Inkcazelo kunye nembali kwisixeko Voronezh

NgoMeyi 7, 2007 eRashiya yabhengezwa ngokusesikweni ukuqaliswa ingqikelelo 'City of Military Uzuko. " February 16, 2008 le isihloko yanikezelwa kunye Voronezh. Imbali abantwana kunye nabantu abadala abahlala apho namhlanje, libali zooyise zabo zobugorha kunye kwanootatomkhulu, owathi ngenxa iinkulungwane ezine ubesoloko ethatha inxaxheba kwiziganeko ezenzeka kweli lizwe lethu. Ukongeza, kuyenzeka ukuba ukuqokelela ulwazi malunga ngabantu abaye lukhulu ukunika isixeko imbonakalo yawo mihla zobutsha kunye nomtsalane.

Voronezh: imbali igama lesixeko i

Malunga etymology igama lendawo "Voronezh" ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, akukho mntu ngaphezulu okanye ngaphantsi kakuhle waqiqa hypothesis, nangona ngendlela uphando kule ndawo zenziwa ngaphandle ngaphezu kwesiqingatha senkulungwane. Ngokukodwa, kwinkulungwane ye-19 Russian ngeelwimi-Slavist Sreznevskii ikholelwa wavela igama intaka, "The Raven." Thile kamva, lo mbono uxhaswe yolwimi waseJamani M. Vasmer.

Ngo-1947 i-iLeningrad umphengululi A. Popov wacebisa ukuba igama lendawo "Voronezh" ngenxa yokuba ilizwi Mordovian "vir", bona bubonakala ihlathi. Le hypothesis iye yavusa impikiswano, yaye bamfumana abaxhasi kunye nokuphikisa.

Ngowe-1971, V. Zagorovsky ngendlela ngodaba abambelele kule Voronezh yamandulo kunye ngembali yaso, wacebisa ukuba igama ndawo inxulumene akakafiki kutyhilwa igama "Voroneg".

An hypothesis umdla sele ethunyelwe mbali wengingqi J. Mulkidzhanyanom, wacebisa unxibelelwano igama leso sixeko kunye elithi "TVG", nto leyo liguqulelwe izandi Iranian ngathi abanzi.

Ngo-2009, various wacebisa ukusebenzisa "indlela nominalistic" M. Mueller ukumisela "izinyanya 'mythoephic le Voronega uphawu kwinto esenokwenzeka. Ukongeza, ukuba wayebalaselisa ingqalelo nomini etymological hydronyms Vranje (eSerbia), noRaven (saseRashiya), Varna (Bulgaria), Varna (Germany) kunye nabanye. Ngokwemiqathango imvelaphi yabo ingcambu yaseYurophu Indo-elithetha "amanzi". Nali amagama ibali isixeko Voronezh.

Mfutshane abantwana bakhe ngokuqhelekileyo musa ndithi, umda ngokuqhelekileyo ukhankanye inguqulo Voronezh - indibanisela yamagama "injongo" yaye "onezh".

Amarekhodi kuqala ebhaliweyo

Imbali lomzi Voronezh, ngokutsho kwezinye mbali, uqala elide ngaphambi 1177. Oku kungqinwa Chronicle, elibhekisela idabi Vladimir nabathetheli Ryazan, waqukumbela ukubaleka Yaropolka Ryazanskogo edolophini "Voronozh". Ukongeza, xa memoirs avelele yaseYurophu umhambi zamaxesha aphakathi indela uJulian, ebhalwe 1235, kukho ingxelo yokuba isithathu ngamatutu Batu Khan wema phambi Don River kufuphi enqabeni yomkhosi, leyo osezandleni "ubulawuli Russian." Abaphandi ukufunda into leyo imbali isixeko Voronezh, bakholelwa ukuba sithetha ngayo. Enye ingxelo umlando esi sisombululo iphathelene 1284. Apho, xa echaza yokuligonyamela kwakho AmaTatar kunye nabemi Kursk ubulawuli ikhankanya "Voronezh ehlathini."

