Ukuqala, izigaba kunye nezizathu zeMfazwe yaseMntla. Iziphumo zeMfazwe yaseMntla

Yintoni kwinkulungwane yokuqala elinesixhenxe, umgaqo-Russian amazwe? War Northern Enkulu - yomzabalazo unxweme koLwandle iBaltic - oko kukuthi isiganeko esisiseko kwaye zibalulekileyo ngaloo minyaka. Le mpi yathatha iminyaka engamashumi amabini ananye. Abanye bayibiza ngokuba Enkulu Northern War, yaye ezinye - Twenty Unyaka. Ngokubanzi, imfazwe phakathi manyano lwamazwe kumantla aseYurophu kwaye ubukhosi Swedish yaqala ngo-1700 kwaye yaphela ngo-1721.

Amazwe wawalwela ilifa imimandla lweBaltic. Ngelishwa, impi baphela ngokoyiswa Sweden. yaphela ke imfazwe, kuba sonke, kuza kuphela kungekudala emva koko, kwaye uBukhosi Russian oselula kwasekwa eYurophu. Yena abe izithuthi enamandla kwaye umkhosi umxhelo. ikomkhulu lalo St. Petersburg. Waye phezu elunxwemeni loLwandle lweBaltic.

Ngoko ke, oko kulinyathelo uKumkani Augustus II iPoland Elector of Saxony Northern Alliance yadalwa. Lo mbutho ekuqaleni wathi imfazwe kwi Sweden. I-Northern Alliance kwakhona wajoyina eRashiya, nelikhokelwa ngu uPetros Mna, kwaye ubukumkani Norwegian-Danish, intloko ogama Korol Kristian wesihlanu.

Emva uthotho ngumbane uloyiso kwi Swedish 1700 North Union iwa. Ngaphezu koko, Denmark ushiye empini 1700, yaye Saxony lihambe ngo 1706. Urhulumente Russian kwafuneka kulwa balwa ngokwabo, kodwa 1709 kuMntla Union wabuyiselwa. Amanqanaba of the Great Northern War kwahluka enye kwenye: enyanisweni kwicala Russian walwa Prussia, eNetherlands, i Hannover. Kunye izimpi yokuqala Sweden wanceda England (ukusukela 1707 - Great Britain), ngoko Holstein kunye Ottoman.

Ukrainian Cossack kunye Zaporozhian Cossack esahluleleneyo kwaye ngokwezinga elithile inkxaso Turks and Swedish, kodwa ubukhulu becala negalelo imikhosi Russian. Ngenxa yoko, eRussia ukwazi ukwenza ulawulo lifa yamandulo Russian kwi aseBalti, ezilahlekileyo kwamaxesha.

Kutheni imfazwe?

Zintoni izinto ezibangela ezinkulu Enkulu Northern War? Makhe ukuzama ukuphendula lo mbuzo. Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane elinesibhozo Swedish Empire yaba ilizwe ebhudla kuLwandle lweBaltic. Ukongeza, into yokuba elinye lamazwe aphambili e-Europe. Le ongokarhulumente yinxalenye obuphathekayo kunxweme lweBaltic: kwiBaltic ziquka langoku, yonke emdeni Gulf, inxalenye unxweme olusemazantsi kuLwandle lweBaltic.

Okubangel 'umdla kukuba ngo-1697, intloko Sweden wamiselwa elinesihlanu uCharles i weShumi. Abamelwane Sweden wasondela ingqalelo iminyaka yakhe abaselula nokubala kwi uloyiso lula: ubukumkani Norwegian-Danish, Saxony naseRashiya uzama ukwenza isikhalazo ku eSweden phezu ngokwemimandla yalo. La magunya ezintathu wadala Northern Alliance, umseki ogama uKumkani iPoland Elector of Saxony Agasti II. Le ndoda yayifuna ukuba ndizinyathele Livonia (Livonia), inxalenye Sweden eyayiza anganomeleza ngamandla akhe kwi Commonwealth. Hi ndlela leyi, Livonia yaphela e ezandleni Sweden ngokungqinelana Uxolo iSivumelwano Oliwa ngo-1660.

