Ngubani wanika Alaska Melika? Alaska wathengisa ku Catherine? Imbali ngokuthengisa Melika Alaska

Alaska indawo nommandla wayo emithathu eFransi. Asinto igolide nje Klondike, kodwa Tungsten, platinum, imetyhuri, molybdenum, namalahle. Kwaye, okona kubaluleke kakhulu, kukho uphuhliso iidipozithi omkhulu oyile, lwathi ukuya kwiitoni asibhozo-amathathu ezigidi ngonyaka ngamnye. Oku amabini ekhulwini lilonke kwimveliso ye-oyile US. Thelekisa, Kuwait uvelisa malunga engamashumi amathandathu anesihlanu, yaye United Arab Emirates - iitoni asixhenxe million kunyaka ngamnye.

Abaninzi ababephila ngempazamo abakholelwa ukuba Alaska wathengisa ku uCatherine II. Kodwa akunjalo. Loo mazwi ukuba othile iye yenziwa emva iingoma kokuba band kaThixo sawo "Musani ukulahlekiswa macala, iMelika" phakathi kwabantu abatsha. Uyatsho ukuba uKumkanikazi akanalo ilungelo ukwenza oku kule ndawo. Uvela koku, abantu abatsha ukuba babewazi kwimbali waza wagqiba ukuba, ngubani okunike Alaska America.

indawo okuyo

Namhlanje, Alaska yeyona inkulu ndawo, emashumi mane aneminyaka esithoba US States. Le ndawo yakhe yabanda lizwe. Kwi becala kugcwele nemozulu Arctic Arctic. Apha norm - ebusika ngqwabalala, ekhatshwa yimimoya enamandla ikhephu. Le ngaphandle nje inxalenye Pacific unxweme, apho iimeko zemozulu na eliphakathi kwaye kufanelekile ukuba umiwe.

Ngaphambi nokuthengiswa

Imbali Alaska kaThixo (phambi kokuba ngokugqithisa eUnited States) iye yahlanganiswa kunye yoBukhosi baseRashiya. Nokuba kwinkulungwane elinesibhozo, lo mmandla fanele ebukumkanini Russian. Akwaziwa ibali elide kwaqala njani Alaska - amatyotyombe beli lizwe ebandayo kwaye iyingozi. Kodwa ke into yokuba kudala kakhulu ezikude phakathi Asia and North America, kwabakho uxhulumaniso wawucacisa, akukho kwamathandabuzo. Kwaye lwaqhutywa kwi the wethu Strait, leyo, wayifulela ngumkhenkce. Abantu ngaloo mihla ngokulula bawela ukusuka kwelinye ilizwekazi baye kwelinye. Ububanzi esezantsi wethu Strait - kuphela eekhilomitha asibhozo anesithandathu. Lo mgama kakhulu nako koyiswe inja ebusika naziphi abazingeli ngaphezulu okanye abanamava kangako.

Kuxa ebudala ice yaphela, kwaqalisa ixesha yobushushu. I ice zaphela, yaye lwaseYurophu amazwekazi yanyamalala ngaphezu kolundi. Abantu abaninzi angabemi Asia, akabanga nabuganga ukudada ngapha kumphezulu enomkhenkce zendawo angayaziyo. Ngoko ke, ekubeni BC yesithathu, Alaska Indians baqalisa ukuba. izizwe zabo yintoni na ngoku California, waya emantla, ukuba ndingahlangani kunxweme wePasifiki. Ngokuthe ngcembe lo AmaNdiya bafika Aleutian Islands, apho wababeka.

Uphuhliso Russian Alaska

Ngelo xesha, uBukhosi Russian waqalisa ukwandisa imida ngokukhawuleza wasempumalanga. Okwangoku, i-fleet kwamazwe aseYurophu rhoqo eyayihamba ezilwandle, efuna isithuba amathanga ezintsha, Russian kahle Urals kunye eSiberia, eMpuma Ekude kunye nelizwe Far North. Galaxy yonke yabantu ukomelela ukhaliphe waya iinkundla hayi emanzini yimvula, kwaye womkhenkce kwicala elingasemntla ngqwabalala. Iinkokeli edume hambo baba yobudoda Dezhnev kunye Fedot Popov, Vitus wethu kunye Alexei Chirikov. Yaba abo ngo-1732 wavula ilizwe lonke ihlabathi oluphucukileyo - elide ngaphambili, xa eRashiya wamnika Alaska America. olubekwe uthathwa ukuba esemthethweni.

