Amber Room kwi-Catherine Palace (Pushkin)

Ngokungaqhelekanga umdla kwaye intle ke kwiGumbi Amber kwi-Catherine Palace. It nokuba kufanele ngokuba ummangaliso ukukhanya. Ukuvela kwalo isithuba ekhethekileyo chithi yi iintsomi kunye namabali. Kodwa yokuduka eli wobugcisa ngexesha lemfazwe nangoku epholileyo lengqondo. Ngethamsanqa, kwiGumbi Amber sikwazile kuphila. Kweli nqaku ukuchaza ngokweenkcukacha ngembali yayo kwakunye malunga apho Catherine Palace, kwiGumbi Amber izinze. Amaxabiso amatikiti kunye neeyure ukuvulwa lolondolozo lwembali kwakhona ufunde kweli nqaku.

period Prussia

ookumkani Prussia Elector of Brandenburg (Prussia kucingwe njengeziko odumileyo evuthiweyo wobugcisa eYurophu) ukususela 1618 njengezipho ukuba ezinye iinkosana baye isithethe ukunika yegolide evuthiweyo i "igolide" kuLwandle lweBaltic njengoko yabizwa. Yintoni eyenza le art processing litye ikhula ngokukhawuleza, yaye omnye encopho yayo waza waba Room Amber. Kuye sidalwe zebhola sobugcisa Prussia kwaye Isijamani liphela, oko kukuthi, xa Ekuveleni XVII kunye XVIII eminyaka.

Elector Frederick III (iminyaka wolawulo -. 1657-1713 unyaka) ngo-1701 Nathwala kuvuselelwa ikomkhulu labo, ingakumbi yokuhlala yobukumkani - yonke inezakhiwo libhekisela XVI-XVII iinkulungwane. Court umakhi uKumkani I. F. Eozander wenza ilifa ipoma ngokokwakhiwa kwebhotwe eyakhelwe phezu umfuziselo Versailles. Namhlanje, kwakusazeka ukuba wezakhiwo wadala projekthi Room Amber. Littsenburg and Oranienburg, ababini kwibhotwe uKumkani Prussia, nto leyo ehambisana kunye bayahlelwa Room Amber ukususela 1707 yaba yindawo imisebenzi Eozandera. Okokuqala, kwiGumbi Amber lwenzelwe umhombiso kwibhotwe Littsenburg. Ngexesha ubomi losapho lobukumkani akazange abone ngokupheleleyo igumbi. Lo msebenzi ngo-1709 ngxi swing ngokupheleleyo. Ngexesha wafa Nozipho uCharlotte (ngo-1705). Frederick Ndagqiba ukumisa projekthi ze bahombise ngemivalo evuthiweyo gallery kwibhotwe umhlobo wakhe - Oranienburg. Kungenzeka, ikumkani yagqiba ekubeni bayeke ukwakha, ukugcina ebhotwe Littsenburg, indawo yokuhlala yomfazi wayo, njengoko wayesele xa yena wayesaphila. Iindonga eholweni, leyo kuthiwa ukubeka iiphaneli evuthiweyo, ezihonjiswe ngentsontelo yemisonto negolide damask. Kwaye namhlanje Littsenburg Palace ungabona le damastovoy yangasese oluBomvu. In memory of Queen Nozipho uCharlotte, eli bhotwe ngokuba Charlottenburg.

Wandula ke ukumkani wayalela Eozanderu ukwandisa Ibhotwe e Oranienburg, esongeza iimitha Amber Gallery 30, ancamisayo ubukhulu uyilo bayo boqobo. Noko ke, nangona umsebenzi kakhulu, eli galari zange lugqitywe ngexesha ubomi Frederick mna, eyafa ngo 1713.

Isipho kuPetros I

Russian Mbusi wavuyiswa kunye Eozandera umsebenzi waza wenza akukho mfihlakalo kumnqweno wakhe abe umsebenzi onjalo yobugcisa kwilizwe labo. Frederick William I, indlalifa kakumkani (iminyaka yobomi - 1688-1740, iBhodi - ukususela 1713), wazisa kweli lizwe ingqeqesho engqongqo Injongo ogama ukusetyenziswa esebenzayo, waza wagqiba ekubeni ayeke umsebenzi eninzi olunjalo ezinde kayise. Kodwa injabulo undisguised iindwendwe ezininzi yamnyanzela ukuba entabeni iiphaneli yegolide evuthiweyo kwi-ofisi webhunga Berlin kumagumbi imo nqaba yasebukhosini. Yaba into nokuhlala pdtverzhdenny kuphela eBerlin le wobugcisa ukuba kuthunyelwa kwikomkhulu Russian, eSt Petersburg.

