Uhambo oludumileyo uMarco Polo: oko akufumanisa

Abantu abaninzi, emva kokuba bephumelele esikolweni, banomdla kuba ngubani uMarco Polo, oko akufumanisa noko akwenzela ihlabathi kubaluleke kangaka?

Ukuqala

Uhambo oludumiweyo lwazalelwa eVenice (okanye kwisiqithi saseKorcula, apha ulwazi luphindwe kabini) malunga ne-1254. Uyise u-Nikolo noMalume Maffeo babengabathengisi abacebileyo, ababenokuthengisa iminyaka emininzi kumazwe asempuma. Baya kuBukhara, kwiVolga, kwizinto zikaKhan Khubilai. Uhambo oludumileyo lukaMarco Polo, oluyiminyaka engamashumi amabini anesine, lwaqala ngo-1271, xa izalamane zathatha inkwenkwe eneminyaka elishumi elinesixhenxe ebudeni bakhe. Abadala babebandakanyeka kwimicimbi yezorhwebo, i-junior yawela kwizabelo zezopolitiko zikaKhanya Khubilai, odibeneyo kunye nabahwebi.

Indlela ekhethiweyo

Indlela ye-Marco Polo yayilandelayo: indawo yokugqibela yayikukuba yidolophu yaseKambala e-China (oku namhlanje iBheijing), iqalo lokuqala, eqinisweni, iVenice. Kodwa ezinye iingongoma zembali-zincwadi ziphantsi kwazo zonke iintlobo zokungabaza. Abanye bathi abo bahambahamba bahamba ngeAkka, Ormuz, Erzerum, Pamir ukuya eKashgar, kwaye ukusuka apho baya eKambala. Abanye abaphandi bathi abahwebi ba tyelela iAkka, enxweme eselunxwemeni ye-Asia, kwii- Highlands zaseArmenian, eKerman, eBasra, emagqabini asezantsi aseHindu Kush, i-Pamirs, kwiNtshonalanga yaseTok-Makan, yachitha iminyaka edolophini yaseZhangye, yavakashela iKarakorum ize ifike Beijing.

Ubomi eChina

Naluphi na umendo wabo, uMarco Polo (owamfumanisa uya kuthiwa uya kuthiwa kamva) kunye nezihlobo zakhe zafika eBeijing ngo-1275. E-China, bahlala iminyaka emininzi, bahweba ngokuphumelelayo, uMarco ngokwakhe wakhonza kunye noKhan Khulalai omkhulu kwaye waba nomsindo omkhulu. Kwakusekonzweni yomlawuli ukuba i-Italiya yahamba lonke elaseChina, kwaye kamva yaba ngumlawuli wephondo elibizwa ngokuthi yi Jiangnan.

Buyela ekhaya

Ngo-1292, amaTaliyane aseshiya iChina, ehamba kunye nenkosikazi yaseMongol, eyathathwa ePersia, yatshata nomlawuli welo lizwe. Azange abuyele eTshayina, kuba ngo-1294, xa bebesele basePersia, bafumana iindaba zokufa kweKhan enkulu. Ngomnyaka kamva abathengisi bePolo babuyela ezweni labo, baya eVenice. Ngo-1297, uMarco Polo ulwa nomzi-dolophu waloo mzi ekulweni nolwandle ngokumelene nemikhosi yaseGenoa aze athunjiswe, apho omnye umntu othunjiweyo echaza, uRussiauu wasePisa, ibali lohambo lwakhe. UMarco wafa ngo-1324, ngoJanuwari, eVenice yakhe yasekuqaleni, eyindoda ecebile kakhulu, etshatile, eneentombi ezintathu. Kwaye kwenzeka ntoni uMarco Polo (ngokufutshane xa kuchaziwe)?

Ukubunjwa kweMarco Polo

Incwadi yomhambi omkhulu uyinqaba ebalulekileyo yolwazi ngabantu baseYurophu malunga neMpuma, kuMzantsi ne-Asia ephakathi. Enyanisweni, uMarco Polo wavula iiYurophu kungekhona kuphela eChina, kodwa nazo zonke iindawo ezikufuphi. Impendulo yodwa yomsebenzi wayo yinkcazo engalungile yemida ehamba endleleni. Kodwa uMarco wayengenalo i-geographer, ngoko kwakungenakukufanelekela ukulinda ulwazi oluchanileyo oluvela kuye. Kungenxa yolu phulo abafaki bemibala abasenakukwazi ukufumana iimephu ezicacileyo. Kodwa umsebenzi wakhe uqulethe iinkcazelo ezinamandla, ezichanekileyo kunye nemibala yenkcubeko, ubomi, iinkolelo kunye nembono yabantu baseMpuma. Nguye uMarco Polo. Yintoni ayenayo kwiYurophu? Eyona nto yokuqala yabantu abantu banamhlanje, kodwa ke engaziwayo kumaYurophu imali yamaphepha, iziqholo, iintlobo ezahlukahlukeneyo zeeyi, ubuqili bobugcisa baseMpumalanga. Abantu baye bakuva malunga nezixeko ezinabantu abangaphezulu kwesigidi, malunga neJapan, iCeylon, i-Indonesia, iMadagascar, iStatra kunye neziqithi zaseJava. Yilapho uMarco Polo ehambele khona. Oko akufumene kwi-Yurophu yona ngcaciso ebaluleke kakhulu eye yachaphazela kwiindawo ezininzi ukuphuhliswa kwempucuko yeYurophu.