February 19, 1861. Uhlaziyo yamahlwempu eRashiya. Ukupheliswa serfdom

ebudeni bolawulo Alexander II (1856-1881) wehla embalini njengoko isithuba "iinguqu ezinkulu". Kakhulu ngenxa umlawuli wathabatha ukupheliswa serfdom eRashiya ngo-1861 - isiganeko apho, kambe ke, impumelelo yayo engundoqo, nto leyo eye idlale indima enkulu kuphuhliso lwexesha elizayo karhulumente.

IMVELAPHI kokuphathwa serfdom

Kwiminyaka 1856-1857 iqela amaphondo asemazantsi yanyikima umlimi uqhushululu, leyo, Noko ke, ngokukhawuleza liphelelwe. Kodwa ke, nangona kunjalo, baye bakhonza njengesikhumbuzo sokuba ngamandla olawulayo, ukuba indawo apho abantu abaqhelekileyo, ekugqibeleni kungabangela nemiphumela emibi ngenxa yakhe.

Ukongeza, serfdom yangoku kancane kakhulu kwinkqubela yelizwe. Saziwe ukuba umsebenzi free kunyanzeleka ngempumelelo wabonakaliswa ngokupheleleyo: Russia kakhulu kwasilela emva kumazwe Koloni kuqoqosho kwaye kwinkalo kwezentlalo nezopolitiko. Oku esongela into yokuba umfanekiso wadala ngaphambili karhulumente enamandla nga ukunyibilika nje, kwaye lizwe uzakususwa usiwe kudidi ezingephi. Singasathethi into yokuba serfdom sifana kakhulu ebukhobokeni.

Ekupheleni ye 50 labantu million 62 zizisulu iinkosi zabo baphila ngaphezu kokuba wesithathu. Russia ifuneka ngokungxamisekileyo hlengiso Sasungulwa. 1861 kufuneka ibe ngunyaka iinguqu ezinkulu ukuba ubambe ukuze awaba nako ukuyishukumisa iziseko emisiweyo lobuzwilakhe kunye izikhulu igcinwe isikhundla lubalaseleyo. Ngoko ke, inkqubo ukupheliswa serfdom efuna kuhlalutywe ngenyameko isifundo, kwaye oku kubangelwa izixhobo sinesono iye kuyingxaki.

La manyathelo ayimfuneko ukuze utshintsho elizayo

Ukupheliswa serfdom eRashiya ngowe-1861 kwaba nefuthe elibi kwi iziseko ezibalulekileyo ze-lizwe.

Noko ke, ukuba States ophilileyo kwi siseko phambi tirhisa inguqu okunye ukufunda kwabo zezinkonzo kanye ingxoxo karhulumente, emva koko iiprojekthi ukulungele yotshintsho ozinikiweyo ePalamente, enyamezela sigwebo lokugqibela, Russian okanye imisebenzi okanye umzimba omele akukho apho. Kodwa serfdom ke ngumthetho kwinqanaba likarhulumente kulo. Ukusirhoxisa unilaterally Alexander II abakwazanga, njengoko kugxobha amalungelo yezikhulu, leyo sisiseko lobuzwilakhe.

Ngenxa yoko, kweli lizwe ukukhuthaza zokubuyisela ukwenza ngabom iyunithi ejongene ngqo ukupheliswa serfdom. Bekucingelwa ukuba kuya kuba amaziko umbutho kule intsimi, kufuneka ingeniswe kwaye zilungiswe e-Central Committee, mvisiswano leyo, kwelinye icala, kufuneka ilawulwe kumkani ogama neziphakamiso.

Ekubeni, Ekukhanyeni utshintsho oluzayo ezininzi abaqeshisi balahlekelwa nto, ngoko Alexander II, simse ibiya kuba, ukuba inyathelo ukuze kukhululwe abalimi kwakubaluleke ungunyana wabanumzana. Kungekudala loo mzuzu waguquka up.

