Ontogenesis - a kwengqondo ukuba

Inkqubo echazwe utshintsho ontogeny ezilandelelanayo kwi ephilayo evela eliphantsi ukuya kumanqanaba aphezulu imisebenzi ebalulekileyo. Kukho kwimfezeko noshowo kwaye kukwasetyenziswa yona ngamnye.

izifundo ontogeny olwenziwe kwiinkalo ezininzi ngenzululwazi. Umzekelo, ontogeny morphophysiological (ukwakheka komzimba), kukho into yokufunda eziphilayo. Kwelinye icala, ontogeny yengqondo nezentlalo ifundwa kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo bengqondo (psychogenetics, ubudala kunye psychology umntwana, ezentlalo kunye psychology lemfundo).

Ingqiqo phylogeny kunye ontogeny

Igama elithi "phylogeny" (isiGrike:. "Phyle" - "Iintlobo, uhlobo, isizwe" yaye "genos" - "imvelaphi") isetyenziselwa ukuchaza inkqubo imbonakalo kunye nophuhliso zembali lweentlobo. Zesayensi engqondweni uphuhliso psyche kwezilwanyana ngexesha yendaleko, kwaye nasekusungulweni iifom lokuqonda koluntu.

Okunye okubaluleke kakhulu ingqikelelo "ontogeny". Oku (in psychology) uphuhliso psyche ngamnye. Kule meko sithetha nohlobo abasisigxina kuphuhliso - ukususela ekuzalweni ukuya mzuzu yokufa kwakhe. Ingqiqo phylogeny kunye ontogeny lenzululwazi engqondweni abolekwe eziphilayo, umbhali yabo eziphilayo waseJamani Ernst Haeckel.

umthetho biogenetic

Ngokusekelwe la magama, kunye F. Müller, Haeckel yaqulunqa umthetho biogenetic (1866). Ngokutsho kuyo, umntu ngamnye kuphuhliso ngamnye (ontogeny) ngokufutshane idlule onke amanqanaba hlobo yayo (phylogeny).

Emva koko, lo mthetho biogenetic yagxekwa kakhulu luluntu lwezenzululwazi. Ngokomzekelo, njengoko iBhunga counter-Scientific of the University of Jena ngongoma kukuba akukho osandul nomsila kunye kumculo slits zabantu. Ngaphandle kwenkxaso umthetho biogenetic ngu Charles Darwin (wathi ubungqina bakhe engundoqo imfundiso yakhe yendaleko), ingcamango kuye kwaqwalaselwa yi liBhunga Scientific obangwe, yaye umbhali wayo - abatyholwa ubuqhophololo zenzululwazi.

Noko ke, lo mthetho biogenetic, kwaye eneneni ingcamango recapitulation (Latin:. "Recapitalatio" - "ngamafuphi, uphindaphindo ngokufutshane yokuqala yangaphambili") zibe nempembelelo ebalulekileyo kuphuhliso isayensi yezinto eziphilayo, kubandakanywa - kuphuhliso iingcamango mvelo. Impembelelo umthetho wayo biogenetic kuye kuphuhliso kwengqondo. Le ontogeny ye psyche umntu akakwazi ukudlala indima amava kwizizukulwana zangaphambili.

Ingxaki le mpembelelo zamandla okuqhuba lophuhliso kwengqondo

Yahlula ingxaki esisiseko engqondweni lo mbuzo oko izinto zikhokelela kuphuhliso ingqondo, imisela ontogeny yayo. Le psychology ixhomekeke ingqiqo kwezi mpembelelo zamandla okuqhuba lophuhliso kwengqondo. Kukho iindlela ezimbini eziphambili ekusombululeni le ngxaki - biogenetic (zendalo) kunye sotsiogenetichesky (yoluntu).

Abaxhasi kwiindawo zokuqala zigxininise ufuzo (lufuzo), ecinga ukuba inkampani ephambili kwinkqubo yophuhliso ngamnye wa mianakanyo. Ngako oko, indima yentlalo imiba kuncitshiswe. Phakathi abameli ubalaseleyo ndlela biogenetic - Descartes, F-F. Rousseau, Spencer, S. Hall, D. Baldwin.

Kanti kwelinye icala, indlela sotsiogenetichesky njengoko mpembelelo zamandla okuqhuba lophuhliso engqondweni yakhomba lo mba lwentlalo - indima ongqongileyo kwezentlalo. Umntu ke ngoko, wenza njengoko yimveliso yangaphandle (ngqo) impembelelo. Ixabiso ukuchaza yofuzo yomntu ngayo le nkqubo ngoyaba. Abameli -. J. Locke, E. Durkheim, P. uVuyiswa.

-Ngumba ezimbini imfundiso ontogenesis le psyche

Kwakhona, ukuzama ukudibanisa ziye zathathwa zombini iimeko - sofuzo kwaye nezentlalo - ukucacisa Okukodwa kweekhonsepthi ngengqondo "ontogeny". Oku kwabangela kwicala sesithathu psychology - imfundiso izinto ezimbini. Loo umphandi Stern, ngubani yaqulunqa umgaqo zokuhlangabezana izinto ezimbini zokuqala. Ngokwalo mgaqo, umgca ilifa yekhampasi emgceni, ngenxa yokuba imeko yentlalo kuphuhliso lomntu (kukho kukuhlangana).