Kuyinto enye into ukuvula, kunye nezinye - ukuxhobisa umhlaba omtsha. Zokuhlala kakhulu yokuqala Russian kwi Alaska, wabonakala kuphela yee- zenkulungwane elinesibhozo. Abantu abenza ekuzingeleni noshishino: abazingeli ubanjwe izilwanyana ezinoboya-langa, nabarhwebi bathenga ngawo. Ngokuthe ngcembe lo mhlaba neobetovannaya waqalisa ukuba ube ngumthombo ingeniso, njengokuba uboya exabisekileyo kuzo zonke izigaba zexesha, wayelingana ngegolide.

edge Loss

Ekuqaleni, kula mazwe emantla, esisityebi kunene uboya, ngomona umdla Russian kuzilinda. kudlule Kodwa ke iminyaka, kwaye kukutshatyalaliswa ngokupheleleyo iimpungutye efanayo kunye iilynx, beaver ngoboya nako kuqhubeka ngonaphakade. oboya Mining lehla. ngcembe Russian Klondike waqala ukuphelelwa ixabiso layo zorhwebo. Le meko iye mandundu kukuba ilizwe elikhulu ziye ukuza kuthi ga ngoku sele injalo balufunda. Oku umfutho, isizathu sokuqala sokuba iRashiya akunike Alaska America.

Ukususela banesifo ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane elinesibhozo lenkundla ekuqaleni ukwenza uluvo lokuba Alaska - yinto ngohlangothi ukulahlekelwa. Ngaphezu koko, ukumkani yaqala ukuza kwisigqibo sokuba, ngaphandle ebuhlungu, eli lizwe alikwazi nto. Ukususela ngoko waqalisa imbali intengiso Alaska America. Mveliso babeqinisekile ukuba imali kula mazwe - impambano ngokupheleleyo, ngenxa yokuba ungakwazi ukuhlawula off. Abantu Russian abayi kuhlala kule ntlango aqumbe, ingakumbi ekubeni kukho eSiberia zeAltai, kunye eMpuma Ekude, apho sezulu sisiba ilizwe ochumileyo kakhulu.

Le meko sele kunzima mandundu le iCrimea War, eyaqaliswa ngo-1853, nto leyo Impontshelwa ngaphandle isipaji karhulumente imali eninzi. Ukongeza, ngo-1855 wafa Nicholas mna, owaphumelela ukuya etroneni, Alexander II. Umlawuli omtsha ebasingasingile nethemba. Abantu babelindele iinguqulelo ezintsha. Kodwa yintoni iinguqulelo yenziwe ngaphandle nayiphi na imali?

phakade

Xa kufikwa apho lowo wamnika Alaska Merika, ngasizathu sithile, khumbula nje uKumkanikazi uCatherine II. Abaninzi bakholelwa, nangona yena lowo wabeka isiginitsha yakhe ummiselo ukutshintshwa 'Russian America "eBritani. incoko ngezindlu Ekuqalekeni ube ekho ukuba athengise, kodwa sengqesho kuphela kangangenkulungwane. Nokuba ukubalisa ibali, engqina ukuba bathengisa Alaska uCatherine. Ukuba uKumkanikazi, ndingazazi Russian kakuhle ulwimi, ugunyazise ukuba isivumelwano umntu omthembileyo. Efanayo bedidekile ngopelo: endaweni irekhodi "ethunyelwayo Alaska ngonaphakade," le ndoda, ndingekho beziphakamisile wenza inqaku: "wanikwa ngonaphakade," nto leyo eyayithetha ngonaphakade. Ngoko impendulo yalo mbuzo: "Ngubani wanika Melika Alaska" - "UCatherine!" Kuyinto ephosakeleyo. Ingaba kodwa ukuba ngokusondeleyo ngakumbi ukufunda elidluleyo ilizwe lakhe.

imbali Alaska

UCatherine II, ngokutsho ibali esemthethweni, nto ezifana ukwenza. Ukuba amazwe kwi irenti akazange anikezele, yaye ngakumbi angakhange athengiswe. Akukho zinto zifuneka kuqala ukuze oku nto. Imbali kwintengiso Alaska yaqalisa kwenkulungwane enesiqingatha kuphela kamva, ngexesha Alexander II. Yaba lo imithetho umlawuli ngexesha xa baqalisa ukuba kuvela iingxaki ezininzi isisombululo efunekayo promptness kabani.

