kuqeshwa esitsha), kwaye wabizela ukuba imeko yakhe. Kwenye imeko, xa phulo uvela emkhosini elizweni, siyayazi ukuba ngonozakuzaku umntu ezingathandekiyo (ngabantu grata) okanye dismisla ityala - Ade okukwazi ozakuzo ngoxa yena wathi umntu. Maxa wambi ukwala esikhulu ukuba enze lo msebenzi.

Le Vienna Convention on yokuZakuzelana ukuba phantse zonke Kwimeko force majeure ngokuphathelele kumazwe ukumisela umsebenzi ozakuzo, enikelweyo. Ukupheliswa ukusebenza kwazo zonke ii-ofisi ngenxa uqhekeko zonke ubudlelwane phakathi kwamazwe amabini (phantse isibhengezo yemfazwe), okanye ukuba omnye uyayeka la mazwe mabini 'ukuba zikhona. Kwakhona kupheza ofisi imisebenzi ke inguqu engahambelaniyo nomgaqo-siseko okanye kwimeko revolution lwentlalo.

zesithunywa Special

mission eyakhiwe babe imigangatho eyahlukeneyo ngokwesiko ngamazwe, egqubayo kule ndawo. Lo msebenzi, bathunywe ngurhulumente ukusombulula imiba ethile kunye nokwenza imisebenzi eyahlukeneyo. Ngamanye amaxesha zesithunywa zithunyelwa kumazwe aliqela, ukuba lo mbuzo umdla jikelele. Intloko lizwe, xa yena ulahlekisa lobuthunywa, kwakunye noMphathiswa zasemzini, kunye nazo naziphi na ezinye abameli ekwinqanaba eliphezulu ngokuyimfuneko kusebenzisa nayiphi okukwazi karhulumente kunye namalungelo.

Imida amalungelo akhethekileyo kunye nokukhululeka ezingachazwanga ngokucacileyo wabeka ngaphandle, kodwa ke iintloko karhulumente kunye nabanye abantu zesigaba esiphezulu ungenza ukuxoxa ngqo yonke imibuzo emalunga nale mfuno kwaye nye. Noko ke, kwakungekho umzekelo ukuya okukwazi ozakuzo woniwa ukusuka kolawulo lwaso nasiphi na isicwangciso - mthetho, yolawulo okanye yoluntu. Xa kokuma ixesha elide, amalungelo amasiko efanayo anikwe oonozakuzaku ngokupheleleyo. Ukuba umntu abakuluhlu aphezulu yozakuzo musa, ngoko isimo sabo isekhona efanayo imo kudidi elingana abasebenzi uthumo ozakuzo.

izithintelo nokuxolelwa

Ezinye umda amalungelo akhethekileyo kunye nokukhululeka njengoko kuqinisekiswa yi-Convention Vienna azikho ngokwaneleyo zizizathu. ESoviet Union akazange basayine ndibano ngenxa yokuba babengavumelani iingxelo kwinqaku 25, obonelela inviolability le kumasango ukuthunywa okukhethekile. I-Convention ivumela imbonakalo kwezi nkalo ngoorhulumente beedolophu xa kukho umlilo okanye enye intlekele, ngaphandle kwemvume yentloko ebufundisini. Umlilo isenokungabi unobangela ukuphazamiseka sifo.

Sue

Inqaku 31 le-Vienna Convention, emisela omzimba ukususela kolawulo dippersonala host lizwe onke amalungu uthumo, Noko ke, kufunyaniswe ukuba dippersonam oluxeliweyo kuzo, ibango umonakalo xa iingozi ezibangelwa izithuthi, nto leyo eye isetyenziswe ngaphaya umsebenzi wabo esemthethweni.

Ukuvuma i Convention

I-Vienna Convention 1961 kwi yokuZakuzelana ubonelela Umqala Utyikityo zonke iindidi amazwe. Amazwe kufuneka babe ngamalungu oMbutho weZizwe eziManyeneyo okanye nezinye ii-arhente ezikhethekileyo, ukuba bathathe inxaxheba yoMthetho we-International Court of Justice okanye angamenywa liZiko UN yiNdibano yeZizwe eziManyeneyo. Eli lungelo kumiselwe kwiSiqendu 48 (uxwebhu 1961) kunye 76 (1963 amaxwebhu).

Umzekelo, ngenxa yesi sizathu ukuba uMzantsi Ossetia ayibonakali njengoko iqela le Convention eVienna. ipalamente South Ossetian bavuma ukuba ilizwe lwabo mandingaweli nakweliphi inqanaba nokuba amanye amanqaku weNkomfa icacile calulo. Kodwa uMzantsi Ossetia sele iqela le Vienna Convention on yokuZakuzelana (1961), kodwa ke ngoku la maxwebhu unilaterally.