Culture emazweni Russian kwiinkulungwane 12-13 - amanqanaba eziphambili kuphuhliso

Culture emazweni Russian kwiinkulungwane 12-13, ngenxa kukuqinisa feudal eqhekekileyo, buthathaka impembelelo Kiev. Ngomhla kummandla ongaphandle karhulumente kanye ezinkulu ukuphuhlisa izilawuli ezincinane wobukhosi. Le polycentrism kunegalelo amaziko enkcubeko eziliqela, esele kakhulu ukusuka eKiev kwimpembelelo wemka kunye nokuphuhlisa indlela yabo yokuqala. North Russia ubemelwe Vladimir-Suzdal kunye ulawulo Novgorod, entshonalanga - Compostela-Volyn. Arts, izakhiwo, uncwadi, inzululwazi - ezi iintsingiselo eziphambili izinto nemikhwa inkcubeko Russian amazwe kwiinkulungwane 12-13. Ngokufutshane chaza ezi imisinga ngezantsi.

bokwakha

Ngalinye oozilawuli Russian abathi indima ephambili kuphuhliso lwenkcubeko. Bexelisa ikomkhulu Kiev ngamnye kubo zakhiwa ngathi icawa yase St. Sophia, Walizinzisa Gate Golden. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, kukho umzekelo indlela yayo eyodwa, uphawu lwezakhiwo yamandulo Russian. Vladimir Ingqikelelo Cathedral, iCawa kuMoses kwi Nerl, Dmitrievsky Cathedral - obukhulu edumileyo bokwakha, nto idume nenkcubeko yamazwe Russian kwiinkulungwane 12-13.

Uncwadi. birchbark

Ileta yokuqala ixolo ezinde kwafunyanwa Novgorod ngo-1951. Zabhalwa emva 11-12 leminyaka. kamva Kwafunyanwa ixolo ezinde e Pskov, Vitebsk, kunye ESmolensk, Staraya Russa. Ngokomthetho oonobumba achaza imiba yezentlalo zobomi ngaloo mihla. Kukho ecaleni lakhe, probate kunye nezigunyaziso zolawulo, imiyalelo. Phakathi kwezinto ezafunyanwa zibaluleke iincwadi echaza ukufunda eRashiya yamandulo. Njengokuba ke oko kwazeka, uninzi lwabemi Russian ezivela kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zentlalo kwelo xesha wayesazi ukuba ukufunda nokubhala. Kunye nokubhala abaqeqeshiweyo kuphela amadoda kodwa abafazi.

Iincwadi Translations

Indawo enkulu uncwadi ixesha yanikwa iincwadi zenkolo. Culture emazweni Russian kwiinkulungwane 12-13 uzele imisebenzi abaguquleli zonke iilwimi ezaziwayo. A Inani enkulu azibhala zakwalizwi zaguqulelwa Russian. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, ndaqalisa uncwadi wempangelo yokuguqulela. Ubomi amadoda amakhulu kunye neminqophiso zabo, umnqweno. Ngeli xesha kwi yoonongendi ze yemihla ezahlukeneyo ezibhaliweyo yeziKronike. Kuye yandlale uhlobo olutsha lomsebenzi wokubhala - "imfundiso". Iirekhodi ezibhalwe yaziwa kakhulu asinda ukuza kuthi ga namhlanje: ". Beka" "Eyokuqiqa ka Monomakh",

isayensi yemvelo

Phambili ulwazi lwenzululwazi awabantu iphela - ngomnye wemimandla engundoqo olwenze inkcubeko amazwe Russian kwiinkulungwane 12-13. Ngqangi angaphandle, ucacisa ubume ihlabathi kunye nendalo, iyantlukwano enezityalo nezilwanyana, eli yaguqulelwa yaza yasasazwa. Kakade ke, ngaloo mihla, zonke izenzakalo zendalo zazithetha ngokwemiqathango zonqulo, kodwa imibhalo anikwa eziyimfuneko uphando elizayo eziphathekayo.

Lichaza 12-13 leminyaka

Inkcubeko komhlaba Russian luphawulwa ukuvela yokudweba icon Russian. Le yenkolo kwimizobo usandul 'ukufika evela Byzantium, kodwa kamva similise ngendlela ubugcisa onombono Russian. ngokuthobeka kwentliziyo okungqongqo kwemifanekiso yaseByzantium kancinane ilingane nembonakalo ochwayithileyo le nokuxubana wasempuma. Izifundo ezingundoqo icon Russian walondoloza amagama baseByzantium. Umzekelo, baseByzantium kuhlala umfanekiso uqhelekileyo Onyulu "Oranta" - nithandaza, "Odigidriya" - ephethe usana ezingalweni zakhe, "Eleusa" - ngokucinezela oMntwana. iinkalo ezimbini eziphambili ziye zabelwe iconography - Novgorod, leyo isebenzisa, imibala eqaqambileyo ifumile, naseKiev esebenzisa shades yayisesona nesiqingatha-neethowuni.

Kwangaxeshanye, wobugcisa isicelo ngokubanzi - nangokukrola namatye nemithi. Stone imikrolo zophondo iitempile kunye amabhotwe, neendlela iinkuni bafumana kubomi bemihla ngemihla, ukuba ihonjiswe ngezinto impahla kubomi bemihla ngemihla nokupheka.

Phezu kwako kukuqhekeka feudal, inkcubeko amazwe Russian kwiinkulungwane 12-13 waba kwinqanaba eliphezulu. Olunye uphuhliso yawo kuthintele kokuqala kwekhefu imikhosi Tatar-Mongol kwilizwe Russian kunye nokusekwa ukubola idyokhwe.