Inombolo Avogadro esithi: anika umdla

Kwikhondo chemistry isikolo yaziwa ukuba xa uthatha omnye adla kwento, oko 6.02214084 (18) • 10 ^ 23 athom, okanye ezinye isakhiwo (molekyuli ion, njalo njalo). Kuba lula yenani Avogadro likaThixo lidla ezibhaliweyo kule fomu: 6,02 •-10 ^ 23.

Noko ke, kutheni rhoqo Avogadro (ngolwimi Ukrainian "waba Avogadro") kanye ixabiso onjalo? Impendulo yalo mbuzo ayikho zezifundo, kunye mbali of chemistry wosondeza ezahlukahlukeneyo iinguqulelo. Bacinge kukuba inani Avogadro kukuba intsingiselo efihlakeleyo. Ngokuqinisekileyo kumele kubekho amanani zobugqi, ezibandakanya ezinye inani "pi", amanani Fibonacci, asixhenxe (ezisibhozo empumalanga), 13, njl Siza kulwa kwiinkcukacha cleaner. Malunga ngubani lo Avogadro Amedeo, yaye kutheni, wokuwonga elaa sisazinzulu ngaphezu aliqulunqileyo umthetho, wafumana rhoqo kwakhona igama wentaba eNyangeni, asiyi ukuthetha. Oku sele ubhale iqela amanqaku.

Ukuze ube ngqo, Amedeo Avogadro akazange wabandakanyeka izibalo neemolekyuli okanye atom kuwo nawuphi na umthamo othile. Eyokuqala abo bazama uku bana phandle kangakanani le zegesi equlethwe umqulu bokungqinwa xi elifanayo lobushushu Josef Loschmidt, yaye kunyaka 1865. Ngenxa zabakubonileyo Loschmidt wagqiba kwelokuba kwenye sentimitha cc nayiphi na igesi kwiimeko oluqhelekileyo 2,68675 •-10 ^ 19 iimolekyuli.

Emva koko, ukuba yaqanjwa inani elikhulu iindlela ezimeleyo ukumisela indlela Avogadro rhoqo, kwaye ukusukela iziphumo ezininzi lomdlalo, kuya kwakhona wathetha egameni ubukho yokwenene iimolekyuli. Okwangoku, inani iindlela liye ngaphaya 60, kodwa kwiminyaka yakutshanje, oosonzululwazi bazama ukuphucula ngakumbi ukuchaneka uqikelelo, ukwazisa inkcazo elitsha elithi "ngekhilogram". Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, le nekhilogram lu dityanisiwe nezinto standard ekhethiweyo ngaphandle naziphi na iinkcazelo esisiseko.

Kodwa emva kumbuzo bethu bokuqala - kutheni le rhoqo ilingana 6,022 • 10 ~ 23?

Xa chemistry, ngowe-1973, oko yaphakanyiswa ukwazisa ingqiqo enjalo kuba lula kwi izibalo njengoko "ubungakanani kweziyobisi". Iyunithi ezingundoqo zokulinganisa imali waba Mol. Ngokutsho izindululo IUPAC, isixa nayiphi na into ngokomlinganiselo amasuntswana yayo ethile sabaqalayo. Le ukulingana into ayikho kuxhomekeke kuhlobo kweziyobisi, kunye nenombolo Avogadro kaThixo lixabiso layo olubuyiselwe.

Ecacileyo, makhe nayiphi umzekelo. Njengoko sisazi kwinkcazelo atomic mass unit 1 amu Siyafana omnye-elinesibini ubunzima atom carbon kunye 12C yi 1,66053878 • 10 ^ (- 24) gram. Ukuba phinda 1 amu e Avogadro njalo, siye sifumane 1,000 g / Mol. Ngoku thatha ezinye imichiza element, umzekelo, beryllium. Ngokutsho Table ubunzima beryllium atom yi 9,01 amu Sibala leyo ilingana ukuya kwenye adla-athom le element:

6,02 x 10 ^ 23 Mol-1 * 1.66053878h10 ^ (- 24) * 9,01 grams = 9,01 grams / nolovane.

Ngoko ke, kubonakala ukuba lo ubunzima izinyo ngamanani ihambelana atomic.

Avogadro njalo uye akhethe kangangokuba ubunzima izinyo obabulingana nezilishumi-atom okanye dimensionless - isalamane ezinto (atomic) ubunzima. Sinokuthi inani Avogadro ukuba unyanzelekile ukuba imbonakalo yakhe kwelinye icala, iyunithi ubunzima atom, yaye kwelinye - into eqhelekileyo iyunithi zokuthelekisa ubunzima - grams.