Xa ukupheliswa serfdom eRashiya

A ixesha xa ukupheliswa serfdom, ephakamileyo kuthathwa njenge yalitshintsha kwimbali Russian. Nangona iinguqulelo ngcembe kwenziwa, baye baba negalelo elibonakalayo kuphuhliso karhulumente. Lo mhla akulambathi unikwa ixabiso. Nabani na ocinga ukuba umntu abafundileyo nolunolwazi, kufuneka ukhumbule ukuba unyaka ukupheliswa serfdom eRashiya. Ngapha koko, ukuba akukho Manifesto sityikitywe ngoFebruwari 1861 19 Mnu kwaye ekhululekile amafama, besiya namhlanje kuba siphila esimeni eyahlukileyo ngokupheleleyo.

Serfdom eRussia ifomu abayinqobo lobukhoboka, usebenza kuphela kubantu belali. Le nkqubo feudal bema ngokuqinileyo kweli lizwe, uyazama ibe nkulu, ibe kakhulu umzimba osezantsi lwalo lokukhawulelana nophuhliso. Kuye kwacaca ngakumbi emva ngo1856 yalahleka kwiMfazwe iCrimea. Ngokutsho kwababhali-mbali abaninzi, ngokoyiswa imiphumo abazange yintlekele. Kodwa ngokucacileyo kwabonisa backwardness yobugcisa, ukusilela kwezoqoqosho ubukhosi kunye imihlaba ntlekele lwezopolitiko esongela ijike ibe revolution ka abalimi.

Owakubhangisayo serfdom? Ngokuqhelekileyo, le Manifesto satyikitywa Tsar Alexander II, owayelawula ngelo xesha. Kodwa ke khawuleza apho kwenziwa isigqibo, uthi Ngaphakathi la manyathelo. Alexander ngokwakhe wavuma ukuba amangomso isongela ukuba "abalimi wayeza zikhulule ngokwabo."

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba umbuzo imfuneko utshintsho kwezolimo wavuswa ngokuphindaphindiweyo ekuqaleni 1800. Ingakumbi bethandazile sathetha ngalo iyaxela zobunene-nye yezikhulu. Nangona kunjalo, impendulo kwezi izibheno kwaba kuphela ukuphumla 'isifundo lombuzo neyabalimi ", nto leyo ibandakanya akathandi ukuba ahlukane iziseko tsarist obuqhelekileyo. Kodwa ukuxhatshazwa lanyuka ngokubanzi kwakhokelela ukunganeliseki kwabo abalimi kunye iimeko ezininzi ukungathobeli evela kubanini. Kule industry asakhasayo ngenkani abasebenzi emizini. Kwakufuneka kwaye wentengiso ukuze impahla eyenziweyo, kwaye bandile ukulimela ingathinteleki ukwanda yayo. Ukomelezwa ziimvakalelo yoluntu ezinkulu negalelo kwiingcamango revolution-wentando NG Chernyshevsky and NA imisebenzi Dobrolyubova ngoluntu ngasese.

Ukumkani namaphakathi akhe, xa ukupheliswa serfdom, ukubonakalisa ebheka phambili kwezopolitiko, ulawulo ukufumana isisombululo ukusilela. Kwelinye icala, abalimi bafumana inkululeko namalungelo oluntu, nokuba anyhashwa. Intsongelo wotshintsho walibala ixesha elibalulekileyo ixesha. Russia iye kwakhona amkelwa kwizizwe lizwe ezinenkqubela umthetho elifanelekileyo. Kwelinye icala, Alexander II waphumelela kwi zokulungisa izinto kwindawo yokuqala ukuqwalasela imfuno abaqeshisi kunye kubenza wowulungela kurhulumente.

Ngokwahlukileyo uluvo ungunyana wabanumzana abafundileyo, lacazulula amava yaseYurophu xa kuthelekiswa ubunyani Russian kwaye linika iiprojekthi ezininzi njengenguqu elizayo, abalimi bafumana inkululeko ngaphandle komhlaba. Amacebo ezathi zanikezelwa kubo ukusetyenziswa, kuhlala ziyiprophathi abanini de uhlawule ngokupheleleyo. Ngeli xesha, umfama "ubophelelekile okwethutyana" kwaye kwanyanzeleka ukuba aphumeze yonke inkonzo yangaphambili. Ngenxa yoko, inkululeko uba ilizwi elihle, kunye nendawo "abemi zasemaphandleni" wayengekabi nzima kakhulu. Enyanisweni, xa ukupheliswa serfdom, uhlobo ekuxhomekekeni umnini indawo enye, kwezinye iimeko nokuba nzima ngakumbi.

Kungekudala urhulumente waqalisa ukuze uhlawulele "abanikazi" omtsha iindleko kumhlaba ogcinelwe, ngokungathi kunjalo, ngokubonelela imali-mboleko kwi-6% ngonyaka kangangeminyaka 49. Ngenxa yale "izenzo ezinhle 'emhlabeni, ixabiso yokwenene leyo nama-500 ezigidi. Engange, ebuncwaneni wafumana malunga 3 billion.

iimeko zokubuyisela awukoneliseki, kwaye amafama ezininzi izama. Emva ubunini ngamaqhinga hayi zidluliselwa ukuba umlimi ngamnye ngokukodwa kuluntu, nto leyo yanceda ukuba ukusombulula iingxaki ezininzi zemali, kodwa izama iba njengomqobo. Umzekelo, irhafu kunye neentlawulo ngentlawulelo nabalimi kuthwalelwa phandle umntu ehlabathini. Ngenxa yoko, kwafuneka ukuba ahlawule abo amalungu oluntu, bona babengakwazi ukwenza ngenxa yezizathu ezahlukeneyo.

Ezi kunye nezinye iinkcukacha ezininzi ziye zakhokelela ekubeni bonke phezu eRashiya, ukususela ngoMatshi 1861, xa ukupheliswa serfdom, waqalisa qhuma Sasungulwa ukuvukela. Inani kumaphondo eqikelelwa kumawaka, kodwa okubalulekileyo kakhulu malunga 160. Nangona kunjalo, amaxhala abo kulindeleke i "Pugachev omtsha" akazange yenyama, yaye ekwindla konyaka omnye, imincili etsha.

Ukwenza isigqibo malunga ukupheliswa serfdom idlale indima enkulu kuphuhliso lwe ubungxowankulu kunye namashishini eRashiya. Kuba lo kuhlaziyo kwalandelwa ngabanye, kuquka iijaji, ubukhulu becala lidubule acuteness ephikisanayo. Nakuba kunjalo, utshintsho bahlangabezane indalo ngokugqithiseleyo kunye underestimation ecacileyo yempembelelo of the People i-Freedom izimvo kwabangela ukuqhushumba owabulala Matshi 1, 1881 Alexander II, ngubani neziphithiphithi ukuba awuyitshintshanga le lizwe ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yamashumi amabini.