Izinto ezeza omkhulu kwinkulungwane yama-20. ngoyilo lwakhe olukhulu

Zenkulungwane yamashumi amabini kuye baguqula ubomi babantu. Kakade ke, uphuhliso loluntu akazange wayeka, yaye ngenkulungwane zonke kwakukho fyabo yenzululwazi ebalulekileyo, kodwa utshintsho wotshitsho ngokwenene, yaye yandile kakhulu, kwenzeka ukuba kudala. Ziziphi izinto ezifunyaniswe zenkulungwane yamashumi amabini ziye kakhulu kakhulu?

ukundiza

Brothers UOrville Uilbur Rayt wangena imbali abantu njengoko umqhubi yokuqala. Okokugqibela kodwa okunga kuncinananga ezifunyaniswe omkhulu kwinkulungwane yama-20 - entsha iindlela zothutho. UOrville Wright wayekwazi ukwenza moya ulawulwe 1903. Lo moya, eyenziwe nguye kwaye umzalwana wakhe, wahlala emoyeni ngenxa imizuzwana-12 kuphela, kodwa idabi ngokwenene ukundiza ngelo xesha. umhla yokusabela ingqalelo lokuzalwa le indlela yothutho. Bratya Rayt kuqala ukuba bayile inkqubo elijikajikayo i console iintambo iphiko, ikuvumela ukulawula imoto. Ngowe-1901 kwitonela lomoya zadalwa. Basungula kunye elijikelezayo. Kakade ngawo 1904, ihlabathi wabona imodeli moya entsha, advanced neyenza hayi eziphaphazelayo kuphela, kodwa ukuba lenze. Ngo-1905 kwakukho ukhetho wesithathu, apho ndahlala kweli emoyeni malunga imizuzu engamashumi amathathu. Kwiminyaka emibini emva koko, abazalwana basayina isivumelwano kunye US Army, yaye kamva wathenga moya kunye isiFrentshi. Abantu abaninzi baqala ukucinga malunga nezinto ezizukileyo abakhweli, kwaye Wrights wenza izilungiso eziyimfuneko imodeli yayo ngokufaka isihlalo esongezelelekileyo injini enamandla ngakumbi. Ukususela ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20 sivula amathuba amatsha ngokupheleleyo eluntwini.

I-x-reyi

Njengabo ezifunyaniswe ezininzi kakhulu kwinkulungwane yama-20, oko ngenxenye kwenziwa kwangethuba kangangoko-19, kodwa ke abantu ababa baphumelele ngoko nangoko. Umzekelo,-X ray kuqala ukusetyenziswa ngo-1885. Ke UWilhelm Roentgen wafumanisa ukuba amacwecwe zama ebesisithe phantsi umsebenzi osemqoka spectrum, kwaye enokuzuzwa zokukhanya yomfanekiso amathambo umzimba. Sekunjalo, kwanyanzeleka ukuba sisebenze iminyaka eli-15 ukuya nasekufundweni Amalungu nezihlunu baba kunokwenzeka. Kungenxa yoko le nto igama "X-ray" uqhagamshele ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20, oko ngaphambili ayaziwa kuluntu jikelele. Ngo-1919, le nkqubo sele isetyenziswa izibhedlele ezininzi. Imbonakalo X-ray batshintsha uphuhliso iyeza: kwabonakala isebe elitsha uxilongo nohlalutyo. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, ifowuni isindise izigidi zabantu. Ngoko ke, xa sibala oosonzululwazi ezibalaseleyo, kufuneka ngokuqinisekileyo abize kunye UWilhelm Roentgen.

TV

inventions Scientific and zobugcisa baguqula ubomi zenkulungwane yamashumi amabini. Enye yezinto eziphambili iye ukuvela indlela entsha yokusasaza ulwazi - TV. Ngowe-1907, yena enelungelo yesayensi Russian Boris Rosing. Wasebenzisa le ityhubhu cathode-ray. Ukuguqula iziganeko photocell isicelo. Ngo-1912, yena evuthiswe wokusungula, yaye ngowe-1931 kuqala indlela osasazo olucetywayo umbala. Ukususela ngo-1939 waqalisa ukusebenza kwijelo yokuqala. Ngowe-1944, umgangatho kamabonwakude mihla zadalwa. Mhlawumbi ezinye kwesayensi izazinzulu zenkulungwane yama-20 zazibalulekile ngaphezulu esayensi, kodwa singenako ukuyiphika ifuthe iindaba ubomi babantu. TV itshintshe iindlela zonxibelelwano kunye baguqula kwimbono yabantu ehlabathini.