"Ndiwise Nazimova"

Embindini sokuwa 1857 safika eSt Petersburg Jikelele Vladimir Ivanovich Nazimov - iRhuluneli Lithuania, bezise kuye lwezikhalazo enika ilungelo kulo, kunye nabalawuli Kovno kunye Grodno amaphondo banike ngamakhoboka zabo inkululeko yabo, kodwa ngaphandle kokunika umhlaba kubo.

Ukuphendula, Alexander II wathumela zwi kujongwane Nazimova (unobumba yabucala Imperial), nto leyo Umthethisi bomhlaba bendawo lokuhlela iikomiti zephondo. umsebenzi wabo ukuze ukuphuhlisa iinguqulelo zabo ikamva kuphuculo umlimi. Kule leta ukumkani wabanika iziphakamiso zakhe:

• Ukubonelela inkululeko epheleleyo ngamakhoboka.
• Zonke iziza kufuneka ahlale abaqeshisi kugcinwe nobunini.
• Ukwenza le abalimi bakhululekileyo ukufumana iziza umhlaba ngokuxhomekeke kwintlawulo kubafaneleyo okanye wokusetyenzwa serfdom.
• Yenza amafama bathenga indawo yabo.

Kungekudala zwi kwabonakala esendimbaneni, leyo wanika yokukhawulezisa ingxoxo jikelele umbuzo serfdom.

Ukusekwa kweekomiti

Ekuqaleni 1857 omkhulu, emva isicwangciso wakhe, wadala ikomiti ngokufihlakeleyo kwi umbuzo umlimi, ngubani ngokufihlakeleyo wabandakanyeka kuphuhliso yokuvuselelwa yokuphelisa serfdom. Kodwa kuphela emva "zwi Nazimova" yaba zoluntu, iziko liye wayeyifumana sisebenza ngokupheleleyo. NgoFebruwari ka-1958 wazisusa bonke emfihlekweni, ukuthiya ngokutsha iKomiti Main on leMicimbi umlimi, nto leyo ikhokelwe Prince AF Orlov.

Xa wadala Commission kokuhlelwa, leyo ingqalelo iiprojekthi ezingeniswe yikomiti yephondo, kwaye sele ngokusekelwe kwedatha eqokelelweyo wadalwa uguqulelo lonke kuphuculo elizayo.

Usihlalo le khomishini iye onyulwe njengelungu kaRhulumente Council General yi Rostovtsev, abaxhasa ngokupheleleyo ingcamango kokuyekiswa serfdom.

Ezingangqinelaniyo kunye nomsebenzi owenziwa

Ekuhambeni le projekthi iikomiti eziphambili kwaye uninzi abanini yephondo hayi ngaphandle eziphikisanayo ezinzulu. Umzekelo, abaqeshisi wanyanzelisa ukuba enkululekweni ngamakhoboka yaye kuphela isibonelelo inkululeko kunye nelizwe emva kwabo kufuneka kuqiniswe kuphela mboleko ngaphandle kwentlawulo. IKomiti wayefuna ukunika ithuba ukuthenga serf owayesakuba somhlaba, ukuba umnini ngokupheleleyo.

Ngowe-1860 Rostovtsev kufa, yaye ngenxa yoko ke intloko uthumo isihloko, Alexander II simisa Count VN Panin, owathi, ngokuzenzekelayo, lajongwa njengoko utshaba serfdom ukurhoxiswa. Ukuba Umgwebi olomeleleyo lomyolelo yobukumkani, kwanyanzeleka ukuba bayigqibe le projekthi yohlaziyo.

Ngo-Oktobha ka iqela bokuceba i yagqitywa. Iikomiti Itotali wephondo ubonelela ingqalelo ukupheliswa serfdom 82 iiprojekthi, ubhedu umthamo imiqulu 32 eprintiweyo. Isiphumo yomsebenzi onzima sele ezingenisiweyo ukuba ziqwalaselwe kwiBhunga State, yaye emva ukwamkelwa yayo sisisiwa Siyamazisa ukumkani. Emva kokuyifunda wabo zisayinwe Manifesto efanelekileyo kunye neMigaqo. February 19, 1861 lusuku esemthethweni ukupheliswa serfdom.