Yintoni ayegqatse eDenmark ukuya ungquzulwano kunye Sweden? Kakade ke, umnqweno elide-zabanjwa kulawula kuLwandle lweBaltic. Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba 1658, uCarl Gustav X ngexesha phulo Danish yiJutland wayaphula. Kwakhona kwi kumazantsi eli lizwe yaseScandinavia bababamba amaphondo eziliqela. Denmark kwafuneka bayeke nokuqokelelwa imirhumo iinqanawa badlula Strait of Zundsky. Hi ndlela leyi, amagunya ezimbini ayefuna lokulawula kumzantsi ummelwane Denmark - duchy of Schleswig-Holstein.

Ezibangela ukuba Enkulu Northern War iyilala kule ilandelayo: umlawuli Russian Peter I, emva iintetho Agasto wajoyina emNtla Alliance wokugqibela. Esi siganeko iye yakhutshelwa ekwimo Kumbi kwekhontrakthi. Land othi Russia eSweden kwakukho Ingria and Karelia: kula mazwe ziye zafakwa kwi Xesha Iingxaki yi Sweden ngokungqinelana ne ikhontrakthi Stolbovo 1617. Kwakhona eRussia zazidlala bahlomela ilizwe Livonia, ngenxa yokuzithoba kwawo eRashiya ngenkulungwane elinanye ukukhumbula yemihla - ummandla yamandulo ingcamango "zezindlu zooyise" yabalawuli Russian.

Kunika umdla ukuba inkqubo yomkhosi zokulwa 1656-1658 kaThixo Russian wakwazi ukuba ixesha lokuhlala kwinxalenye esempuma Livonia kunye Ingria. I amaRashiya wayithimba Noteburg Nienschanz kunye Dinaburg, kungqinga Riga. Kodwa imfazwe ePoland saqalwa naseRashiya kwafuneka ukuba asayine isivumelwano soxolo Kardissky - Sweden woyisa zabuyiselwa onke amazwe.

Kunika umdla ukufunda unobangela Enkulu Northern War - ngoyena ndoqo ukuze ziqonde amadabi umxhelo. Ngenxa yoko, amandla Russian inikwa ngumntu ubudlelwane urhwebo kunye Europe nge Arkhangelsk - kwizibuko kuphela kuLwandle White. Apha kwakukho yokukhangela enzima kwaye engaphumi, nto leyo intsonkothile kakhulu lo msebenzi. Kwaye entsimini imikhumbi kunye ababehamba kuLwandle loGayo usilele ebalulekileyo. Ngokubanzi, ekufunyanweni ukufikelela kwi kuLwandle eBaltic uthathwa umsebenzi woqoqosho iRashiya.

Xana na zidweliswe kuhle isizathu War Northern? Hi ndlela leyi, yimpembelelo engephi emfazweni ezayo eRussia kokugqitywa imfazwe eTurkey. EConstantinople Peace Treaty kwasayinwa Julayi 3, 1700 no-Agasti 18, kunye Turkey kwathiwa uxolo lokugqibela. Ekugqibeleni ngo-Agasti 19, eRashiya wathi imfazwe kwi Sweden. Ngoko nangoko zonke iimpahla Swedish eMoscow, waqalisa bathimbe ngokungqinelana nemimiselo ezisanda kukhutshwa. Baye isuswe kwicala yobuncwane Russian. Kwangaxeshanye, wabanjwa eMoscow kunye umthunywa Swedish.

Casus Belli ingqalelo ezahlukeneyo iingxaki, ingakumbi xa ityala wobuqu 1697. Ngapha koko, kwakunjalo ngoko uPetros mna, waya eYurophu, kubanda balwa badibana e Riga. Ngelo xesha amabango umhlaba azizange ngaye.

qala impi

Abathathi-nxaxheba of the Great Northern War hlukile ubuchule ezingaqhelekanga. Umzekelo, lo nyaka elishumi elinesibhozo ubudala Swedish uKumkani Karl XII waba 'uthando kunye emfazweni. " Yena waba nangokuvulelekileyo obalaseleyo kwebhola. Ngoko ke, lo balwa kwi impi yokuqala bakwazi ukuphumelela uthotho loyiso ezinkulu. Nangona kunjalo, lo igorha okhaliphileyo Karl XII yaba ngumpolitiki embi kunene; yena charted ke yena nempi yakhe ijonge imfazwe akuwenzi.

engundoqo utshaba lwakhe uPetros Ndajika vysokoodaronnym umphathi, zephephandaba yomkhosi kunye nomququzeleli. Ukongeza, LITHILE ngonozakuzaku astute kakhulu kwaye abanetalente. Kakade ke, yena haunted yi ukungaphumeleli ekuqaleni edabini, kodwa ke ekugqibeleni nkampani yimpumelelo. Emva Karl XII wenza iimpazamo ezininzi kakhulu.

