I-Citadel yase-Aleppo, eSiriya: imbali yenkqantosi

I-Aleppo ihlala enye yemizi yamandulo yoluntu. Abantu bahlala apha iminyaka emininzi ngaphambi kwexesha lethu. Kulo xesha lo mzi uthathwa njengento ebalulekileyo kwiintlobo zabantu kunye nabalawuli.

I sixeko sa mandulo

Ukucwaningwa kwezinto zakudala kuqinisekisa ukuba u-Aleppo wavuka ixesha elide ngaphambi kokubonakala kokubhala. Oku kuthetha ukuba umhla ochanekileyo wesiseko sayo kunzima ukubala. Kukho izinto ezininzi zezinto zakudala ezikwindawo ye- archaeological. Oku kuphazamiseka nokulwa e-Aleppo, eye yaqhubeka iminyaka emininzi ngenxa yemfazwe yombutho eSiriya.

Ukukhankanywa kwenkqantosi kubonakala kwimithombo yamaHeti, ebhekisela kwisithathu seminyaka eyi-BC. Ngezihlandlo ezahlukahlukeneyo u-Aleppo wayeyinkunzi yeenqununu zamandulo zamandulo. Iba isixeko esityebi kwixesha laseBhabhiloni, xa iMeropotamiya engumakhelwane ibe yinkcubeko yesintu kunye nesayensi. Kwakhona kumaxesha amandulo isixeko sasithiwa ngamaYiputa namaHeti.

KwiAdam

Ngo-333 BC, umlawuli omkhulu uAlexander waseMacedonia wathumba i-Aleppo. ISiriya yayiyindawo ebalulekileyo kuye. Ukusuka apha indlela eya empuma. Kwakukho ngamazwe uAlexander aye ekulweni namaPersi, aze afike kwimida yaseIndiya.

Ukususela ngelo xesha, i-Aleppo iye yancinci i-Hellenized, oko kukuthi, yathonywe yinkcubeko yamandulo yamaGrike. Oososayensi bezinye iintlanga beza apha, izikolo ezifilosofi zavulwa. Emva kokuba amaGrike afika amaRoma, awalula apha iminyaka emininzi.

Byzantium namaSulumane

Ekuqaleni kwexesha lethu, iSiriya yaba liziko elibalulekileyo lokusasazeka kobuKristu, okwakungenako ukuphazamisa ukwakheka kokuvuma kwabantu baseAleppo. Emva kokuwa kweBukhosi, abaphathi baseByzantium babengabonakali ixesha elide, okwakhuthaza ukwakhiwa kwamabandla kunye neendlunkulu.

Ubemi besi sixeko sandile ngokuphawulekayo. Kwakhiwa izindonga ezintsha, ezijikeleze i-Aleppo. ISiriya yayiyiphondo elicebile kakhulu laseByzantium, kwaye sonke siyabonga ngenxa yokuba yayikuMgwaqo oyiSilk Silk. I-Aleppo yayiyindawo ebalulekileyo yokuthunyelwa kwabathengisi baseMpuma. Abazange bathathe isilikhi kuphela, kodwa kunye ne-porcelain, kunye nezinye izinto ezingaqhelekanga kwiiYurophu.

Kwikhulu le-VII, isongelo saseArabhu safaka indawo. AmaSulumane ayithatha isixeko saseAleppo, iSiriya sele idlula ngaphantsi kolawulo lwayo. Kwiminyaka emininzi iinqaba zasibulela ngokusondeleka kweDamasko, eyona nto yayingumkhulu weefalili. Ngekhulu le-10 kwahlala iminyaka eyi-14 yi-Byzantines, eyabangela umonakalo omkhulu kwisixeko.

Iintlabathi

Ngo-1096, uPapa Urban II wabhenela abalawuli baseNtshona Koloni ukuba bancede amaKristu aseMpuma ekulwa kwabo namaSulumane. Ngeli xesha, umbusi waseByzantine waqhubeka nokunikela amaphondo akhe kwiSeljuk Turks enobudlova.

Ifowuni yaviwa. Amawaka eenkwenkwezi, amajoni kunye nabalimi abalula bahamba bevela eYurophu befuna i-advent and glory. Injongo ephambili ye-Crusaders yayiyiYerusalem, eyayiyidolophu engcwele kuwo wonke amaKristu. Inqaba yaseAleppo (iSiriya yayikufuphi) nayo yafumana indlela yabo. Nangona ukuzingqingwa, isixeko asizange sithathwe. Nangona kunjalo, unyaka kamva abaQubileyo babamba iYerusalem. EmaMbindi-Mpuma, amaKristu amaninzi abonakala ngathi ayelokhu esongela iSyria iSamsy. Inzame yesibini yama-Crusaders ukuthatha iinqaba zenzeke ngo-1124. Kwakuboniswe ukuba yi-failure.

