Swedish Korol Karl 12: engobomi, imbali, iifoto, iminyaka yobomi bakhe wobukumkani

Enye ngookumkani ixakayo of yaseScandinavia yaba Swedish Korol Karl 12. Ngexesha lokulawula kwakhe eloyisile mazwe Scandanavia afikelele imida zabo eliphezulu, kodwa ke, ngenxa yokuba ukoyiswa emfazweni, yaba ekupheleni Swedish Empire. Enye amaqhawe inkulu uhlanga okanye isiphukuphuku waba Carl 12 - ukumkani Swedish? Biography of kumkani kuya kusenza ukuba bayihlole le ndaba.

ebuntwaneni

Yintoni lo mntu - Swedish Korol uKarl-12? biography olufutshane kumkani, njengoko kulindelekile, lisukela emva kokuzalwa lomntu Bamthwesa. Ukuba iya kuba njengendawo yokuqala ibali lethu.

Ngoko ke, lo elizayo Swedish Korol uKarl 12, wazalwa ngoJuni 1682 kwisixeko esilikomkhulu Stockholm. uyise wakhe ukumkani Sweden Carl 11-Palatinate Tsvaybryukkenskoy ubukhosi, nonina - Ulrika Eleonora, intombi kakumkani isifundo of Denmark 3.

12 Karl kuhle kakhulu elo xesha imfundo, njengoko oko kungqinwa ubuncinane into yokuba umyeni wakhe kunjalo wathetha ngeelwimi ezininzi.

Enyukayo itrone

UKarl 11, wafa kusasa, eneminyaka eyi-41, xa unyana wakhe wayeneminyaka eli-14 kuphela ubudala. Ukususela ngoko Carl 12 - ngukumkani Swedish. Waye isithsaba nangoko emva kokufa elomzali ngoMatshi 1697.

Nangona iminqweno kayise, ubuntwana yobudala 12 Karl baphikelela ingqalelo yobudala bakhe nethe nolawulo Regency.

Eli phulo yokuqala

Ukususela kwiminyaka wokuqala wobukumkani bakhe, waba inxaxheba kumaphulo ezahlukeneyo yasemkhosini Carl 12 - ngukumkani Swedish. Ngobomi yale umlawuli phantse yonke akhiwa inkcazelo amaphulo akhe. Xa soqobo lomsebenzi ayikho indima lokugqibela edlalwa maximalism zobutsha.

12 Karl wayesazi ukuba wayeza kuba kokuyaphula Russia womanyano, Denmark kunye Poland, kodwa, nangona kunjalo, akazange mathidala ukuqalisa ezi namazwe longquzulwano. esinokukhatyelwa wakhe wokuqala wathumela nxamnye eDenmark ngo 1700. Ngaloo ndlela kwaqala IMfazwe Enkulu loMntla.

Le ibhaxa amanyathelo yasemkhosini umzala ukuhlasela uKarl 12, uKumkani isifundo of Denmark, njengehlakani kumkani Swedish Fridriha Golshteyn-Gottorp. Ukuthatha naye anokuvela encinci emkhosini, uKarl wenza elakhiwe emsinya 12 ikomkhulu yayo - isixeko Copenhagen. Izinqumo isantya amanyathelo yokumkani Swedish kwanyanzeleka ukuba ukubuza wayeyikumkani Danish zehlabathi, akazange ulindele bakhawuleza Charles ntsha.

Denmark uzinikele nto yabangela ukunganeliseki etsolo phakathi namahlakani ayo - Polish ukumkani Agasti 2, naye ke Elector of Saxony, kwaye tsar Russian Peter 1, kamva uWele Omkhulu.

Le mfazwe ku aseBalti

NgoFebruwari 1700 Wangqingwa ke imikhosi Saxon Agasti 2 isixeko Swedish kwi aseBalti. Kungekudala kwimfazwe bajoyine yeyona yomeleleyo abameli angalawuliyo anti-Swedish - 1 Petros.