isisekelo

Inkcazelo kunye nembali isixeko Voronezh umdla omkhulu kubakhenkethi abafuna ukutyelela kuyo. Noko ke, kusekho akukho ukuvumelana malunga neminyaka emininzi ngayo apho Voronezh. Imbali isixeko ngokusemthethweni kuqikelelwa ku 1585. Isiseko yi ungeno kwi umyalelo digit, njengako ekufuneka zenziwe "lokubaleka Ryazan bortnyh kokushiya ... isixeko omtsha Voronezh". Malunga nelo xesha, ulwakhiwo inqaba iqala khona. Ulawulo ekwakhiweni kwayo uyiphathisiweyo First Voronezh irhuluneli Semenu Saburovu. Ukwakha isixeko esitsha wathumela abalimi ka Pereslavl Ryazan, dunk, Ryazhsk nabachweli, abatoli kunye namanye amadoda omkhosi.

Ngenkulungwane ye-16

Ngowe-1590 Voronezh (imbali yesixeko kwinkulungwane edlulileyo, owaziwa embi ngokwaneleyo) yatshatyalaliswa Kanev Circassians. Isizathu sokuba mbali zakhe recovery ekhawulezayo ingqalelo into yokuba yomzi kwindlela yorhwebo ephithizela ekudibaneni imilambo Voronezh kunye Don. Yiyo le sizathu waba uphuhliso ngakumbi esi sixeko.

Phakathi kwinkulungwane ye-16, urhwebo kwi Voronezh zaba nkulu kunjalo, kodwa kungekudala kumazantsi Russia Ostrogozhsk Circassians waqala ukwakha imizi ezintsha, ayinikele amalungelo kwi lorhwebo olukhululekileyo olukhoyo ne ukutshabalalisa. Loo malungelo Voronezh umnakekeli, ngoko impumelelo yayo soqoqosho phantsi kuyingozi enkulu.

Iziganeko ngenkulungwane ye-17

Uqoqosho Voronezh aphakathi kuphe- iziganeko Bexesha Iingxaki. Isibakala sokuba indlala ebangelwe isivuno ihlwempu okuziinkozo kwimimandla engundoqo ye-Muscovite karhulumente, banyazelisa abemi ukuba babaleke ukuya ezantsi. Ngenxa yoko, e Voronezh amawaka aliqela abantu abangenamakhaya kwaye kungekho nayiphi na indlela yokuphila. Oku kuye kwakhokelela ekubeni nokunqongophala kokutya kuloo mzi, "udiza lokugqibela indebe umonde" yaba inkonzo isishumi ekuthiwa, okunyusileyo Boris Godunov. Ngenxa yoko, abahlali inkxaso nguDmitry False mna, uze emva koko engavumi ukuthobela Shumsky. Emva kwexesha elithile, ngo-1610, Voronezh wathabatha nguDmitry False II, ngubani elungiselela yena Voronezh ikhusi, ukuqokelela ukutya kunye nezixhobo apho. Nangona kunjalo, ukuze inzuzo kubo, yena nako, ngenxa yokuba wabulawa ngomhla wama-22 Disemba.

Phambi kokuba xesha uPeter Omkhulu

Imbali elandelayo komzi (Voronezh, unyaka isiseko - 1585) yabalasela yokuvukela ezininzi. Ngoko ke, ngo-1648 baloo dolophu azamile lokuyigxotha le amandla oomantyi ka Basil ezimdaka kunye kwiminyaka 1670-1671 baye ubesoloko ethatha inxaxheba kwiMfazwe Abalimi ', ikhokelwa ngu Stepan Razin. Oku kwenziwa yinto yokuba isixeko wahlala yinkokeli umalume. Noko ke, oomantyi basekuhlaleni alikwazanga ukuthintela imvukelo esixekweni, yaye ekugqibeleni wabeka phantsi imvukelo ngeenxa wafika Voronezh imikhosi nako tsarist phantsi kobunkokheli neyamabamba G. Romanovsky.

Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-17

njengamanani abemi kunye nembali isixeko Voronezh waba ngaphezulu okanye ngaphantsi ngokuchanileyo kulandelwa zibhalwe kwihafu yesibini kwenkulungwane ye-17. Ngokukodwa, kuyaziwa ukuba 1677 kwakukho oomabhalane abangaphezu kwama-300, abantu bendawo neyabalimi kumakhaya, kunye amabandla-15, apho 3 monastery.

