Lomhleli - a wobugcisa, urhwebo okanye ubizo?

Nawuphi omdala, nokuba kude kakhulu ubugcisa bokwakha, kodwa esikolweni uyazi ukuba wezakhiwo - injineli uyilo, iiforimani, ngokomakhi nomakhi xa umntu omnye. Ngenkulungwane XIV, ngokutsho wophando A. academician I. Sobolevskogo, igama elithi "wezakhiwo" ufikile ulwimi Russian zoncwadi yencwadi yaseMzantsi Slavic. De kube lelo xesha, amagcisa, yenzelwe wakha ibandla ukwenza ubuciko zabo ukupeyinta, ngokuba ningabakhokeli yobufundisi.

Imbali izakhiwo Russian

mbali Uninzi lwezakhiwo ebizwa ngexesha lokusekwa izakhiwo zamatye Russian lwekhulu XI. Emva ekupheleni kwenkulungwane X Prince Vladimir benza kwintshayelelo ubuKristu eRashiya, kunye ukusasazeka unqulo waqalisa ukuba ukwakhiwa amabandla neetempile. Ukuba ufuna nayiphi na isixeko Russia yamandulo ngokomakhi elungileyo - lo mntu ubalulekileyo, leyo kugqiba ubungakanani kunye nobuhle yeetempile kunye namabandla, kwaye, ngenxa yoko, izinga impembelelo namandla ukuba zakhiwa kwi kabani iindleko. Phambi ixesha lethu imisebenzi lilitye ubuchule yokuyilwa ngelo xesha beluphelela nje Nozipho Cathedral e Kiev ne Novgorod, Chernigov Spaso-Preobrazhensky Cathedral kunye nesango Church of Emnye kwi Monastery of the Caves eyayiseKiev.

Ukuvela yesiko Russian

Phakathi XI XII kangangeenkulungwane. zonke wezakhiwo Russian - isikakhulu umfundi oye wafunda imizekelo izakhiwo yaseByzantium yonqulo nokudalwa ababengaphambi kwakhe, wazama kangangoko ubuchule babo, amandla neetalente ukuvelisa templates.

I-grand iiprojekthi umthetheli kunye nolwakhiwo ngenkulungwane Novgorod XII, baye baba ngasekho "imitative." Kwikota yesibini kwinkulungwane XII waba ixesha xa siphuma kwaye ziqulunqe izikolo zazo, Russian zobugcisa.

Kude kube phakathi kwinkulungwane XII, ukwakhiwa iicawa zamatye neetempile nje kuqhutywa. Kwaba kuphela nokuza ukuba amandla Yuriya Dolgorukogo waqala ukwakha esebenzayo izakhiwo zonqulo angamaKristu ngamatye. ezihlangwini zakhe, uAndrew Bogolyubskii, efuna zande uzuko Vladimir ubulawuli naye isakhiwo ngamatye.

Namhlanje, oko Kungaphikiswa ukuba ebudeni bolawulo Andreya Bogolyubskogo kwakhiwa isikolo Russian of nabayili bezakhiwo, owathi kamva waba nako ukwandisa impembelelo yayo phezu amagcisa yezinye izilawuli ezithe zavela ngexesha kwengxabano feudal nokuqhekeka Russia.

Izikolo ezibini izakhiwo Russian

Xa Prince Vsevolod Nest Big, ilungelo ilizwe Vladimir-Suzdal emva Bogolyubsky, kukho izinto ezintsha iindlela zobugcisa sobuchwepheshe nabayili bezakhiwo, nto leyo eya kukhokelela ukuvela kwezikolo ezibini izakhiwo kwixesha elizayo. Okokuqala, ebizwa ngokuba yi-Vladimir School, baqhubeka isithethe sakhiwo emhlophe-ilitye zakudala, kulo mzekelo, ukwenza umhombiso ezintsonkothileyo oqingqiweyo. abameli bayo wasebenza Yuriev-Polsky, Suzdal kunye Nizhny Novgorod. Isikolo yesibini, Rostov, ebonakala ngu kwindibaniselwano omangalisayo izitena kunye neenkcukacha ilitye elimhlophe. abalandeli bayo awayakhayo Yaroslavl kunye Rostov Veliky.

Novgorod and Pskov isithethe

Esi sikolo ezelwe, ngokutsho kwababhali-mbali, ngenkulungwane XI, xa yecawa Novgorod Sofia wamiswa. Noko ke, kwabaxhamla le isithethe lisukela emva kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane XIV - ixesha kwamandla ubuninzi kunye nempumelelo Novgorod Republic. Le mizekelo iphambili nebalulekileyo zeli xesha ke ibandla Kumbi kwi ilin Street kunye Fedora Stratilata kwi Creek.