Wangqingwa amajoni Russian isixeko lweBaltic ka Narva kunye Ivangorod, ephethwe yi-Sweden. Kule meko, uCarl 12 kwakhona abonisa ukuzimisela nokucinga ngokukhawuleza yayo. Xa intloko angaphathi expeditionary, ngaphambili kugubha uloyiso zabo phezu eDenmark, ziwela aseBalti. Nangona amandla omkhosi Russian phantsi umyalelo Marshal de Croix ngokuphindwe kathathu ngaphezu umkhosi Swedish, uKarl wayengoyiki ukunika kwidabi. isibindi sakhe wavuzwa njengoko Sweden enobungangamsha soyise. umkhosi Russian balahlekelwa obukhulu zokubala eziphathekayo, ingakumbi baphulukana yonke zokudubula zabo.

Ulawulo phezu Pribaltikoy Karlom 12 wabuyiselwa.

War ne Poland

Ummangali elandelayo kaCharles 12, ngubani kwafuneka ukuba sijongane, uKumkani iPoland Elector of Saxony ngexesha elifanayo kwi Agasti 2.

Kufuneka utshilo okokuba ezi-2 Agasti akwazi bathembele kuphela nomkhosi wakhe Saxon. E Poland, waba ungowasemzini, wamenywa kwisihlalo sobukhosi. Ngaphandle inkqubo yezopolitiko kakhulu ye-Commonwealth zibandakanya ukungabikho kolawulo engqongqo esembindini, enkudlwana yezikhulu, nto leyo yamenza umbuso kakhulu buthathaka. Singasathethi ke yokuba ePoland kukho inkcaso ku-Agasti 2, ekulungele ukuxhasa uKarl 12. Le indima ephambili saba magnate UStanisław Leszczynski.

Swedish Korol Karl 12 ngo-1702 yahlasela ePoland. Xa Battle of Klishove ke ingqubekile Agasti 2, nangona umkhosi wakhe ngamanani ngaphantsi amabutho esitha kabini. I balwa wayithimba lonke utshaba zokudubula.

Ngowe-1704, abameli le iindwalutho Polish, owaxhasa uCharles 12, ngoAgasti 2 wahliswa wavakalisa ukumkani Stanislava Leschinskogo. De ulawulo facto phezu kummandla Rzeczpospolita Korol eliyi wakwazi ukuseka kunye nenkxaso kumkani Swedish ngo-1706. Kwathi emva 12 Carl ekugqibeleni ndahlukana Agasti 2 lanyanzela yokugqibela ukugqiba ihlabathi Altranshtedsky, njengako apho nethe etroneni Polish, kodwa bayenza yoKhetho of Saxony.

Sihamba e Russia

Ngenxa yoko, ekupheleni kuka-1706 le manyano lonke, bekuchasa Swedish, kuphela iRussia wahlala phakathi. Kodwa isiphelo sakhe kwabonakala ukuba itywiniwe. Umkhosi uCharles Waloyisa Russian ngexesha ngqo efanayo kunye namanye amazwe. Ke kaloku, xa uPetros 1 elahlekile babehlangene, kuphela mangaliso ukugcina ubukumkani Russian ukusuka uzinikele iyonke.

Nangona kunjalo, lo gama i-Swedish uKumkani Carl 12 ilawulwa imicimbi Polish, Peter 1 sakwazi avuthuze uthotho yakhe izixeko lweBaltic nkqu ukuya ezifumaneka endaweni ikomkhulu lakhe elitsha - eSt Petersburg. Ngokwendalo, le meko yabangela ingqumbo inkosi laseScandinavia. Wagqiba ukuba kude isibetho olunye utshaba, capturing eMoscow.

Njengoko imfazwe nxamnye ePoland, phambi kokuba ngokuhlaselwa Charles 12 wafumana emanyene. Njengoko i Little Russian Hetman Ivan Mazepa kunye Cossack amagosa wokongeza i-eyenziwe, aneliseke ngomda inkululeko yabo kwakulawula tsarist. Loo inkxaso Mazeppa wadlala indima ebalulekileyo Ukufudukela eMoscow Charles nge Little Russia. Kude kube kamva nje, i-Peter 1 abazange bakholwe kule kuvumelana, njengoko kakhulu abanyaniseka Cossack hetman, kodwa yena ngaphezu kwakanye ingxelo isibakala yesivumelwano phakathi ukumkani Swedish kunye Mazepa. Ukongeza, njengehlakani Charles 12, kwakumele ukuba wenze i Ottoman, ngelo xesha ilwa ngamandla Russian.