Matshi 5 Alexander II ukufunda buqu la maxwebhu phambi kwabantu.

Amalungiselelo ephambili kupapasho-ngoFebruwari 19, 1861

Amalungiselelo eziphambili zolu xwebhu ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

• Ngamakhoboka of the bukhosi wafumana inkululeko epheleleyo lobuqu, ngoku zibizwa ngokuba "abemi ezamahala zasemaphandleni."
• Ukususela ngoku (okt-19 Februwari 1861) le nqaba ziye ingqalelo abemi komthetho ngokupheleleyo efanelekileyo lizwe.
• Yonke impahla eshukumayo ye umlimi, kwakunye nezindlu kunye nezakhiwo zibonwa nempahla yabo.
• Kubanini zinawo amalungelo emhlabeni wabo, kodwa kwafuneka ukubonelela amafama elinegadi nemizi entsimini.
• Kuba ukusetyenziswa komhlaba abalimi baba ukuhlawula intlawulelo umnini ngqo zommandla kunye karhulumente.

Laveka ngokutsha ukuvumelana

Iinguqu entsha yeenqubo ayikwazanga ukwanelisa iimfuno zabo bonke abachaphazelekayo. Baba aneliseke abalimi ngokwabo. Okokuqala yonke imigaqo leyo banikwa ilizwe, leyo, eneneni, yeyona ndlela iphambili yobukho. Ngoko ke, iinguqu Alexander II, okanye kunoko, amanye amalungiselelo ayo antsonkothileyo.

Ngoko ke, ngokutsho Manifesto, nayo yonke indawo Russia umisela ubuninzi bobungakanani kunye ubuncinane zorhwebo mhlaba ngamnye, kuxhomekeke kwiimpawu zendalo kunye nezoqoqosho kwimimandla.

Bekucingelwa ukuba ukuba isabelo yamahlwempu lilincinane kunokuba abeke uxwebhu, uyamnyanzela umqeshisi ukongeza indawo elishiyiweyo. Ukuba efanayo - elikhulu, phezu koko, ndiwanqumle abangaphezu kwemfuneko kunye, njengoko umthetho, eyona kwisabelo.

Kwesabelo norms enikiweyo

Manifesto kaFebruwari 19, 1861 waqhekeza inxalenye yaseYurophu yelizwe kwi isithinzi ezintathu: emathafeni, umhlaba abamnyama Nonchernozem.

• UNorma kakade bazisebenzisela emathafeni part - emithandathu enesiqingatha ukuya eka elinambini.
• ISithethe ommandla chernozem kukuba ezintathu ukuya leendima ezine ezinesiqingatha.
• Kube luqhwemesha, non-chernozem - ezintathu kota ku eka ezisibhozo.

Kulo lonke eli lizwe, ummandla baqalisa ukubeka ngaphantsi kunokuba kwakunjalo ngaphambili utshintsho, ukuze kuphuculo yamahlwempu ka-1861, ndayihluthwa i "ikhululekileyo" ngaphezu kwe-20% yomhlaba olimekayo.

Ukongeza, kukho udidi ngamakhoboka, owathi, ngokubanzi, akazange afumane nawuphi na umhlaba. Le iyadi abantu, abalimi ngaphambili banawo Nakumanene umhlaba abalambele, kunye neefektri zokusebenza.