Ngako oko, le ontogeny sengqondo yabantu kwenziwa inkqubo ukuhlanganisa iimeko zangaphakathi nangaphandle ze nokusebenza kwengqondo. Umzekelo, ukuba ithuku wendalo Lo mdlalo uya kugqiba umntwana uya kudlala njani yaye nini. Ngenxa yoko, iimeko eziphathekayo kunye nenkqubo iza kuxhomekeka kokusingqongileyo elililo.

Ngaba neendlela ezizodwa kuyimfuneko ukuchonga ezichaphazela ngolwalamano yeemeko zangaphandle zangaphakathi ziqinisekisa icala ontogeny. Xa psychology wophuhliso indlela amawele.

iinkcukacha ezibalulekileyo

indlela Twin yayisekelwe kwi uhlalutyo lokuthelekisa iqola ingqondo kwamawele mono- kunye dizygotic. Ingongoma kukuba xa amawele ke dizygotic (DZ - esinazo ezahlukeneyo) ukuphuhlisa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo, ngoko ke, into yemfuza kwiimeko zentlalo olulinganayo ibalulekile. Ukuba uphuhliso malunga kwinqanaba elifanayo umgangatho, ukhonza ikakhulu into lwentlalo. Nge ngamawele monozygotic (MH - esinazo twatse) imeko iyafana. Kamva ke okuza neeyantlukwano DZ- MZ amawele abahlala / iimeko ezahlukeneyo ezifanayo bafaniswa. indlela Twin sisetyenziswa ngokubanzi psychogenetics.

Ngenxa yoko, kwingcingane sophuhliso ebuntwini ontogenesis, ngokutsho kwithiyori convergence, luqhutywa nemigca enqamleze:

• izinto X yofuzo.
• Xa izinto kokusingqongileyo.

Umzekelo, i ezaziwayo-kakuhle British intelligence ngengqondo Eysenck ozakuthathwa yemvelaphi nokusingqongileyo 80% kunye yangaphakathi (amafa) -% 20 kuphela.

A engxakini thiyori factor-ezimbini uphuhliso ubuntu kuthathwa ukuba kuyakubakho izithintelo yayo ngenxa ukongeza zamafa ngoomatshini kunye nezalathisi zentlalo. Kwelinye icala, ontogenesis - i (in bengqondo) yinkqubo enzima kakhulu, asikwazi ingancitshiswa kuphela izibalo. Kubalulekile ukuba siqwalasele kuphela ratio zabo neenkcukacha zamanani, kodwa iimpawu qualitative. Ukongeza, indlela enjalo kusoloko igumbi umehluko ngabanye.

indlela Psychoanalytic ukuba ingcamango 'ontogeny "in bengqondo

Yintoni na - ontogeny - ngokwembono psychoanalysis? Ukuba imfundiso ezidlulileyo siye sabona ukuhlangabezana (ukuhlangabezana) of nezamazembe lweziqalelo ilifa nezentlalo, ingcamango uSigmund Freud, inkqubo umva. Ezi zinto zithathwa ukusuka kwindawo ngxabano, umthombo nto leyo ukungafani ngokwendalo neminqweno, inxalenye ezenzekelayo kubuntu ( "id", "Kubhaliwe" - i unconscious) kunye nezentlalo ( "superego", "superego" - isazela, nemimiselo yokuziphatha).

Xa umntu iqhutywa abese neminqweno zifihliwe, oko njengokubonisa kwesakhiwo yayo yendalo, isiqaqa. Uzama ukulawula iinkcukacha njengeminqweno yoluntu, ukulahlwa kwabo, ukulahlwa, ukuzama ukuba kuchithwe nabo kwimemori - lo msebenzi yecandelo loluntu yesazisi (inkqubo internalized imilinganiselo, izithethe kunye nemigaqo yokuziphatha, esekwe phantsi kwempembelelo ongqongileyo kwezentlalo zomntu).

Lo mbono uye wagxeka kuluntu lwezenzululwazi, ingakumbi ngenxa umehluko omkhulu phakathi kweenxalenye ngokwendalo kunye nezentlalo ubuntu.

umqondo Analytical KG umfana

Ukubuyela ingcamango recapitulation (umthetho biogenetic), siye sahlolisisa ngasentla, ukuze kuqatshelwe kwihi ku Psychology bokuhlalutya wengqondo Swiss CG Jung. Sithetha ngayo ithiyori ye-zingqondweni nabaqeshi. Kanye njengokuba Ernst Haeckel kubonakala recapitulation ontogeny of phylogeny, Jung ubona ngamnye kumnikazi amava izangoma kwizizukulwana zangaphambili. Le experiment siboniswa ukuba ibe yinto enye ngohlobo lweepateni ethile imbono kunye nokutolikwa of engokoqobo - archetypes. Uvimba elidlulileyo kunye nokusilela labo lokufikelela kwisigaba osezingqondweni iba nefuthe elibi kwinkqubo ontogenesis, ebangela ukugxojwa ukulingana yengqondo yomntu.

Ontogenesis kunye nemisebenzi

Ukuqaliswa kudidi lomsebenzi, ngokutsho kwingcingane kazwelonke, DB Elkonin ivumela elithile ukusombulula ingxaki ulwabiwo wemibandela ebhudla ontogenesis le psyche. Inkqubo yophuhliso - kukuthi, kuqala kwiinto zonke, ukuba umsebenzi wesifundo ngenxa umsebenzi wayo substantive. Njengoko ngokuba imiba ilifa nezentlalo, benza njengoko bume yophuhliso, kodwa kungekhona lubalaseleyo yawo. Bona ndingamkhubekisi inkqubo yophuhliso bengqondo, kodwa kuphela iinguqulelo zayo phakathi uluhlu yesiqhelo.