Xa ekwindla ka-1708 abendlu Charles 12, wangena ummandla zobukumkani Russian, leyo kungekudala wayeza kuba uBukhosi Russian. Ukumkani Swedish waya Little Russia, kunye ukuhlangulwa kwakhe kwiBaltic wafudukela General Lewenhaupt. NgoSeptemba 1708 yena woyiswa amabutho Russian phantsi Forest, kwaye ke ixesha ukudibanisa nobukhosi bakhe.

impi Poltava

12 Carl (King of Sweden) kunye Peter 1 badibana ngo-1709 kweli dabi Poltava, nto leyo inkosi yaseScandinavia bayingqinga kangangeenyanga eziliqela. Enyanisweni kwidabi ngephulo kuphela Russian nje kuphela, kodwa lonke Northern War. Ukulwa bungwanyalala, kwaye intsalela tilting kwicala elinye aze kwenye indawo. Ekugqibeleni, ngenxa ubungqondi Peter 1, i balwa aqotywa ngokupheleleyo. Boyiswa phantse 10,000 babulawa yaye ababuleweyo, yaye abangaphezu kwe-2.5 amawaka. Abantu kwikhompyutha.

12 Karl ngokwakhe walimala ngokulambisa nabantu abazahluleleyo, eshiya inxalenye enkulu yomkhosi ukuba isiphelo sayo. Emva koko, iintsalela zomkhosi Swedish bayishiya e Perevolochna. Ngenxa yoko, inani lamabanjwa balwa kunyuke nge 10-15 amawaka. Man.

idabi yimbalasane yayikukuba eRashiya, leyo ndicinezelwe Swedish uKumkani Carl 12. Izithombe ibandla, leyo yakhiwa kwinkumbulo yalo mnyhadala mkhulu kwisiza edabini, ibekwe ngaphezu.

Izizathu ngokoyiswa

Kodwa ngenxa yesizathu esithile Ndayeka emfazweni Carl 12 - ukumkani Swedish? Iminyaka wobukumkani kumkani ukuba babeba uloyiso ezukileyo, yaye kwiimeko ezinzima kakhulu. Ngaba ubungqondi Peter 1?

Kakade ke, ukumkani italente Russian zomkhosi ludlale indima ebalulekileyo uloyiso phezu balwa, kodwa kukho nezinye izinto ezibalulekileyo. umkhosi Russian kabini, kwaye mhlawumbi ngakumbi, zidlula Swedish. Ivan Mazepa, uncedo kulindeleke kuba Carl ayikwazanga ukuqinisekisa isininzi Cossacks waya egxalabeni kumkani Swedish. Ukongeza, baseTurkey baba Musa ukungxama ukunceda.

A indima ebalulekileyo ngokoyiswa UCharles kukuba inguqu kummandla eRashiya wanikwa kuye akukho lula. kwebutho lakhe enkulu ilahleko non-silwe ezinxulumene ne ubungqongqo phulo. Ukongeza, ukuba uhlala ruffled kwimigudu amahashe Russian irregular ehlasela nokufihla. Ngoko ke, lo ilahleko iyonke yomkhosi Swedish ngexesha babesondela Poltava, accounted for phantse kwisithathu-mkhosi. Emva koko, lo balwa kusathe ezintathu iinyanga wowungqinga Poltava. imikhosi Russian kabini kuphela balwa inani, kodwa kwakukho ezimanzi kakhulu, ngokuchaseneyo utshaba umkhosi axhatshazwe.

Musa ukulibala ukuba ngoxa Karl 12 ngexesha edabini, yaye sele iinjengele odumileyo, kodwa, nangona kunjalo, wayeneminyaka engama-27 kuphela ubudala, kunye nolutsha - iqabane rhoqo mposiso eziyingozi.

