Ingcamango 'biosphere'. isakhiwo ongqonge umhlaba onokuphila

Eli nqaku lazisa ukuba ingcamango "Biosphere", uya kuthetha ntoni na isakhiwo ongqonge umhlaba onokuphila.

Igama elithi "semvelo" ukuba ngokoqobo liguqulelwe ngokuba 'enkulu ebomini. " Ekuqaleni yaziswa inzululwazi Isazinzulu waseOstriya Eduard Zyuss ngo-1875. kamva eziphilayo zh. B. Lamark wagxininisa ukuba zonke izinto eyenza kuqweqwe phezu komhlaba ehlabathini kuye kwamiswa ngenxa umsebenzi eziphilayo. Ukutolikwa yakutshanje ingqiqo ka "Reserves" ithetha ukuba uhlobo Iqokobhe Earth, apho kukho zonke izinto eziphilayo, kwaye bahleli besoloko yokuxoxisana nabo ngamaqhekeza osisiqu lomhlaba. lasungulwa yaqala malunga 3.8 billion. Kwiminyaka eyadlulayo, ngexesha ukuzalwa yeyokuqala kwihlabathi eziphilayo. Biosphere, nesakhiwo sayo yenye izakhi ngesakhiwo oluneqela wendalo. Ukwakhiwa kwale esingxotyeni singena kwinxalenye engentla lithosfere, kwehayidrosfere, umzantsi icandelo lonke emoyeni.

isakhiwo Biosphere busenza ukuba:

• okuphilayo ezenza izinto eziphilayo kulo mhlaba.
• izinto Biogenic eyenziwe ngexesha ukusebenza eziphilayo, esisisiphumo yokujongwa nokudala eziphilayo (igesi esesibhakabhakeni, neoli, umgquba, amalahle, lekalika, njalo njalo). Ukususela ekuzalweni izinto eziphilayo kuqala ukuba aphoswe amawaka amaxesha ngokusebenzisa amalungu, iiseli, igazi, inyama yonke elwandle zabo, inxalenye enkulu umoya, ebonakalayo imali kwezimbiwa.
• into egalelwe, kwasekwa ngaphandle kokusebenzisa eziphilayo.
• Bioinert into evela impefumlelwano neenkqubo ezingezizo eziphilayo kunye nomsebenzi ebalulekileyo eziphilayo, ukuba lwesilinganiso olutshintshayo omnye kunye nezinye izakhiwo (yl, umhlaba, amaxolo yemozulu et al.). Ukuba kweso sikhundla phambili umzimba.
• A into leyo sikwimo yokuguga.
• athom saa njalo evela nantoni emhlabeni, ngenxa yokuba sesichengeni ukuya kwemitha isithuba.
• Ulwelo ekuseni, umlinganiswa cosmic.

Ngokwahlukeneyo, kufuneka kuchazwe iinkcukacha kumhlathi wokuqala akukho nto ezifana isakhiwo ongqonge umhlaba onokuphila. Ukuphila umcimbi umzimba oluntsonkothileyo eziphilayo. ubunzima yayo liphantsi xa kuthelekiswa namanye amacandelo ngesakhiwo kuphela 2.4 - 3.6 x 1012 iitoni ubunzima owomileyo. Kuyinto enye ezizigidi ezingama-kunobukhulu ongqonge umhlaba onokuphila liphela, nto leyo eyinxalenye ngaphantsi kwesinye-sewaka ubunzima planethi. Nangona ubunzima omncinane, oko kubaluleke kakhulu njengoko amandla geochemical komhlaba, ngenxa yokuba umzimba kuphela ukwenza imisebenzi yazo ebalulekileyo iqokobhe, kodwa abe negalelo kwinguqu umfanekiselo umhlaba, apho kuhlala kolwabelo olungalinganiyo. Ngokuqhelekileyo, zifumaneka ezinzulwini lithosfere kunye lithosfere, ubude enkulu, yaye ngokufuthi zihlala emhlabeni, phezu komhlaba kunye nomphezulu le kwehayidrosfere. INKUNDLA usasazo luqinisekiswa kakhulu inkululeko.

isakhiwo ongqonge umhlaba onokuphila, ngokutsho VI Vernadsky, ngubani kuqala wadala imfundiso ongqonge umhlaba onokuphila, inamacandelo amathathu: aerobiosferu, gidrobiosferu kunye geobiosferu.

In aerobiosfere eziphilayo ubomi apho element inkulu ukufuma komoya. amathontsi amanzi kula macandelo emoyeni njesitsitsi, ngokuvuka ukusuka kwimithombo yamandla komhlaba ayimfuneko ukuze ubomi ezincinane kwi subsphere zobugcisa. Kwelinye icala, yahlulelwe (ngoku) kwi subpodsfery - altobiosferu kunye tropobiosferu.

Gidrobiosferu zonke amanzi emhlabeni, nto leyo umiwe eziphilayo zasemanzini. Ngelo xesha linye gidrobiosfera iqulethe marinobiosferu (amanzi yolwandle kunye aselwandle) kunye akvabiosferu (yelizwekazi amanzi).

Xa geobionty geobiosfere imisebenzi ebalulekileyo apho eliphakathi eliphezulu yi esakhe firma.

Uluntu kube nefuthe ziyanda umhlaba onokuphila kwaye usebenzisana nayo, ibangela utshintsho ayibuyiseki umva kwakhona qho ngonyaka. NgoLwesithathu yale nkqubo ibizwa ngokuba "noosphere". Le semvelo kunye noosphere baye bafunda ngokunzulu buchopho: Vernadsky, Lysenko, uNjingalwazi Lepeshinsky kunye nezinye neengqondo ezinkulu ezininzi eRashiya nakwamanye amazwe.