Peter I ngexesha ubomi Frederick mna buqu ukuza kuhlola yolawulo Amber Gallery, ngexesha lotyelelo lwakhe Berlin. NgoNovemba 1716, xa intlanganiso kunye nonyana wakhe, zigcinelwe ngenxa umfelandawonye eRashiya ne-Prussia, Friedrich Wilhelm ndamnika umlawuli ngezipho zexabiso, phakathi eyathi ikuluhlu kunye Room Amber. 13 January 1717 I-Amber Room waziswa eSt Petersburg kwiibhokisi-18, nto leyo, ukongeza labavavanyi igqityiwe iqela elikhulu ngamaqhekeza hayi isetyenziswa ngaphambili.

Ubungqina apho Tsar uPetros ndaceba ukufaka ezi panels, basindileyo, ngoko kwinkolelo yokuba ukusetyenziswa kwayo olucetywayo ingaphakathi Winter Palace ezi zityholo.

Amber Room ebudeni bolawulo Elizabeth

Ngowe-1743, intombi kaKesare Elizaveta Petrovna emva Ukuvuma kwetrone wamxelela ukuba isipho ibe ikhulise yokuhlala entsha - Okwesithathu Winter Palace. Ukuze enze umsebenzi wezakhiwo Italian A. Martelli wamenyelwa. Phantsi kolwalathiso kwenye lomhleli - F. B. Rastrelli - esele ngo-1746 nakala kumbi Room Amber kwi Winter Palace. Noko ke, ezinye iziqalelo wezasekhaya entsha oswele, ngoko Rastrelli wagqiba ukumisela pilasters esipilini kwaye ufake panel ezongezelelweyo, ayiqabe "ngenxa yegolide evuthiweyo". Ngowe-1745, uKumkani Prussia, uFrederick II wamnika Russian uKumkanikazi omnye kuqaliswa le projekthi A. Reich isakhelo yegolide evuthiweyo, uhombiso apho kusetyenziswa mibala kunye njengobuxoki ndimzukisa ubukhulu ka Elizabeth. Ngowe-1746 kwiGumbi Amber yasetyenziselwa namatheko zaseburhulumenteni, nangona amaxesha amaninzi ebudeni ngokutsha kuphindwa lakwaWinter Palace yafuduswa kwindawo ngeendawo.

Amber Room kwi-Catherine Palace

kweminyaka 12 kamva, ngoJuni 1755, sele e Tsarskoye Selo ngenxa yomthetho uKumkanikazi uqalisa kwenziwa phantsi kobunkokheli Rastrelli Amber Room (apho Catherine Palace, namhlanje wonke umntu uyazi). Ngoko ke ixesha elitsha le wobugcisa yozuko eRashiya, eyathatha malunga namakhulu amabini eminyaka.

igumbi Dvortsovy elivunyelwe yona, iye yaba ngummandla 96 square metres, nto leyo kakhulu mkhulu ubungakanani igumbi odlulileyo. Ngoko ke, iiphaneli babekwa enamanqanaba eliphakathi kwi kweendonga amathathu kwaye ezahlulwe pilasters kunye nezipili kunye imikrolo ihonjiswe. Apho amber bekulambatha, iindonga holo zagutyungelwa ngelaphu kwaye ezihonjiswe imizobo "yi Amber" yi wegcisa I. I. Velskim. Rastrelli ngobuciko abanyamezela ngayo umsebenzi wakhe, ukwandisa izibane zobhedu ezintle elingaphakathi, isilingi painting, imikrolo nengubo, nezipili kunye parquet ukutyibilika ngomthi axabisekileyo.

iziko yophahla ezihonjiswe kunye ubukhulu umzobo enkulu yi lomculi ezingaziwayo ukususela kwinkulungwane Venice XVIII, emele ubulumko, ukugcina yoLutsha ukusuka izilingo uthando.

sigaba avareji central yaba 8 panels nkqo, apho ezine ubekwe mosaic ngamatye ezinemibala, eyenziwe Florence kwi 1750s, ngokucacileyo ebonisa mvo ezintlanu ezingundoqo: ukuva, ukubona, ngaphandle kwebala, incasa kunye nevumba.

Amber Room of the Catherine Palace yaba lokubhalela obutofotofo. Yenza ingxelo porcelain yaseTshayina kunye kwizikhongozelo umsebenzi Russian. I-Room Amber uhlala kwaye enye kunawo evuthiweyo izacholo eYurophu yaye ekugqibeleni uya kuba museum lwezinto evuthiweyo, apho itshesi, checkers kunye caskets.