Ngowe-1682 edala Voronezh eso sithili, ngolokuqala apho intloko Priste Mitrofan. Ukongeza, kwakusazeka ukuba ngo-1683 inani laba 1099 Voronezh butho wamajoni, apho 580 babevela ngezixeko emizini ejikelezileyo.

Xa uPeter Omkhulu

Kwiminyaka 1696-1725 Voronezh wabamba ilizwe phezu kodonga lasekunene lomlambo efanayo kummandla ka-Admiralty Square yanamhlanje. Kwiminyaka 1696-1722 uPetros uyawuvelela umzi, kokuchitha ezingama iintsuku ezingaphezu kwe-500. Ngeli thuba xesha yaba Voronezh eneneni likomkhulu karhulumente Russian. Ngokukodwa, kulapho esayinwe 1699 isivumelwano ebalulekileyo umfelandawonye Denmark.

Ngokubanzi, imbali wesixeko Voronezh, bekuya kuba yahluke gqitha ukuba wayengekho uPetros, wagqiba ukuqala ukwakhiwa weenqanawa apho. It yayakhelwe amanyathelo kwi-Black and Azov iilwandle nxamnye eTurkey. Umsebenzi omkhulu kangangokuba shipyards aze izixeko amatsha - Pavlovsk kunye nophawu. Bebonke malunga 200 imikhumbi kunye neenqanawa mnogopushechnyh kwakhiwa. Navy, wakha kwi Voronezh, eRashiya wanceda kakuhle Azov - inqaba enamandla Turkish, sise ekudibaneni kwe-Don ukuya kuLwandle Azov.

Ngowe-1711 isixeko iwonga phondo, yaye yaba liziko lolawulo kakhulu olunzulu ngokwemiqathango yommandla Azov kwiphondo. kwiminyaka eli-14 kamva, kwathiwa igama e Voronezh, Noko ke, ngo-1779 ngethuba yokuvuselelwa yolawulo imilinganiso yalo ngokwemigaqo ukwehla elibukhali.

Kwisiqingatha sokuqala senkulungwane 19

Ngenkulungwane ye-19 okuqala Voronezh wavula izikolo yokuqala eziphakamileyo nezikolo zikarhulumente, kwaye ukusukela 1802 iqalisa umsebenzi wayo yokubonela yokuqala professional. Umcimbi umdla wamiswa kwaye ngo-1804, xa izibane ikhandlela yaqaliswa kwi ezibanzi 9. ngokonwaba of Voronezh waphula lokuhlasela uNapoleon kaThixo. Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba ebudeni bemfazwe ka-1812 le dolophu emva ngaphambili 10 regiments athathwe yesizwe.

Ukukhunjulwa owayephila kwisiqingatha sokuqala senkulungwane ye-19 waza wahlala phakathi imimangaliso ezinxulumene izinto ezingcwele ukungonakali St. Mitrofan, ekhankanya imbali mzi (Voronezh). Isizathu sokukholelwa Metropolitan ongcwele ebomini bakhe, kodwa ngo 1830 e Voronezh kweza inani elikhulu amakholwa abafuna ukuba bacele ukuba abathethelele yakhe. Yokufika inani elikhulu amakholwa wabanika amandla okuqhubela kuphuhliso nobhubhani sorhudo.

Yonke imihla sesi sifo bafa abantu 300-400. Ngenxa yemigudu iRhuluneli Begichev ikholera ke wavuthululwa nguSirayeli, yaye Voronezh ukwakha kwisibhedlele ekhethekileyo iibhedi 200.

Imbali komzi (Voronezh ukuchaza ngokweenkcukacha kunokuba elide kakhulu) iqulethe iimbekiselo kunye ukufika apho yoMlawuli Nicholas yokuQala. Lo mlawuli waya kuye ukuze bathathe inxaxheba lokuvulwa zonke izinto ezingcwele St. Mitrofan.

Voronezh ku Revolution 1905

Ngowe-1863, ubalo kwaqhutywa. Imbali lomzi Voronezh, isishwankathelo apho ukususela ekuqalweni kwayo, yaye de kwinkulungwane ye-19, uyazi, esi siganeko inika iinkcukacha ilandelayo: ebhalisiweyo abantu 38672 zizonke zaye, okt inani abemi dolophu ibekwe 12 eRashiya ...

