Yintoni ebangela enedodo uphuhliso lweefama ngenkulungwane ye-19? Uhlaziyo yamahlwempu IMVELAPHI ngo-1861

Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XIX i Russian Empire lonke yahlulwa ilizwe elo amaphondo kunye neziphaluka. Nabo ke, eyakhiwa counties. Ekubeni Russia kwimimandla emitsha lathathwa, inani amaphondo landa kakhulu. Abanye babo baye enkulu enye yabunjwa ngokuguqula iingingqi. Icandelo waba united yaye kwinqanaba governorships jikelele kunye governorships. Grand Duchy of Finland kunye ubukumkani Poland yaba izihloko ezikhethekileyo.

Umyalelo zentlalo Russia

ERussia ngelo xesha ilizwe absolutist kunye wobukhosi. Oku wawuqondiswa ngu kumkani, ngubani uyiqwebe phantse yonke intambo zolawulo. Izidwangube wahlala njengoko imikhosi eziphambili kwezentlalo nezopolitiko. Babenayo inkxaso olukhulu kurhulumente yedwa. umgaqo-nkqubo wakhe wonke (ngaphandle kunye nezo ziphuma ngaphakathi), yaye ijolise ekunikezeleni ngazo.

Ukuba sihlolisisa yintoni ebangela enedodo uphuhliso lweefama, impendulo kufuneka kucelwa kukuba lo gama ngoohlohlesakhe bezindlu zasebukhosini nababenemihlaba Russian abazange kufumana nayiphi na inkxaso evela kurhulumente.

Abalimi babephuma nxalenye inkulu yabantu. Bonke bephela ahlukana:

• ngokuba benani;
• Iqela karhulumente;
• uhlobo oluthile kunye nabanye.

Phezu kwabemi zixeko kunye nabakumgangatho ophakathi accounted for pesenti 1-2 kuphela labemi karhulumente iyonke.

umbuzo Sasungulwa

Russian ngekhulu XIX - ezweni kwezolimo. inani Preemptive abalimi babephantsi emandleni abaqeshisi. Ayesebukhobokeni. Inkqubo yokusombulula umbuzo yamahlwempu lizwe ezahlukeneyo kakhulu kwaye enasilela ngayo iimpawu zayo engundoqo kwamanye amazwe aseYurophu.

Phakathi yintoni ebangela enedodo uphuhliso lweefama, indawo ekhethekileyo bobabo ukuxhomekeka lobuqu abalimi phezu benani. Kuye negalelo ekuncipheni kwinqanaba umdla wabo iziphumo zemisebenzi yabo. Oku, kunciphisa kakhulu ukusebenza kwezolimo.

Indawo ngamakhoboka

Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XIX, kukho ukwanda kakhulu indima uhlobo imali le okubafaneleyo. Ngelo xesha linye njengomthombo nerhafu ngokufuthi esetyenziselwa yabasebenzi yamahlwempu non-kwezolimo, yaye umsebenzi wakhe ezahlukeneyo umsebenzi ngamaxesha kunye neefektri zasezidolophini.

Kodwa indima engundoqo nangoku banawo ngexesha serfdom. Kubekho ukwanda esebenzayo lokulima inkosi nobukhulu (ukususela nge-18 ukuya kwengama-49%). Eyona olunzulu, le nkqubo iye yaba phezu kummandla kwimimandla zomhlaba omnyama kweli lizwe. Apha uninzi abalimi ziye zaguqulelwa mesyachinu okanye ebiweyo emhlabeni ngokupheleleyo.

Phakathi ukuba kutheni kukho iintlekele sisidodo uphuhliso lweefama ngenkulungwane ye-19, kuquka unciphiso ebalulekileyo ubungakanani bomhlaba yelo icandelo labantu. Ukwanda ubungakanani usemva kubonisa umba ophambili yingxaki epheleleyo enqabeni kwezolimo.

abalimi State, chaza-owned

Yaba imeko pretty nzima kwaye abalimi karhulumente. Kodwa ngcono kancinci ngaphezu benani. It onazo indima ebalulekileyo phakathi yintoni ebangela enedodo uphuhliso kwiifama 1861.