izinto zobuqu yentsapho yasebukhosini

Ukususela phakathi kwinkulungwane XVIII e Tsarskoye Selo, apho ngelo xesha kwakukho inkosi ukunyusa evuthiweyo processing yaqala ukufika ukusuka Kamertsalmeysterskoy yokugcina yokulungisa ezahlukeneyo izinto into amalungu entsapho yasebukhosini. La maxwebhu lubonise ukuba ngo-1765 yazisa apha ukulungisa iimveliso ngaphezulu kwama-70 ukusuka kweli litye, phakathi apho izifundo lehlelo (iminqamlezo kunye iminqamlezo), ifanitshala (postavtsa, nekhabhathi kunye kumagunjana), kunye nezinto zendlu. Iqela elikhethekileyo izinto ngexesha Elizabeth ukwenza imihombiso itafile, enziwe ngohlobo olubi igqabi kunye amagqabi acanthus kunye volute yobuciko. Bonke kubo ezihonjiswe imikrolo. Ezi mveliso mhlawumbi zinokuhonjiswa itheyibhile festive uKumkanikazi Elizabeth ngexesha ulwamkelo.

Amber Room ebudeni bolawulo uCatherine II

Ngowe-1763, uKumkanikazi uCatherine II wakhupha umyalelo njengako kuyo yonke canvases ipeyintwe "yi Amber" babeza indawo zayimosaic yegolide evuthiweyo. Kwi umsebenzi omkhulu kwathabatha iminyaka 4 450 eekhilogram ngamatye. Ngowe-1770, umsebenzi wagqitywa.

Ngomthetho ka uCatherine II, ukuba banikele ingqalelo kakhulu kuphuhliso lwamashisini impahla ye eRashiya, kwiGumbi Amber zincediswa obukhulu ezininzi belilinye ishishini.

Ngokutsho uluhlu oluqulunqwe yi D. Grigorovich, ekupheleni kwenkulungwane XIX kwibhotwe kwakukho isixa esikhulu ifenitshala, zenu ubukhulu becala neetafile. Ngokomthetho ayizange ivele French. Apho lemveliso bengakuphiwanga indawo, mhlawumbi yaba imveliso Russian. Omnye avuleke, inesifuba bagi, ngakumbi umdla. Isiphelo sakhe engaqhelekanga kwaye dibanisa kuye isifuba umdla kakhulu. Ngexesha Second World War, ukuba abaseleyo kwibhotwe kwaye wasiwa eJamani bahlaseli, yaye kamva nesiqingatha senkulungwane wabuya omnye kubo indawo yokuqala. Kule iifoto pre-kwimfazwe kwiGumbi Amber zombini esifubeni zirekhodwe, baye nabo zifakwe kwi-inventri ye-myuziyam ngo-1938-1940. iqhekeza Kwabuya ifanitshala iphawulwe, okuhambelana kunye amanani ukusuka amaxwebhu elongamayo komkhulu. Ngo-1990, isifuba yafunyanwa eBerlin, xa ingqokelela labucala, kwaye zingathengwa umniniyo ngenyathelo phephancwadi "Spiegel", yaye kamva, ngowe-2000, waphinda lo wobugcisa ka Amber Room ye-Catherine Palace (Pushkin). Ityesi nabakhi, ukongeza walo umdla kukuba ukwazi ngokwayo, umzekelo omnye mava zokuqala ukwenza impahla eRashiya kwiisampulu kwemveliso French ezinxulumene kunyaka we-1760 njengoko.

Ekubeni amahlandenyuka lobushushu, uyilo kunye stoveheating watshabalalisa evuthiweyo, ezintathu kuphela izihlandlo kwinkulungwane XIX lwaqhutywa nokubuyiselwa Room Amber.

Umfanekiso Room Amber

Ngowe-1907, abazalwana Lumière wavelisa plastinki- "autochromes" kuqala nomkhuba mosaic umbala ezintathu. Ezi abathile imifanekiso umbala wokuqala kwimbali kufota. Ngowe-1917 Lukomsky, intloko ikhomishini art-imbali, owayesebenza ezinde, wanikwa imvume yokwenza sokudubula ezinde Tsarskoye Selo. Kuquka izicwangciso ukususa yaye Pushkin Catherine Palace, kwiGumbi Amber kwakhona ukuba isithombe. Oku kuyimfuneko ukudala zamakhulu nemiboniso lwembali. Senzekile lwenziwe AA Zeestom. Le photos Catherine Palace basiwa ngoJuni kwi Alexander - ukususela Agasti 14, 1917, ngoko nangoko emva yokugqibela Russian uMlawuli Nicholas II kunye nentsapho yakhe bathunyelwa Tobolsk. PK Lukomsky 11 Oktobha 1917 bafumana izithonga 140, enye yazo yathinjwa kunye kwiGumbi Amber kwi-Catherine Palace. Kude kube 1941, nguye umbala kuphela umfanekiso walo.