neselula

Ngoku cinga ubomi ngaphandle efowuni kubonakala kungenakwenzeka. Noko ke, wabonakala kakhulu kutshanje. kwasungulwa Scientific kuvumela abantu ukuba ukunxibelelana efowunini kodwa engenazingcingo kokusungulwa kuphela ngo-1973. Martin Cooper, uMdali esiseleni, yakwazi ukuba baye kubabiza ofisi ezitratweni eManhattan. Kwiminyaka elishumi, Funny baye ukufikelela kuluhlu olubanzi abathengi. Okokuqala Motorola kubiza phantse amawaka amane eerandi, kodwa ingcamango gqitha abaseMelika, ukuba abantu zarekhodwa efolisiweyo ukuze uthenge. Yaye isixhobo smart lwangoku njenge kancinane: ityhubhu nje enkulu, zalishumi phantse kwekilogram, kodwa kuphela inani acofiweyo ngangokuba zazibonakala kwidispleyi ezincinane. Uyala ngokwaneleyo ukuthetha kangangesiqingatha seyure. Noko ke, kungekudala oko waqalisa ngobuninzi imifuziselo ezahlukahlukeneyo, kwaye isizukulwana ngasinye abantu bemlindile zonke phones, ezitsha kunye ezifunyaniswe umdla. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, isixhobo encinane kakhulu inezinto ikhompyutha elincinane kunye ezininzi iimpawu, nto leyo 1973 ayizange wacinga bemeko- kwiseli Motorola.

Internet

Asizizo zonke izinto ezeza zenkulungwane lokugqibela, esetyenziswa ngabantu yonke imihla. Kodwa ke kokusungulwa Internet iye baguqula ubomi nakwezona zinto elincinane, namhlanje esetyenziswa phantse kuwo onke amazwe ehlabathini. Kuyinto sisixhobo kunxibelelwano, ulwazi retrieval, exchange data. Eli gunya jikelele zonxibelelwano. Ngoko ke, sibhale ezifunyaniswe enkulu kwenkulungwane yama-20, malunga Internet ayikwazi kulityalwa. Kukholelwa ukuba la manyathelo okuqala kweli cala yenziwa nguGqirha Liklider, ISAZINZULU eyakhokela US projekthi yomkhosi ngokutshintshiselana ngolwazi. Ngoko inethiwekhi Arpanet yamiselwa ngoncedo apho ngowe-1969 kwakukho ugqithiso lwedata isiya kwi-University of Los Angeles kwi Utah lab. Isiseko esabekwa, kwaye ngo-1972 i-Internet iye yaziswa kuluntu. Le ngcamango ye e-mail. Ukuveliswa Internet iye yaba yaziwe ehlabathini lonke, yaye kwiminyaka embalwa ukuba kusetyenziswa amawaka abantu. Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane yamashumi amabini, bajika amabini ezigidi.

computer

Izinto ezeza omkhulu kwinkulungwane yama-20, bavame ezinxulumene inkqubela zobugcisa. Ngaba Akukho ngaphandle kunye nekhompyutha. Ukuba siyakuqonda ngelizwi umatshini arithmetic, izinto ezifana ezazikho ukususela ngenkulungwane elinesixhenxe. Kodwa ke isixhobo ngengqiqo mihla uvele kuphela ngosuku lwamashumi amabini. computer analog, bakhula eMelika yasekwa ngo-1927. Ngu-kwinkulungwane ye, kwakukho isixhobo se-elektroniki. It wadalwa ngumatshini Mark I - wokuqala computer lokwenene. Emva kule nkqubela sesihambe ngesantya irekhodi. indlela yokugcina sathathelwa diskettes ngamanqindi, uze emva koko disks compact kanye ngemoto. Changed kunye nokufakwa kweenkqubo iilwimi. I yokuqala computer weza kuphela ukwenza imisebenzi-aljibra, kunye nezixhobo namhlanje isixhobo ezininzi oko kumlungele na kwiintlobo ngeentlobo zemisebenzi.

noodles Instant

Uhide ezifunyaniswe enkulu kwenkulungwane yama-20, asifanele silibale ukuba kubonakala xa uqala makangakhohlisi. noodles Instant - imveliso eqhelekileyo yasekhaya, kodwa bembonakalo yayo itshintshile imeko yesondlo kwi ekhitshini okanye ukungabikho emsebenzini yaye kwaba impumelelo enkulu. Olu hlobo pasta wasungula Japanese Ando Momofuki. Post-imfazwe Japan ndiswele ukutya, kwaye iyafumaneka ngaphandle nzima kakhulu ekwenzeni ngokucacileyo ukuze kulungiswe le meko ukutya. Ngoko Ando wagqiba ukuqala Ndikhangela noodles ezizodwa. Wazama iindlela ezininzi ukupheka, de wabanjwa ngaphandle igwele qhuqha, efanelekileyo okusula. Ngo-1958 waqalisa ukuveliswa noodles zayo, kodwa namhlanje isetyenziswa ngonyaka servings angaphezu kwamashumi amane ezigidi imveliso efanayo. Enye into eyaba Ando Momofuki kukusetyenziswa zeendebe ezizodwa zeplastiki, eya kubalungiselela isidlo ngokukhawuleza ngaphandle impahla.