Ukuzamazama komhlaba

Ngo-1138, isixeko esidala sase-Aleppo satshatyalaliswa ngexesha lokuzamazama komhlaba. Kakade ke, akukho datha echanekileyo kwinani labaxhoba. Nangona kunjalo, nangokwemilinganiselo eqikelelwa kakhulu (ngaphezu kwamawaka angama-220 efile), le nyikima yayiyintlanu yamaxhoba kuwo wonke umlando wabantu.

Ukubetha kwakungekho nje eSiriya kuphela, kodwa kwintsimi ye-Azerbaijan, i-Iran neTurkey namhlanje. I-Aleppo iphoso le geological, apho uLwandle Olufileyo luyingxenye. Kungenxa yoko le nqaba yahlupheka kakhulu. Isixeko sasixhaswa ngosuku olunye. Kungekudala abemi bebuyile, kodwa ukuhlala kwimihla emininzi kwakungeke kukhule ukukhula kwayo. Kwiminyaka yeXIX x kuphela inani labemi baseAlepp liye lalinganayo nakwixesha lokuhlaselwa kwenyikima. Nangona kunjalo, nangamaxesha anamhlanje, i-kolera kunye nesifo seengxaki zesifo sezifo ziye zavela apha.

Imfazwe yamaArabhu namaMongol

Ngowe-1183 i-Aleppo (iSiriya) idlulileyo yadlulela kwi-Saladin eyaziwayo, eyakwazi ukuxosha abazalwana beYerusalem kunye nokubuyisela umbuso wase-Arabhu kuloo ndawo.

Nangona kunjalo, kwaphela ixesha elifutshane. Ngekhulu le-13 leminyaka ama-Mongol afika apha. Umkhosi ophantsi komyalelo kaHulagu wathatha isixeko ngo-1260. Iindonga zenkqantosi zawa emva kweentsuku ezintandathu zokuqhaqhaqhaqhaqhaqhaqa kwiintlobo zentambo. ICitadel yahlala malunga neenyanga.

Emva koko, iminyaka emininzi, ama-Arabhu alwa namaMongol, ezama ukuphikisa ubunzima eSiriya. Eyokuqala ikhokelwa nguMamlyukov. Intlekele yesi sixeko yayizinikela kuSamerlane ngo-1400. Phantse bonke abahlali bachithwa. Njengomqondiso wokwesatshiswa, inqaba yeengqwembe zazakhelwa kufuphi nesixeko.

Umthetho waseTurkey

Ngekhulu le-XV, imeko e-Aleppo yatshintsha: amaTurks bakwazi ukuwubamba esi sixeko. Bahlala belawula i-Syria iminyaka emininzi. Ubukhosi base-Ottoman buhamba kwiilizwekazi ezintathu. AmaArabhu ayephantsi kolawulo lwabantu abanamandla ngakumbi.

Emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi yokuqala, uMbuso wase-Ottoman wahlukana, kwaye eSiriya, igunya laseBrithani lalisungulwa ngokufutshane. Emva kwakhe, kwakhiwa ummandla wase-Arabhu, okhoyo.

Imfazwe yombutho eSiriya

Ngo-2011, kwavela imfazwe yoluntu eSiriya. Ininzi yaseArabhu yayingenelisekanga ngamandla, ayenama-Alawites ambalwa aholwa nguBashar Assad. U-Aleppo wayengomnye weedolophu ezinkulu kwilizwe, kwaye ngenxa yoko, kuqhutywe ukulwa nomsindo kuye, okuqhubekayo namhlanje. Ehlotyeni ka-2012, iimfazwe phakathi kwemikhosi karhulumente ngapha nangapha kunye nokuvukela kwelinye iqela.

Imfazwe e-Aleppo yaba yindawo ephambili yokuqwalaselwa kwehlabathi lonke xa i-gas ye-sarin yetyhefu isetyenziselwa kwindawo esekelwe kweso sixeko. Ukusetyenziswa kwayo akuvunyelwe iindibano zezizwe ngezizwe. Ezi zixhobo zokubhubhisa ubuninzi babangela ukufa kwabantu. Ngelo xesha, ukusuka kwi-shelling rhoqo ukusuka kumaqela ahlukeneyo e-Aleppo phantse akukho ntsalela yezakhiwo zonke. Iindawo zokuhlala zihlala zihlala zingenawo umbane ngenxa yokuhlaselwa komkhosi. Inani labemi sixeko liye lahla ukusuka kwizigidi ezi-2 ukuya kwezi-1 zabantu. Ababaleki abaninzi babaleka kweli lizwe, elibangela ingxaki eYurophu, apho kuthe kwavela ingxabano malunga nokuba ingavali imida.

I-Syria (i-Aleppo namhlanje ihlala ishushu kakhulu) iyaqhubeka iwela kwi-tepi yee-arhente zeendaba zehlabathi njengendawo yexesha elide, eligazi legazi. Kwaqala kwi- Spring Spring, xa ngo-2011, kumazwe amaninzi eMiddle East kunye neMaghreb, abemi abanganeliseki bafuna ukuyeka emsebenzini oorhulumente babo.