Kakade ke, lo mlawuli, ngubani wanyukela kwetrone, akazange nangoko isigqibo sokuba uthengise kumazwe wasentla. Kwadlula iminyaka elishumi ngaphambi kokuba umba kuvuthiwe. Ukuba athengise umhlaba ngurhulumente ngawo onke amaxesha kwakukho into eziintloni kakhulu. Ngapha koko, oku bubungqina yobuthathaka eli lizwe, ukungakwazi yayo ukugcina ucwangco kwintsimi phantsi kolawulo lwabo. Noko ke, ebuncwaneni Russian iyafuneka kakhulu imali. Bakuba ke benze nto - zonke iindlela ezilungileyo.

Ukuthenga nokuthengisa

Noko ke, bamemeze ngayo akukho namnye ehlabathini liphela. Umbuzo kutheni Russia wamnika Alaska Merika, ebixhamla ubuncwane nezopolitiko, wafuna nosisombululo esiphezulu. Ngowe-1866 e Washington kwafika umthunywa lo Russian Imperial weNkundla, eyaqala ukukhokela ingxoxo iqalwa ukuze kuthengiswe mazwe wasentla. AmaMelika ziye zabonisa complaisance, nangona ixesha intengiselwano kunye nabo aluphumelelanga. Eneneni, eUnited States phantse imfazwe yamakhaya lalwa phakathi koMzantsi kunye North. Kwaye ngenxa yokuba kaNondyebo kaRhulumente ndiyimfe ngokupheleleyo.

Yiminyaka elishumi emva kwexesha xa Russia wamnika Alaska Melika, kunye nabathengi angacela izihlandlo ezihlanu ngaphezulu, kodwa inkundla Russian, ngokutsho kwababhali-mbali, ukunqongophala imali yinja. Ngoko ke, onke amaqela avumelene kwi $ 7.2 yezigidi alingana yegolide. Nangona ngelo xesha kwakukho imali enesidima kakhulu, ngokoMthetho amacandelo zangoku malunga amabini anamashumi amahlanu ezigidi zeerandi, kodwa bonke abanomdla umbuzo ngubani okunike Alaska America, uyavuma ukuba imimandla esemantla baba imiyalelo ezixabisa eziliqela sezingeni elikhulu.

Konyaka kamva,

Emva kokuba isivumelwano ummeli wenkundla komlawuli wabuyela eRashiya. Konyaka kamva igama lomntu wanika Alaska Melika - kummandla Alexander II - oko wathumela ucingo ongxamisekileyo esayinwe Endryu Dzhonsona - US ngumongameli. Linemali isindululo ishishini: Russia vociferously, lonke ihlabathi, wacela ukuba athengise Alaska. Kodwa ucingo yangaphambili tyelelo ummeli Russian ukuba Washington abazange baqaphele mntu. Kwenzeka ukuba Melika ukuthi uqale intengiselwano, kodwa hayi eRashiya. Ngoko nshi zagcinwa ngawo omabini amaqela oonozakuzaku kunye neendibano ezopolitiko. Emehlweni zehlabathi Russia nako ukuwisa isidima sakhe. Kwaye amaphepha omthetho kwanziwa ngoMatshi 1867. Yaye ukususela ngelo xesha, "Russian Alaska" iye yaphela. Wanikwa iwonga amakoloni aseMelika. Kamva, ukuba igama okwilizwe, yaye ngowe-1959, eli lizwe esemantla mane aneminyaka esithoba US States.

Izizathu

Namhlanje, ize nibuzise ukuba ngubani okunike Alaska America, unako, Kakade ke, ukugxeka uligxeke umlawuli Russian Alexander II. Noko ke, ukuba uqhelane nale meko Russian lezopolitiko nakwelemali ngokusondeleyo kakhulu ngaloo minyaka yokuqala, oko kuvela ipateni kakuhle echazwe kwi othile ukuzithethelela isigqibo sayo.