Kule minyaka 1933-1935 imisebenzi encinane ukubuyiselwa bamthwala nomkroli I. Krestovsky.

ukulahleka elingaphakathi

Ngehlobo lowe-1941 kwacetywa wobugcisa ezukileyo sokubuyiselwa, kodwa IMfazwe Enkulu Patriotic kuthintele ukuphunyezwa kwayo. Igumbi Amber babeza kuleyo ndawo, apho amibala zagutyungelwa kunye maleko ubhityileyo ezikhethekileyo iphepha kwithishyu. Kodwa ke ukususwa ukuqotywa lenjongo wabonisa ukuba yegolide evuthiweyo ibonakala. Kubalulekile kakhulu ukuba siqhubeke iphanga i-Catherine Palace. I-Room, ogama ixabiso iye elikhulu ngokwenene, Amber ngokuqinisekileyo kwafuneka ukuba isithele bahlaseli. Ngoko, kwagqitywa avavanye ukugcinakala kwayo nangoku. Panel duct ilinen igozi, wabeka kumaqweqwe kokuthandabuza wayigubungela ngazo ngeeplanga somthi.

Xa Room Amber (Catherine Palace, Pushkin) yahlaselwa amajoni aseJamani, ekwakukho phakathi iingcali weqela kwamanye amazwe ubuncwane zobugcisa, iqela yasuswa kwaye wathunyelwa Königsberg.

Apho ke de entwasahlobo ka-1945. Ngokutsho kwephephandaba isiJamani "Kenigsberg Allgemeine Zeitung", umhlalutyi Alfred Rode, Novemba 13, 1941 aququzelela umboniso ngamatye anqabileyo, yaye ezinye iziqalelo umhombiso kwiGumbi Amber (lukhuselwe kwindawo ekhuselekileyo) kwi-Prussia Art Museum. Ngowe-1944, xa amaJamani lweMedia umva panel ikhululwe, ezipakishwe kwiibhokisi kunye kuthunyelwa kwindawo angayaziyo. Ukususela ngoko, i-kwiGumbi Amber kuhlale ebilahlekile.

imvuselelo wobuciko

Ngo-1979 iBhunga labaPhathiswa ye RSFSR, kwagqitywa ekubeni kwakhona ukuseka enqwelwaneni yegolide evuthiweyo.

Ngowe-1983, iifoto kunye negatives ze kwiGumbi Amber kwi-Catherine Palace ekuqaleni ukuvuselela zeprojekthi wezakhiwo A. A. Kedrinskogo. Ngowe-1994 kwasekwa iqela lokuqala enamanqanaba asezantsi, kunye nomsebenzi kakhulu kwi "imbonakalo" kaMoses yagqitywa kwiminyaka emibini kamva. Ngo-Apreli 2000, imyuziyam, abuyela efumaneka Germany sidiliya Russian kwaye kaMoses umsebenzi "touch kunye nevumba 'ukuba yinxalenye umhombiso egumbini.

NgoJuni 2003, imbeko St. Petersburg tercentenary e Pushkin (Catherine Palace) I-Room Amber yavulwa kuluntu. Lo msitho ubuzinyaswe ziinkokeli Russian kunye nesiJamani. Lo msebenzi, eyathatha iminyaka engama-24 ubudala, sele sigqityiwe. Ithuba entsha kwimbali lo msebenzi mkhulu zobugcisa!

Amber Room (Catherine Palace): apho, iiyure lokuvula

Pushkin, ifumaneka apho lwembali, kubekwe neekhilomitha 25 St Petersburg.

Okwangoku, Catherine Palace (Amber Room) ivuliwe imihla ukususela kwiiyure ezili-10 ukuya ku-17, ngosuku kuphela off - ngoLwesibini kwaye zonke ngoMvulo wokugqibela enyangeni ngumhla enelanga.

Ehlotyeni, inkonzo amaqela abakhenkethi kunye esemthethweni nogunyaziso yenziwe ukususela kwiiyure ezili-10 ukuya ku-16 yaye ukususela nge-16 ukuya ku-17 - womnyango amatikiti iindwendwe ngamnye. Ukuba akukho amaqela isiko, abatyeleli ngasinye nkonzo ithathe indawo ngelinye ixesha. Amatikiti Akukho kwangaphambili-bethengisa, kufuneka ithengwe kwi-ofisi bhokisi, ibekwe ke ahla- le Ibhotwe (Pushkin, Tsarskoye Selo, uCatherine Palace).

I-Room Amber, utyelelo yona simahla, inikeza izaphulelo kwiindidi ezithile yabemi. Ngoko ke, ixabiso amatikiti abadala engange-400, yaye abafundi zeeyunivesithi Russian, kwakunye umhlala-i-Russian Federation kunye Belarus - engange 300. Ezi amaxabiso kwamatikiti ibekwe uCatherine Palace. Ukhenketho nge kwiiholo (Room Amber kuquka) linikwe ngokwahlukeneyo.