Kule minyaka 1860-1870 nje emdeni kwiphondo Voronezh kwavula Railways. ukufikelela kwizithuthi kukhokelele ekubeni ukufika amashishini amakhulu mveliso, kunye nokusebenza amahashe kaloliwe yaqalwa ngo-1881.

Phambi kokubhiyozela kwenkulungwane entsha, abemi Voronezh, ngokutsho kubalo, waba bantu 84 100. Le ndawo kwedolophu ikakhulu ibekwe phezu kodonga lasekunene lomlambo efanayo kwaye ekufuphi nebheyi zokuhlala-5.

Xa zizonke, lo mzi waba izindlu, phezu 5500 kuzo ngaphezu kwesiqingatha yaba lilitye.

Ngexesha iziganeko olululo kunye War Civil

Ekwindla ka 1905 Voronezh waqalisa uqha- yaphela pogrom chernosotenskim. Kulo nyaka kwabakho imvukelo nomkhosi oluleko abekwe apho, nto leyo yaye zicinezelwa kungekudala. Kamva, ngoDisemba 1905, isixeko wadlula ugwayimbo yezopolitiko.

Akukho ziganeko ngaphantsi zaloo baqalisa ukuba kwenzeka Voronezh emva kokuba wazi ngokubhukuqwa Provisional uRhulumente Petrograd. Ngokukodwa, sele-Oktobha 30, 1917 (Old Style), igunya eSoviet yamiselwa apho. Ukongeza, isixeko Voronezh (imbali emfutshane kwinkulungwane yama-20 imelwe ngasentla) wayengomnye sezixeko zokuqala apho kwasekwa squad ekhethekileyo ye-Red Army.

Kwiminyaka pre-imfazwe

Ixesha lokuqala seminyaka emihlanu kuphawulwa Voronezh-scale usebenzela kukuphuculwa Ukuphuculwa sixeko kunye eziluncedo zayo. Kunye nale, ngowe-1926 e-Voronezh saba inkonzo yefoni-elide umgama, kwaye kananjalo wavula traffic tram. Malunga nelo xesha, umzi apho, ngokutsho data afunyenwe ngenxa kubalo, abemi 120,000, iye yaba liziko yolawulo kummandla Central Black Umhlaba, lisakheka, lihamba liyoyika apho bafakwa operation amashishini ezimbalwa omkhulu mveliso.

Oku kuye kwakhokelela ekubeni ugxalathelwano Voronezh e ibutho labasebenzi ukusuka emizini ejikelezileyo, kangangokuba ngowe-1939 inani labahlali ngaphaya 362.000.

beminyaka yemfazwe

Njengoko imfazwe kunye uNapoleon, Voronezh njengenye wenyuka waya kulwa Fascism. Sele ngoSeptemba 1941 waya Lamatsha webutho, ngaphambili, nto leyo yaba yinxalenye Division elihamba 100. Kamva, le ukwakheka emkhosini wawongwa kwisihloko Guards, kwaye yaphela imfazwe, likhulula Austria capital Vienna entwasahlobo ka-1945. Kodwa elide ngaphambi koko, esi sixeko kunye nabemi bayo babe sengozini enkulu, ekubeni kokuwa amaNazi sikwazile kufutshane iindonga Voronezh. Esi siganeko akazange ukwaphula ukuzimisela ukukhusela abahlali ekhayeni lakhe encinane. Ubungqina oku umbukiso kwi isikwere engundoqo Novemba 7, 1941, ebibanjelwe kolwalathiso irhafu.

Xa intetho malunga Voronezh, imbali sixeko kubantwana ngokuqhelekileyo akakhankanyi malunga zamasikizi ukunyamezeleyo ngabahlali emva kokuba kwizithili zebhanki zaye awayephantsi kwamaNazi. Kwangaxeshanye, amajoni eSoviet akazange ayeke ukuzama knock out yotshaba. Ngenxa yemizamo yabo, Januwari 25, 1943 Voronezh wakhululwa.