iimeko transfer komhlaba nempahla

Ngokutsho kuphuculo ngoFebruwari 19, 1861, ilizwe yanikwa abalimi hayi kwipropati, kodwa ukusetyenziswa kuphela. Kodwa kwafuneka ithuba kusithenga umnini, oko kukuthi, ukuba angene ebizwa ngokuba yi-inkululeko intengiselwano. Ukuya kwindawo efanayo ke akuyiqonda loo okwethutyana kwaye ukuba ukusetyenziswa komhlaba kwakuza kufuneka asebenze serfdom, leyo iintsuku kungekho ngaphezulu kwama-40 ngonyaka kumadoda 30 - kumabhinqa. Okanye ukuhlawula oko kubafaneleyo, imali leyo sibathande ngenjongo encotsheni engange 8-12, yaye ukuqeshwa irhafu efunekayo ukuze bakuthathele ukuchuma komhlaba akhawunti. Kulo mzekelo, i okwethutyana abanalo ilungelo ukunika nje phezu isabelo ngaphandle, oko kukuthi, serfdom ngaba kufuneka basebenze.

Emva kokuba lungamkeleki kwetu umfama inzaliseko kuba umnini mhlaba ngokupheleleyo.

Kwaye urhulumente ke alihlali ilize

NgoFebruwari 19, 1861, ngenxa Manifesto, urhulumente ithuba nizalise zobuncwane. Le nto ingeniso yavulwa ngenxa kwifomula kusetyenziswa ukubala ubungakanani bentlawulo kwetu.

Isixa ukuba umlimi kwafuneka ukuba usenzele ilizwe, eyayilingana ingqukuva kwemiqathango ebizwa ngokuba yi-, nto leyo iyafakwa State Bank kwi-6% ngonyaka. Kodwa ezi iipesenti kubalwe ingeniso owawuthe evela okubafaneleyo, umnini-ndlu.

Oko kukuthi, ukuba mhlaba waba umphefumlo enye ngonyaka nerhafu-10 engange, ukubala ngokomgaqo wokubala: 10 engange ohlulwa aba-6 (inzala capital), kwaye ke ngoko iphinda phindiweyo ngo-100 (isixa sisonke umdla) - (10/6) x 100 = 166,7.

Ngenxa yoko, inani lilonke oko kubafaneleyo yaba ku 166 engange 70 kopeks - imali "wayentswempu phezulu" kuba owayesakuba serf. Kodwa apha Asikokungena imicimbi karhulumente: umlimi kwafuneka ukuba ahlawule kumnini ngexesha elifanayo%-20 kuphela ixabiso elithelekelelwayo. I-80% ivela kurhulumente, kodwa hayi nje kunjalo, nokunika imali ixesha elide ukuvuthwa engama-49 neenyanga ezi-5.

Ngoku umlimi kwafuneka ukuba ahlawule ngonyaka kuRhulumente Bank 6% yentlawulo kwetu. Kwathi kanti loo ndawo imali ukuba serf wangaphambili ukwenza ebuncwaneni ligqithe mboleko kathathu. Enyanisweni, Februwari 19, 1861 kwaba umhla xa serf yangaphambili, kukhethwa ebukhobokeni mnye, wawa kwenye. Kwaye nangona ubungakanani mali yokukhululwa lidlula ixabiso lemarike kwisabelo.

Iziphumo ngotshintsho

Ukuhlaziywa eyamkelwe kaFebruwari 19, 1861 (ukupheliswa serfdom), phezu kwazo nje iintsilelo, wanika inkxaso eqinileyo kweli lizwe. Inkululeko inikwa abantu 23 million, nto leyo eyakhokelela ekubeni iinguqu ezinkulu kwindlela yokuma koluntu Russian, yaye ngakumbi liqaphele imfuneko inguqu yonke inkqubo yezopolitiko.

Umbhalo ngexesha elifanelekileyo wakhululwa ngoFebruwari 19, 1861, apho iimeko enokukhokelela nokushiywa esinzulu, yaba inkalo Ukuphenjelelwa ngalo lonke ixesha ukuba Ukukhula kobungxowankulu zikarhulumente Russian. Ngenxa yoko, ekupheliseni serfdom, Kakade ke, yenye iziganeko esembindini kwimbali yelizwe.