Battle of Northern kweMfazwe ngandlel 'ithile inkxaso kunye Ayuka Khan. Lo mlawuli Bibles wazalelwa Dzungaria. Yena bafudukela kwiminyaka elishumi kummandla iVolga, apho waye wavakalisa ingxokolo taisha Bibles kuqala. Abasemagunyeni baseRashiya baye baqalisa thethwano kunye Kalmyks, apho bakwazi ukwenza abahlobo nabo. Russia ngexesha lo mgaqo kukhuthazwa ngamandla Ayuka. Kunoko, wavumela ukuba asebenzise nempi yakhe Enkulu amadabi War Northern.

iphulo Denmark

Abathathi-nxaxheba of the Great Northern War, oko kukuthi imikhosi Saxon kungqinga Riga, 12 Februwari 1700. Nangona kunjalo, eli phupha loMhlekazi II zange umiselwe ukuba lizaliseke: Livonian asazi bahlangene abahlaseli, yaye kwisahlulo ngoAgasti zempumelelo lingapheleli. UKumkani Frederick IV of Denmark, ngo-Agasti ka nyaka ahlasela Holstein-Gottorp duchy emazantsi karhulumente. Noko ke, ishumi lamawaka amajoni Swedish, owakukhupha uKarl XII, wabanjwa wakubuza Danes wafika kufuphi Copenhagen. Denmark Kwanyanzeleka ukuba ndimaphule umfelandawonye Augustus II: Agasti 7, kwakufuneka ukuba asayine uxolo umnqophiso Travendalsky.

hambo Russian ku Ingermanland

Kwaye ngoku khangela iziganeko eziphambili Northern War. Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba isivumelwano soxolo kweConstantinople uPetros ifumene umyalezo kwi Agasti 18. Ayikhange kwaziswa ukuba Denmark yaphela imisebenzi zomkhosi, njalo-Agasti 19, wathi imfazwe kwi Sweden. Ngenxa yoko, amajoni Russian lasungula ekhubekisayo.

Eku sunguleni, iRussia yasayina isivumelwano umanyene Augustus II, njengako kwayo ukufumana Ingermanland (aka i-Swedish Ingria). Eli lizwe ubungakanani liyangqinelana zangoku kummandla Leningrad.

Kunika umdla ukuba kumda ophakathi Estonia kunye Ingermanland wabekwa sisixeko obukholekayo inqaba inkulu Swedish kule ngingqi - Narva. Le nqaba waba lixhoba kweenjengele Russian.

Ingaba yinyaniso, amanyathelo Northern kweMfazwe zahlukahlukene kakhulu kwaye nolucacileyo? Cinga ngohambo ukuya Narva. It yayiququzelelwe ekwindla, oko Lilishwa. Ukutya ekunqabe, amajoni indlala. Amahashe, zithwele izixhobo, ukutya ukuze kakubi ukuba afe-off yaqala. Phakathi kwezinye izinto, oko yaqala ukuna, imeko wendlela zehla, babekhwele umthwalo wazidiliza rhoqo.

Ngokubanzi uPetros Ndandifuna zidibene Narva phezu lamawaka mathandathu. Ngelishwa, umkhosi wafudukela kwindawo ngokucothayo kakhulu, ndazidlathula izicwangciso kunye nexesha ukumkani. Ngenxa kokurhangqwa Narva, 14 Oktobha, apho yazinyaswa ngamajoni ngamawaka kuphela 40.

Nasekuxinweni of Narva

Yintoni udume ngakumbi Great War Northern? A ngamafuphi ekungqingweni ka Narva. Umcimbi wawuququzelelwe kakubi. Cannon adubula isixeko yaba zakuba lilize, njengoko amajoni Russian kusetyenziswa guns LBW. Ngaphezu koko, iimbumbulu ngokwaneleyo kuphela iiveki.

Narva - inqaba ne kabini Ivangorod ezikufutshane. Ngenxa yoko Potru I, ngokobuqu, ukucwangcisa zokungqinga, oko kwakufuneka olule kangangoko kunokwenzeka imikhosi Russian, omabini ngexesha elinye eyirhawula inqaba. Oku kuba imikhosi Russian iye Lilishwa kakhulu: kwixesha elilandelayo kwedabi Narva, ukuba buthathaka amandla zabo zokulwa.