Xa sithelekisa ngenkulungwane XVIII kunye 30 lwekhulu XIX, ukuba kukho ukwanda kakhulu lilonke uvavanyo lemali abalimi karhulumente. Kodwa ngaphambi kokuba unelungelo lokwenza ukuthenga nokuthengisa umhlaba. ngeendibano zokuthengisa nokuseka-mveliso. Kulo mzekelo, kuyimfuneko ukuba ukuhlawula kuphela iirhafu esebenzayo kunye neentlawulo. Kwaye nje ezimbalwa kuzo zonke kwinkulungwane XIX behlelo umlimi kwinginginya ilungelo lokusebenzisa la malungelo.

Oku kuthetha ukuba yintoni ebangela enedodo uphuhliso iifama, kwaye kakubi kuchaphazela imeko kuzo. Uninzi lwabo, ingakumbi abo bakhokelwa uqoqosho sokutya, ayikwazanga ukwenza ikati eziko. Ukuchukumisa emarikeni bakwazi kuphela abameli ngurhulumente osisityebi elite kwaye bayeke-belali.

Akungekhe kubekho umbuzo malunga yokwenza njani ukuphuculwa ubuchule yezolimo ukwazisa ukusetyenziswa koomatshini ezintsha okanye ekuphuculeni eendidi iinkomo. Ngenxa yokuba uninzi zonke iifama kwakungenakwenzeka esengozini ukusinda. Ngoko ke, indawo ebalulekileyo phakathi yintoni ebangela enedodo uphuhliso lweefama, bobabo kwinqanaba elisezantsi zobugcisa yezolimo. Esaphuma izivuno kumanqanaba asezantsi kakhulu.

Ubume ngamafa i abaqeshisi '

Iinkqubo ezenzeka kwiifama mihlaba baba nje abonakalisa. Ngaphandle kokuba elingengangani elima yandiswe ngokubonakalayo imveliso, imveliso siyongezwa. Oku kwaba ngenxa yobume ukuxhatshazwa feudal yabasebenzi kunye nomgangatho ophantsi imveliso yomsebenzi wabo.

Ngokutsho izifundo leengcali mihla, imveliso umqeshwa lowo izihlandlo-2 ngaphezulu kunokuba serf. Yandisa ubungakanani serfdom zange ukunika ukwanda imveliso yomsebenzi wabo. Kwakhona zifakwe kuluhlu kwiimbangi leyo kwaqhwalelisa uphuhliso lweefama.

Izakhiwo ezisisiseko ukupheliswa serfdom

IMVELAPHI kokuphathwa serfdom zaveza kakhulu ixesha elide. Kwangoko phambi yotshintsho ka-1961 sele nzulu iinkqubo zentlalo noqoqosho yokubola serfdom. Ngelo xesha, zonke izakhono yayo inkqubo kwezoqoqosho kuqhubeke. Eli lixesha lobunzima enzonzobila. Oku lingancipha kakhulu phantsi inkqubo yophuhliso lwamashishini, urhwebo kunye noshishino, kwaye abalimi kuluhlu izizathu apho kwaqhwalelisa uphuhliso lweefama (Grade 8 - lixesha lokufunda le ngxaki esikolweni).

Imo lobunzima kwindawo yokuqala hit ngamafa corvée. Kuye iwile kakhulu umgangatho wentsebenzo yabasebenzi. Abalimi yaqala ukusebenza nakwisiqingatha heartedly nangaphandle umnqweno nenzondelelo kakhulu.

Esinye isizathu esibalulekileyo - into lwentlalo. Kukho ukunyuka kancinane umlimi ukuvukela. Ukongeza, ukuba ukubulawa kwabantu ngenxa abaqeshisi kunye iintlobo ngemihla omzabalazo apho. Nangona manani kule miba ayizange wenziwe, kodwa uqoqosho umnini kwaba ngenxa yabo umonakalo ebalulekileyo.

Ingxaki yezoqoqosho kunye nomkhosi-technical ngokukodwa waziva emva kokoyiswa kwi iCrimea War. Yiloo nto kanye esinye sezizathu eziphambili ezibangele urhulumente ukuba bacinge malunga nengozi kwezentlalo of serfdom kunye ukugcinakala kwayo phambili.

Ukuhlaziywa ka-1861 yaba inkqubo mdibi. Baqalisa inkululeko abalimi bale ndawo, ukusuka likhoboka. Inyathelo lokugqibela babe abanini amancinci-ikhaya, apho waba ezo abalimi abaninzi. Ngelo xesha phantse yonke lwengqesho krupnopomeschichi iifama amanene aye alondolozwa.