Ndafumanisa ukuba batshatyalaliswe malunga 92% kwestokhwe iyonke izindlu, kwakunye phantse kuzo zonke izakhiwo zikarhulumente. Nangona i recovery kwi Voronezh waqalisa kwangoko emva kokuba inkululeko, kodwa 1950 ubuso somzi akwazi ukuphelisa kwiziva awazifumana ekulweni.

nembali yakutshanje

Kude kube ngokutsha isixeko phantse wonke unyaka ukuvula onke amashishini amatsha, kuquka obuchwepheshe obuphezulu, eyenzelwe ukuba ukukhonza kushishino aerospace le.

Voronezh (imbali igama lesixeko ukuba sele ukwazi) iye yandiswa kakhulu kwi 60s kanye 70s. Umphumo waba iindawo kakuhle amisiweyo. Kungekudala emva koko, ngo-1972, laphela nokudalwa i Voronezh Reservoir. Kuye kwaba ikhefu eyayithandwa abantu bedolophu. Noko ke, ngelo xesha ziye ezilahlekileyo ezinika ezinkulu Voronezh - yokwakha Admiralty uPetros Omkhulu, itempile oseleyo otshabalalayo kunye Admiralty Church.

Ukudlala ngokulingana phakathi komzi enama-90, kodwa namhlanje inkoliso iingxaki iye yasuswa.

Inkcazelo namhlanje kulo mzi

Ukususela ekuqaleni kwale nkulungwane intsha, Voronezh (imbali isixeko kubonakaliswe amagama ezitalato ezipheleleyo ngokwaneleyo) kwakhona waqala wakha ngenkuthalo phezulu. Ngokukodwa, kukho yasekwa amaziko Mall kunye namashishini mihla. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, ebuyiselweyo inkqubo yothutho yesixeko yala maxesha. cinema abaninzi entsha, kwiivenkile zokudla, kwakunye nezinye iindawo ukuzonwabisa, nto leyo bahlengahlengise ixesha lokuphola bobabini abadala kunye nabantwana.

Modern Voronezh ngumzi abafundi, njengoko kwizikolo eziphakamileyo 36 kukho esebenzayo. Phakathi kwezona idumileyo - State University kunye Academy Medical. Burdenko. Kuzo, ngaphandle nabahlali Russian Federation, sinabafundi malunga 1.5 amawaka amazwe, inkoliso yabo esahleliyo abemi bamazwe angaphandle.

Voronezh ngenkuthalo ukuba ngcono. Ngokukodwa, xa iiyadi ezininzi kunye neepaki, ibala zabantwana, mahle iibhedi iintyatyambo kunye neebhedi iintyatyambo, nkqu kwizithili ezisemaphandleni imibutho ukukhanya ngokuhlwa, nto leyo iminyaka emininzi yayigqalwa ingxaki unsolvable.

Imbali lamaziko ezindala emfundo lesixeko Voronezh

Ngowe-1703 isikolo yavulwa Voronezh. Yaba yeyokuqala kwimbali yesixeko kwiziko lemfundo kummandla eyenzelwe ukuba aqeqeshe amagosa ezintlwini asezantsi. Abafundi besikolo, leyo ezikhethwe phakathi dragoons, evela kwikomkhulu lwe-alfabhethi yokuqala, kwenziwa nasekubaleni ngamanani. Isiseko yeziko lemfundo apho bafunde amakhwenkwe kuphela kunye nabafana abaye FM Apraksin. Ekuqaleni, kukho abafundi 90 yaye kugxininiswa yabekwa ikakhulu wabongamela iziseko arithmetic.

Isikolo yokuqala Voronezh sikwinqanaba lokuqala anokunika wenqanawa abatsha Russian kunye shipyards eziyimfuneko ukuze ngaloo mihla, iingcali nobuchule kwinkalo zobunjineli, waza wehla embalini njengenye indalo uPetros Omkhulu.

Ngoku uyazi imbali isixeko Voronezh. Ngokuba oonyana isishwankathelo yemihla bendawo ngayo umdla ukucinga ngendlela lula. Ngapha koko, ukuba ziqulathe izikhombisi kwi iziganeko ezinxulumene kunye nokudalwa weenqanawa Russian kunye nomzabalazo yobuqhawe abahlali Voronezh ngexesha Enkulu Patriotic War.