Izinto ithathwe Agasti II? Emva kokufumana ulwazi malunga nokurhoxa okukhawulezayo waloo mfazwe eDenmark, ngoko nangoko wathabatha kude Riga, nasekuxinweni, lihambe liye Kurland. Ikhosi ye Northern kweMfazwe yayibuguqule: enkosi izenzo soMhlekazi II Karl XII wakwazi ukudlulisela inxalenye yomkhosi wakhe elwandle Pernau (Parnu). Yena afike kwi-Oktobha 6, waya Narva, ungqingwe umkhosi Russian.

Ngaphezu koko, ngobusuku November 18, Jikelele-Marshal Count Golovin, kunye noPetros ndilishiyile umkhosi - baya Novgorod. Ukumkani wayalela umyalelo eliphezulu esiphezulu udidi - NgoFebhuwari luKhuphiswano lweTshawe neTshawekazi de Croy. Umkhosi Charles XII Novemba 19, 1700 yayiwenze umkhosi Russian kweli dabi Narva bazoyise enzima. Okubangel 'umdla kukuba, umkhosi Swedish wababala abantu 25 amawaka, yaye Russian - 40 amawaka.

Ngexesha isenzo leMfazwe Northern Fun bubugwala Duke de Croy, ngubani kwanangaphambi kokuba kwidabi wanika uKarl XII. Kodwa wayeka akukho namnye, kodwa kunye nabasebenzi bakhe, eyakhiwa bezinye iintlanga. Emva kokuba zonke iilahleko umkhosi Russian isekhona mkhulu kubemi Swedish. Kodwa ngoNovemba 21 ukuba unikele isambuku imiyalelo iNkosana Croy.

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba Ubomi Guards bake kunye Guards zoBomi regiments ala bakhusela ukusuka balwa. Bathi akazange ukuthintela ukuthula iintloni, kodwa yokugubungela kokurhoxa imikhosi Russian, ngaloo ndlela ukukhusela kuyo woyiswa wokugqibela. Kuba babonisa isibindi kweli dabi, amajoni webutho, ngo-1700-1740 zanikwa iikawusi ebomvu: xa kukhunjulwa into yokuba "bona kweli dabi idolo egazini."

Isiphumo phulo

Battle of Northern Imfazwe yaphela ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo. Umzekelo, isiphumo semisebenzi yombutho Narva kwicala Russian ndaphants: ilahleko ngoncwino longxwelerhiweyo, ufile, elahliwe, antywiliselwa, wafa ngengqele nokulamba baba phakathi asibhozo kunye neshumi lamawaka abantu. Ukongezelela, abantu anamakhulu asixhenxe, kuquka iinjengele ezilishumi kunye namagosa amahlanu anesithandathu bathinjwa, akwaduka 179 lomGaqo-imipu 184. Yaba yintlekele.

Izizathu ngokoyiswa amabutho Russian

Ezinye iimfazwe Northern Imfazwe yaphela nya. Makhe sijonge izizathu ngokoyiswa umkhosi Russian kwi Idabi Narva. Okokuqala, lo mkhosi walungisa disgustingly ukulwa, utshaba olunamandla. Ngaphezu koko, kwakunjalo inyathelo kuhlela. Okwesibini, yomkhosi wakhe kakubi abaxhobileyo kunye wayengazi ukuba balwe njani imithetho ngamaqhinga yomgama, yisa sokuhlola koxolo. Zokudubula waba esingasebenzi kunye diversiform. Enyanisweni, waba ngelo xesha kwakukho ngaphezu kwamashumi amabini anesihlanu calibers ezahlukeneyo - le ezincinane kakhulu yathintela unikezelo yayo emthethweni. Ke ekugqibeleni, eyona nto ibalulekileyo: kwakungekho owakhe isakhiwo myalelo wesizwe umkhosi Russian. Ngapha koko, iindawo eziphambili umyalelo kuyo ngamagosa amazwe.

EYurophu, emva kokuba ukungaphumeleli kwiminyaka embalwa sasikholelwa ukuba umkhosi Russian akaphilanga ngokupheleleyo ukulwa. Ngelo xesha Charles XII Swedish igama Aleksandrom Makedonskim.

Ziziphi iziganeko Northern kweMfazwe kwenzeka emva kokoyiswa yomkhosi Russian e Narva? Peter I ithathe inyathelo elilandelayo: yena kuphela inani amagosa angaphandle kwimikhosi exhobileyo. ngoku akhawunti nje yesithathu inani lilonke amagosa eli sebe.