Behleli Bendery

Bonke ubomi bam 12 UCharles ngokulandelelana ukoyiswa ziphazamise. Poltava idabi yaba uhlobo Rubicon phakathi kweminyaka wozuko nokuthotywa. Emva kokuba oyiswa nxamnye Carl Peter 1 12 basaba ekuthinjweni ally wayo - umbusi Turkish. Yibone Swedish wayeka kwisixeko Bendery, ukuba kummandla Transnistria owayephila.

Ukulahlekelwa wonke umkhosi, uKumkani Sweden kwanyanzeleka ukuba kulwa bokuphathisana Russian. Wamvusa umbusi Turkish ukuya emfazweni kunye kummandla Russian. Ngowe-1711, imigudu yakhe ekugqibeleni beze kwisiphelo esinesiqhamo. Phakathi Russia kunye Ottoman waqalisa enye imfazwe. Iziphumo zaye ngokuphoxa ukuba uPetros kuye 1: yena phantse yathinjwa, ndaphoswa ezinye izinto zabo. Kodwa uCarl 12 sale loyiso, baseTurkey waphumelela nto. Ngaphezu koko, ngokutsho ihlabathi, ekwagqitywa ngayo ngo-1713 phakathi Ottoman neRashiya, ukumkani Swedish eyoxuthwa sinyanzeliswe Sultan nezinto Turkish. Kwabakho nokuba ingadibani kunye Janissaries, apho Carl wenzakala.

Yaphela kanjalo kwisithuba seminyaka emine yokuhlala yokumkani Swedish e Bender. Ngeli xesha, xa umbuso wakhe lehla ubukhulu kakhulu. It walahleka kummandla Finland, i aseBalti kunye Germany. E Poland kwakhona walawula umdlali abangamagqala uCharles 12 - Agasti 2.

Amazing

akuntsuku zingaphezu kweshumi elinambini 12 Carl wawela lonke elaseYurophu, kwafika isixeko Stralsund - izinto Swedish elunxwemeni kumazantsi oLwandle iBaltic. It osanda sivete yi-Danes. UKarl wazama ukukhusela umzi kunye anokuvela encinane-mkhosi, kodwa ayiphumelelanga. Emva koko, wafudukela eSweden ukugcina ubunini ubuncinane ku yaseScandinavia.

Carl waqhubeka imisebenzi esebenzayo eNorway, eyayiyinxalenye isithsaba Danish. Kwangaxeshanye, ukuqonda ukuntsonkotha imeko yakhe, yena uzama ukugqiba isivumelwano soxolo ne-Russia.

ukufa

Ngokutsho nenguqulelo esemthethweni, uKarl 12, wabulawa 1718 eNorway yi imbumbulu elahlekile, ekulweni Danes. Kwathi inqaba Fredriksten.

Ngokutsho kwenye inguqulelo, ukufa kwakhe kwaba sisiphumo iyelenqe yabantu basebukhosini Swedish, leyo aneliseke-nkqubo ayiphumelelanga angaphandle yokumkani.

Kusenjalo umbuzo imfihlelo kwi baphulukana iminyaka Swedish ukumkani Carl 12 kobomi le kumkani osandla - ukususela 1682 ukuya 1718. Ukufa yamfumana uCharles engama-36.

iimpawu ngokubanzi

ubomi Ukhanyile, esisityebi, kodwa elifutshane wahlala Swedish Korol uKarl 12. biography, imbali amaphulo akhe nokufa ingqalelo kolu phononongo. Inkoliso mbali bayavuma ukuba Karl 12 wayeyinkokeli omkhulu wamajoni ababemazi indlela yokoyisa amadabi, ndinamasoldati abangaphantsi kwe yotshaba. Noko ke, kukho ubuthathaka bakhe njenge sikatata. 12 Karl ayikwazanga ukufumana ukuchuma elizayo Sweden. Kakade ngexesha lokudla kwakhe ubomi phambi ubukhosi onamandla yaqala ukuna bebodwa.

Kodwa, Kakade, uKarl 12 yenye babantu ebalaseleyo kwimbali Swedish.