Ngamakhoboka kunye serfdom eRashiya

Yintoni serfdom? Eli lungelo wobukhosi ukuba ungubani, impahla kunye yokwaphuka kwezizwe abasebenza kuyo uNdikhoyo. Ngamanye amazwi, oku kuxhomekeke kwi kubanini, abane- mihlaba. Serfdom khona amakhulu eminyaka.

Ukusekwa kwe serfdom eRashiya wadlala indima kwimbali karhulumente Russian. Yavele ngenxa yokungqubana le abaqeshisi feudal aliliso kubo zabo kwiinkulungwane 14-15. Le abalimi zinamathele ngokusemthethweni emhlabeni, ngokunxulumene ngazo bathwalwa phandle yotshintsho yesinyanzelo kwezoqoqosho.

Imvelaphi yalo izenzeko nzulu.

Kwinkulungwane 9 eRashiya kwasekwa umbuso wobukhosi. Abantu zahlulwe iiklasi ezimbini - iklasi abalimi, ekwabizwa ngokuba abaxhomekeke, kunye neklasi feudal. Ngamakhoboka abo phantsi yesinyanzelo nogonyamelo, baba ndingenamandla kwaye bengakhuselekanga. Yayibizwa ngokuba ukuxhomekeka feudal. Abantu yiklasi ephantsi phantse akazange abe nantoni na ngaphandle yobomi bakhe, ngenxa yokuba inkosi fanele ukundizama kuphela unyanzelekile womntu, kodwa ubuntu bakhe, yaye impahla yakhe.

Ngelo xesha, urhulumente Russian akazange efanayo bezibandakanya izilawuli ezininzi ezincinci, ngamnye kunye nemithetho yayo kunye nemimiselo sele zisekiwe. Bona makulawulwe ngokungqongqo abasemagunyeni kwiidolophu. Ngamakhoboka baba lyudii ezilula, owayephila emhlabeni, wamphatha yaye ngaloo ndlela ngokupheleleyo ixhomekeke abanini belizwe - neenkosi. Kwakungekho imithetho ethile kubomi kunye nemisebenzi yabantu abaqhelekileyo.

Ngenkulungwane ye-16 ibe sele kukho kukho kwezono ethile inxalenye amagunya ukulawula ukunika, abantu baqalisa ukuhlala ngokukhululeka. Kangangokuba baya kuba nelungelo lokuba ashiye ilizwe labo kunye nesihamba ngayo ukuze baphile baze basebenze kuyo nayiphi na enye mhlaba feudal. Imeko yalo kwase ukuhlawula amatyala kunye nemirhumo ukuba babehlala kwilizwe umnini wangaphambili.

Kamva buhle nobudlelwane kwezentlalo kunye nomzabalazo yeklasi. Kufuneka qinisa imithetho ukunika amalungelo feudal indefeasible ukuba babe ngabantu salaried. Kwaba zaguquka kwaye lenguqu ukuya kwinqanaba lohlaselo kwi serfdom okhoyo. Ukususela ngoko babengenalo ilungelo lokutshintsha iinkosi zabo feudal ngokuthanda kwaye nangaliphi na ixesha. Ngaphandle kwaba ixesha elinye kuphela ngonyaka ngamnye (kwiveki phambi koSuku St. George ngayo). Yaba ngeli xesha, kwisithuba seentsuku elikhankanyiweyo, kwafuneka ukuba bahlale kunye nabanini phambi angemki kuzo.

Ngenkulungwane ye-15, le ngamakhoboka nimazile omnye komnye isabelo enzima. Baye otyholwa lulwaphulo mthetho - basinde xa befuna ukuya enkosini omnye komnye. Ngaloo ndlela kaRhulumente ebethelela umyalelo yoluntu okhoyo.

In the 1570s Ngasekupheleni ingxaki entsha engahlawulwanga - ukunqongophala izandla. Ngexesha ngokusesikweni sele sibhangisiwe Usuku St. George kaThixo. Urhulumente, ukuba ecaleni kwizangqa alawulayo, ligqibe ukunceda abanini yaye imisitho ezizodwa, apho waqinisekisa abaqeshisi izandla ezinkulu yabasebenzi. Kwaba ukusekwa engqongqo kunye ukhohlakele serfdom eRashiya. Ekugqibeleni Urhulumente kutshitshiswa ilungelo shintsha simahla.

Ngowe-1601-1603 gg. eRashiya kwabakho indlala, kukho mthetho akhulayo "iinkosi yobomi", liye landa namandla seziqingatha amahlwempu yoluntu. Iqala imfazwe umlimi yokuqala. Le nqaba akwazi kuyinyamezela awaseyiyo kakubi kwabo. ngezikhondo Social kwakhula.

urhulumente Shuisky yagqiba ekubeni toughen izohlwayo ngenxa Ababalekileyo kwaye yandisa ixesha ukukhangela abasabileyo ukuya kwiminyaka elishumi elinesihlanu. Serfdom sifo. abantu ebalekela ngokomthetho akukho mntu wayevunyelwa ukuba ngokwabo. Ukususela ngelo xesha loo ngamakhoboka - abantu abaxhomekeke, owathi, ngaphandle ilungelo ukusebenza kunye namanye amalungelo abo.

Inqanaba elilandelayo kweli bali ekuqaleni umlimi War (1670-1671), ikhokelwa ngu Stepan Razin. Kodwa yalahleka kule mfazwe, kunye Stepan Razin babulawa.

Xa ebukumkanini Peter I ngamakhoboka yaba ngamakhoboka ngokupheleleyo. UCatherine II umbuso yayiqinisa nangakumbi. Noko ke, serfdom waqala ukuba balahlekelwe izikhundla zabo ngenxa yabantu ukuphazamiseka ngenkani ngubani wayengenakukunyamezela ubomi ezinganyamezelekiyo ngakumbi. Alexander II wavakalisa ukukhululwa abalimi ukusuka ukuxhomekeka ekhoyo. Yena sahlaziywa kwaye zisayiniwe Manifesto, leyo owakubhangisayo okunene serfdom.