Kuyaphawuleka ukuba ukoyiswa kwi Narva idlale indima enkulu kuphuhliso lwe amajoni Russian kunye imbali karhulumente. Umbhali-mbali Pokrovsky wathi zonke iimfuno Russian emfazweni yaba yonikezelo inzuzo elwandle, ukuya urhwebo lokulawula amazibuko iBaltic. Kungenxa yoko le nto uPetros nisaqala ungquzulwano unike ingqalelo ekhethekileyo amazibuko eBaltic - Riga kunye Narva. Ngelishwa, wavelelwa into elihlazo kwi Narva, aqhutyelwe kummandla namhlanje St. Petersburg. UPetros wagqiba ukwakha izibuko elitsha yaye isixeko umlomo Neva River - likomkhulu elizayo yoBukhosi baseRashiya.

umkhankaso Russian

Ngoko ke, ndaqhubeka kwiMfazwe loMntla. Ngokufutshane apha phulo kamva Russian, kodwa capacious. Kakade ke, uPetros ndiyixabise izizathu zokuba kutheni abantu Russian boyiswa e Narva. Ngoku uye wathumela amandla ngokupheleleyo eli lizwe kunye nokulungiselela amajoni emfazweni kunye Sweden. Udala umkhosi omtsha rhoqo, ukuphucula ubume babasebenzi balo, inkqubo yoqeqesho nemfundo, ofumana izixhobo yakutshanje.

Úyawubuyisa zokudubula - lunciphisa inani calibers, ke ngoku kukho 12. kuphela Ngu ngokomyalelo Peter I ixesha ubuncinane izixhobo ezitsha ezingamakhulu amathathu aye wabumba. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba ezinye imipu zazisenziwa iintsimbi bambamba kanondyebo linyibilike. Ngenxa yoko, uPetros waphinda amandla emva ukusilela Narva wathathisa lohlaselo emantla.

Battle e Ingria

Njengoko imfazwe yayiqhubeka North? Ngokufutshane sihlolisise indlela elandelayo iziganeko. Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba imikhosi eziphambili Sweden bathatha inxaxheba izimpi Saxony kunye Commonwealth. Ukuthatha ithuba lo mzuzu, uPetros 1701, yayalela ngasentla ukuqala a avanyisa entsha. Ke imikhosi Russian umthetho yi Boris Sheremetev ababulala Ingermanland (Ingria), ngelo xesha abanini iSweden, ngoDisemba 30, 1701 xa i-Battle of Erestfere waphumelela eMntla kwiMfazwe ngenxa win yakhe yokuqala.

Nangona umkhosi Swedish umthetho yi General Slippenbach. Kwaye ngoJulayi 1702 kweli dabi Gummelsgofa yomkhosi Russian oyisiwe nemikhosi yakhe okwesibini.

Ngenxa ekuqaleni kuka 1703 lonke Neva elawulwa Russian.

Ukulwa e Estonia and Livonia

Ngokubanzi, isiphumo Enkulu Northern War nolwaluphenjelelwe kakhulu 1703 - kuya kugqitywa Russia zayo ezilawulwa phantse bonke belizwe Ingermanlandii. Ngowe-1704, umkhosi Russian yaqhubeka ukuhlasela. Yena phantsi umyalelo Sheremeteva Borisa ehlotyeni ka-1704 waya Livonia zayingqinga Dorpat. Le nqaba sathathwa ngo Julayi 1704 ne-nxaxheba lobuqu Peter I.

Emva kwezi ziganeko, iqela lesibini komkhosi Russian yangqinga Narva waya Estland. Ngoko ke amajoni umthetho yi Ogilvy. Waya uPetros Dorpat, kwaye ekupheleni kwehlobo, le nqaba kwathathwa. Vuma, aphume le Bastille waba mkhulu! imikhosi Russian kulo msebenzi babonisa izakhono zabo zanda nezixhobo kakhulu.

umkhankaso Polish

Ebudeni Northern kweMfazwe, uCharles XII kwafuneka enze omkhulu izigqibo. Wagqiba ukushiya impi esebenzayo nxamnye amajoni Russian. Yaye wayefuna kubetha ngesibetho esikhulu umkhosi ngo-Agasti II. Ngokubanzi, ukumkani Swedish wayefuna Poland etroneni kuye inkosi kakuhle endaweni Augustus II. Wagqiba ukudala ukusuka isidambisi Rzeczpospolita phakathi Russian kunye balwa.