Pskov isithethe yezakhiwo kusondele kakhulu Novgorod, kodwa iingcali bahlule iye awohluke yayo. Indalo kakhulu umxhelo Pskov nabayili - ilibandla iSt Nicholas kunye lunciphe, Basil kwi-Hill, Kuzma kunye Damian kunye ngcu kunye nabanye.

Architecture le ubulawuli eMoscow

Ngowe XIV-XV iinkulungwane, ukubaluleka zopolitiko impangele ephawulekayo linyuke, nto leyo eyakhokelela ekubeni kwabaxhamla zokwakha kunye bokwakha. Isiko lwezakhiwo, eqalisiweyo Vladimir-Suzdal ulawulo, zaye ngempumelelo yathathwa ziingcali eMoscow. Le ekupheleni kwenkulungwane XV ingaqatshelwa imvelaphi kunye nokusekwa yesikolo eMoscow izakhiwo. Yile xesha Cathedral esekhona ye Ingqikelelo kwi dolophu e Zvenigorod.

Nokugqama yesikolo eMoscow zakhiwo ungqamene ebukumkanini Ivan III, ekupheleni kwenkulungwane XV. Umakhi elikhulu ixesha, Italian Aristotle Fioravanti wakha Ingqiqo Cathedral kwi Moscow yesicelo.

amasiko Russian bokwakha zobukumkani

Ivanom Groznym ubukhosi ukwamkelwa kunye nokuguqulwa Russia ebukumkanini, esenzeka kwinkulungwane XVI, uye waba negalelo enamandla yophuhliso zonke iinkalo zobomi loluntu, kuquka izakhiwo. Ngeli xesha, umakhi - oku nje umakhi iitempile, iicawe namagumbi amakhosi. Kwaye baqale ukwakha inqaba ilitye lokuqala - i yesicelo. Enye abakhi abaziwayo, abakhi of iinqaba yaba Fyodor Kon, owakha iindonga i-White Isixeko e Moscow, ESmolensk yesicelo, ngokunjalo eludongeni-Pafnutyevo Borowski, Boldin kunye Simonov nezigodlo.

Ukongeza, intwana iphawulekayo umsebenzi wezakhiwo yi St Vasiliya Blazhennogo Cathedral (Pokrovsky), apho, ngokutsho kuguqulelo mnye, wanyuselwa Pskov labazobi Postnik Yakovlev ngokwemiyalelo Ivana Groznogo.

Peter esiqaphelekayo

Art mbali artist I. E. Grabar ebizwa eRashiya lilizwe elinezinto nabayili. Le ngxelo ngokupheleleyo kunganxulunyaniswa kwisixeko St. Petersburg, apho, ngokutsho uMlawuli Peter I, yayikukukhuthaza inguqu eMoscow Russia ukuya eYurophu. Kunye nokwakhiwa "komntwana Petrov" - eSt Petersburg - ukusebenzisana, basebenzisane kunye akhuphisane nabanye abayili nganye Kucelwa kumazwe ahlukeneyo kunye nabayili Russian. Amagama afana Giovanni Domenico Trezzini kunye Zhan Batist Leblon, Carlo Bartolomeo Rastrelli kunye uJohann Georg Mattarnovi sibhalwe ngonaphakade kwimbali bokwakha aloo mzi i Neva. Peter I, abathatha inxaxheba ngokupheleleyo ekwakhiweni eyinkunzi entsha yeenkosi amazwe, elingumthombo wabeka imeko yabo ukuze yokuba befundisa abancedisi zabo Russian kunye nabafundi wobugcisa kunye "vutshila", leyo ngokwabo ilifa. Omnye yokuqala enjalo "zasekhaya" abayili baba womncedisi umfundi Trezzini, Zemtsov kunye Eropkin. Xa kuphuhliso olungaphezulu nokwakhiwa isixeko kuyo nabayili udume kangaka of St. Petersburg njengoko Bartolomeo Francesco Rastrelli (Rastrelli, nyana ka-Charles), Antonio Rinaldi, uNikolaus Gerbel, SI Chevakinsky, uKarl Ivanovich Rossi, kunye nentaphane kungekho ngaphantsi kwe abakhi enkulu.

endaweni yesiphelo

Ulwakhiwo Russian phezu eminyaka kuphela ziphuhliswe ezithile mainstream yakhe, kuzwelonke. Utshintsho kwi kwezopolitiko, ezenkolo kunye nezentlalo ubomi, Ngokusebenza kunye neenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo - konke oku kube nefuthe elikhulu kuphuhliso kuphela Russian kunye Soviet, kodwa izakhiwo Russian. Namhlanje ihlabathi liphela bayazithanda kuphela imisebenzi F. ihashe, Rossi Voronikhin Bazhenov kunye Kazakov. Lomhleli Vlasov, Fomin, Piasecki, Savin, kunye nabanye abaninzi ubuchule babo nobuchule wabonisa inqanaba eliphezulu izakhiwo otchechestvennogo.