Ngowe-1861, oko ekugqibeleni uyekwa serfdom. Amawaka abaqeshisi basala ngaphandle kumafama, nto leyo yathetha ukuba le udidi olukhulu elahlekelwe mthombo ingeniso ezinzileyo. Ngoko ke, urhulumente waqalisa ukuba ahlawule imbuyekezo kubanumzana, ekwafuneka ukugubungela ngandlel ilahleko zabo zemali. Nangona kunjalo, kuba uvimba ezinjalo iindleko amashumi ezigidi engange zabalawuli. Kwaye ngoko ke War iCrimea, kwaye kwakhona ukusuka ebuncwaneni imali yonke indawo.

kubenzima iRussia

Ubunokwazi kubuyisela, kwinkundla yakomkhulu yabamba mali enkulu aphesheya. oorhulumente bamazwe angaphandle uyabuthanda kakhulu sinikela ematyaleni eRashiya, emva konke, lowo ubuncwane ezininzi zendalo. I emphaya udale imeko apho yonke imali engange extra waba uvuyo, ingakumbi apho kwakungekho mfuneko yokuba ahlawule inzala kumanqaku ityala.

Kungenxa yoko le nto ivuthiwe ukuthengiswa Alaska. Catherine - i ukumkanikazi Russian enkulu - into yokwenza nalo mba. Kwaye asole yenza akukho ndlela, ngaphandle kokuba kuphela urhulumente weza ukuhla ngokupheleleyo kwaye ngesandla ukukhanya kwayo.

Ubunzima ngokuthengisa

Alaska - ilizwe ngasentla, rhoqo ambophelele ice obungunaphakade. Akazange eze Russia penny olulodwa. Kwaye wayesazi kakuhle kakhulu kulo lonke ihlabathi. Kwaye ngoko ke lenkundla wayekhathazeke kakhulu ekufumaneni kumthengi kulo mmandla ebandayo engenamsebenzi aqumbe. Kufutshane Alaska le United States. Waza wacebisa ukuba iRussia kumngcipheko wakho uze wenze isivumelwano. I-US Congress, hayi kanye mandithi, abaninzi yeeNgwevu akazange avume ukuya kuthenga a ezingaqondakaliyo. Umbuzo malunga oko kwabalelwa ivoti. Ngenxa yoko, ngaphezu kwesiqingatha eNdlu yeeNgwevu ngokucacile avotele nxamnye ukufunyanwa: isindululo evela kurhulumente Russian, akazange enze naliphi na nolonwabo phakathi baseMelika. Ezinye zehlabathi kule ntengiselwano baye ukungavisisani epheleleyo.

imiphumela

A ukuthengiswa Alaska kwaye abubonwa eRashiya. Maphephandaba babhala ngayo kumaphepha abo wokugqibela. Ezinye Russian wayengazi ukuba ikhona. Nangona kuphela kamva, xa eli lizwe abandayo kumantla zizityebi koovimba negolide sele kufunyenwe ehlabathini lonke emonela- ukuze ndibe kuthethwa njengoko Alaska, kunye nokuthengiswa ukugculela mlawuli ndisisityhakala, ixesha elizayo Russian.

Imiba kakhulu ngakwicala lezopolitiko nakwelemali na esimo ayamkelekanga. Akukho namnye kwabo kamva owaba Alexander II obangele, zange wacebisa ukuba Alaska nibe iidipozithi loo ngegolide enkulu. Kodwa xa siqwalasela intengiselwano ayikho ukusuka kwindawo yangoku, kunye nemeko 1867, abaninzi bakholelwa ukuba umlawuli Russian wenza ngokupheleleyo ngokuchanekileyo. Ingakumbi Intengiso Alaska uCatherine - yenziwe ukuphumla, kungekhona ndinamasoldati phantsi kwisiseko.

isiphelo

Bonke onke amazwe awayesakuba "Russian America" eyadalwa anawaka linye iitoni zegolide. Abanye kule zizityebi fabulously, kwaye abanye baye balahleka ngonaphakade entlango nekhephu. Namhlanje, abantu baseMelika egalelwe kakhulu kwaye andiqondi nokunika kwelimiweyo kumngcipheko izisebenzele. E Alaska, kukho phantse akukho neendlela. De zokuhlala ezimbalwa abantu nokuba umoya okanye emanzini. Lo kaloliwe ihamba apha kwizixeko nje emihlanu. Xa zizonke, angamakhulu amathandathu amawaka abantu sikarhulumente.