Ngaphezu koko, umkhosi Swedish ngoJulayi 1701, ngaphandle ukuhlangabezana ekwalile elifanelekileyo, wawela Dvina, wayithimba Livonia. Loo nto inika umdla phulo Polish baphela lokufakwa kwaloo ngqwayi-Swedish kunye uloyiso yomkhosi Russian.

Ukuhlaselwa Russia

Iziphumo ze Northern War umdla bonke ebona imbali. Kodwa ke makhe siqale siqwalasele ngo-1707 - kunyaka wonke umkhosi Swedish waba Saxony. Ngeli xesha, Karl XII yayikhathula nokulahleka kakhulu nokomeleza umkhosi. Yaye ekuqaleni kuka-1708 i-balwa waya ESmolensk. Abanye bakholelwa ukuba ekuqaleni bahlela ukuba ashaye buhlungu kakhulu ngakwicala eMoscow. UPetros ke zange babe izicwangciso utshaba: indawo Russian wawunzima ngosuku.

I Military Council e Starish

Ixabiso Northern Imfazwe umdla kakhulu, zonke ezincinane nefuthe imiphumela yayo. Umzekelo, 11-13 Septemba 1708 kwidolophana encinane ESmolensk ibhunga imfazwe yokumkani Swedish kunye iinjengele zakhe. Yaba ingongoma yasempuma intshukumo umkhosi Swedish ngexesha ayehlasela Russia.

Emkhosini yagqiba umbuzo intshukumo ngakumbi umkhosi Swedish. Abanye banikela ukuya eMoscow nge ESmolensk, ngoxa abanye bafuna ukuya ezantsi, Ukraine. Ngelishwa, umkhosi Swedish kwakufuneka uphumlo: amajoni yaphela ngokutya izixhobo ezifakwa, inkoliso yabo abagulayo. Kodwa Hetman Ivan Mazepa wawaqinisekisa balwa ukuxhasa labemi Ukrainian, kwaye ukhethe intshukumo kwi Ukraine.

Poltava

Kakade ke, ukubaluleka ngembali Enkulu Northern War elikhulu kakhulu Russian. Oyise Juni 27, 1709 kwi-Battle of Poltava, leyo efumana kunye ilahleko okuqinileyo sivete yi balwa.

Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba emva eli dabi ezinkulu Karl XII eziselelwe Ottoman, leyo azixhokonxa Sultan Ahmed III ukuba athathe amanyathelo emkhosini nxamnye neRashiya. Menshikov, omnye namagorha, woyisa umkhosi yasebukhosini Sweden, * uKhesare Peter I ngokuthatha inxaxheba Idabi Poltava isikhundla abazukileyo Field Marshal.

Isiphumo kwemfazwe

Iziphumo ze Northern War engacacanga kwaye zivavanywe ngokwahlukileyo kakhulu. Abanye bacebisa ukuba kokoyiswa eSweden, ingakumbi njengenxalenye womanyano enamandla (Saxony, Denmark, Rzeczpospolita), kwaye bakwazi ukufikelela kwi-Russian kuLwandle lweBaltic iminyaka engamashumi ingafuneki.

Abantu abaninzi bayaqonda ukuba imfazwe ngokupheleleyo batshintsha intsalela imikhosi kuLwandle aseBalti: Russia ngoku kule ndawo ulonwabele elikhulu. A umsebenzi ephambili ebekwe yi Peter I, Kakade, iye yasonjululwa - eRashiya zifumana elwandle baza ukuseka urhwebo lwaselwandle kunye Europe.

wenza njani Imizamo uPetros the Great Northern War? Reform, ngenxa yakhe, nje kuphela abanye umfutho. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba uPetros kwaba enye ngomzuzwana zange ayeke imigudu yawo utshintsho. wokuguqula eqhubekayo baba ngenxa yeengxaki emkhosini.

Ke kaloku, Enkulu Northern War ka 1700-1721 kakhulu iphenjelelwa ngamandla yi Russia - eli lizwe onamava kwezoqoqosho kakhulu kwingxaki yezibalo. Kwaye kwimbali Finland, lelona xesha kunzima zemfazwe - ukususela 1714 ukuya 1721 - waya phantsi kwegama intiyo engakumbi. Sweden ilahlekelwe ngamandla ayo yangaphambili wajika zibe kwimeko ezingephi.