penicillin

Izazinzulu ezininzi zobuhandiba kwinkulungwane yama-20 enxulumene iinzululwazi ngqo, kodwa idabi kakhulu amayeza. Kungenxa kule nkulungwane kwabakho penicillin, ichiza elo yasindisa ukuphila kwezigidi zabantu. Wenza oko eliNgesi Alexander Fleming ngowe-1928 wafumanisa ifuthe iintsholongwane sande. Okubangel 'umdla kukuba, izinto ezeza omkhulu kwinkulungwane yama-20 angabi nako babekha kokufika antibiotics. Zonke nabo Fleming wayekholelwa ukuba eyona nto ibalulekileyo - musa bazamazamana amagciwane, kwaye nokomeleza nezifo. Antibiotics kwabonakala lutho yaye wahlala Isibini engafunwanga yeminyaka emva kwendalo yazo. Kuphela yi-1943 we ichiza waba lusetyenziswa kakhulu kumaziko ezempilo. Fleming akazange anikezele isifundo eziphilayo hayi nje ngcono penicillin, kodwa wadala ngoncedo ukufunyanwa lwakhe lwemizobo eziliqela ngokuzoba iintsholongwane into ekhethekileyo.

eseleni ipeni

Ngokufunda izinto yenzululwazi kunye nobuchwepheshe, kunokwenzeka ukuba ukulibala malunga ukuphuculwa ekhaya ezincinane kubaluleke kakhulu. Umzekelo, zonke yosiba pen njengesiqhelo wabonakala kuphela ngo-1943. Ceba ukuba Laszlo Biro, ezaziphethe inkqubo yoshicilelo ndaba nengcinga, kutheni balizalise itanki ukuphatha i-inki ngokukhawuleza-yokomisa efanayo? Kufuneka ube zamafu. Ukuba abazange amanqaku kumqheba yokuvula, ibhola kufuneka abekwe apho. Ndacinga konke oku, Biro wadala prototype. Bafudukela eArgentina, uye wafumana uxhase waqalisa nokuveliswa peni-inki. I abathengi lokuqala ngabaqhubi ngubani ukuzisebenzisa, nokuphakama: usiba eqhelekileyo naniqhubeka yokungabikho kuxinzelelo. Ngowe-1953, i-engumFrentshi Marsel Bik baguqula imilo ebuhlanti inki kwaye ukudala iinketho zitshiphu ukuba zibe ziyafumaneka ukuze nabani na kwaye unokuloyisa ihlabathi.

kumatshini wokuhlamba

Enye fyabo, kakhulu ngcono indlela yokuphila, nto inceda abantu abaninzi ukumelana iingubo ezimdaka. kumatshini wokuhlamba wabonakala kuphela ngo-1947, ngokubuyisela laundresses eposini. Wayila lokuqala ezinjalo sele yenziwe emarikeni US kunye neenkampani ezimbini - Jikelele zombane kunye Bendix Corporation. Oomatshini baba enengxolo ubenetloni, ixabiso waba esebenza kuphela. Ukutshintsha le meko, abaphuhlisi wagqiba kwelokuba akho, nto leyo wadala inguqulo entsha ye kumatshini wokuhlamba phakathi kwinkulungwane yamashumi amabini. Wabazimeza ngegolide zeplastiki ukuba zokunciphisa ingxolo, i ongumzekelo kwenziwe imibala eyahlukileyo, kunye nesisombululo yoyilo xa iyonke yaba iqashiso ebukekayo ngakumbi. Ukususela ngoko, umatshini wokuhlamba iye yaba kakhulu into kubuhle. ESoviet Union isixhobo yokuqala ezifana wabonakala ngowe-1975 waza wabizwa ngokuba "iVolga-10", kodwa nempumelelo kakhulu kuphela "Vyatka-umatshini-12", olwaqala ukuvelisa ngo-1981. oomatshini Modern ukuba ifakelwe umsebenzi yokomisa, kufuneka iindlela ezahlukeneyo iyalayisha, ukubonisa, zila ukuqala xesha, yaye bakwazi ukudibanisa kwi Internet.