Ubomi obuphakathi: imisebenzi kunye nesakhiwo. Imisebenzi ye-midbrain kunye ne-cerebellum

Kwinkqubo yokufunda indlela ingqondo eyatshintshile ngayo kwindlela yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, ingqiqo yaqulunqwa malunga nobukho bamanqanaba amathathu. Eyokuqala kubo (ephezulu) isebe langaphambili. Iquka i-node basal subcortical, i-cortex ye-hemispheres ezinkulu, isebe le-diencephalic kunye nobuchopho obunzulu. Icandelo eliphakathi libhekisela kwinqanaba eliphakathi. Kwaye inxalenye engezantsi iyingxenye engezantsi, equkethe i-medulla oblongata, i-cerebellum kunye ne-barolium bridge.

Ubungqingili obuphakathi, imisebenzi kunye nesakhiwo esiza kuxoxa ngazo ngokubanzi, sikhula ngokukodwa ngaphantsi kwefuthe le-visual receptor kwinkqubo ye-phylogenesis. Ngenxa yoko, ebaluleke kakhulu ekufomeni kwayo inxulumene nokugcinwa kweso kweso.

Kwakhona kuzo izikhungo zokuphulaphula, kwithuba elizayo, kunye namaziko ombono, uphahla lwe-midbrain ekhule kwaye yakha iinduli ezi-4. Siza kuxubusha ngeenkcukacha ngezantsi. Yaye nemisebenzi yobuchopho obuphakathi ichazwa kwisiqingatha sesibini sale nqaku.

Uphuhliso lwe-midbrain

Iziko ezibonwayo kunye nokuphicothwa kuyo ziba ngaphantsi, ziphakathi, ziphantsi kweembonakalo kubantu nakwezilwanyana eziphezulu kwiphepha lokuqhawula abahlalutyi abazibonayo kunye nabaphicotho-zincwadi kwi-cortex ye-forebrain. Ukuphuhliswa kwe- forebrain kwindoda kunye nezilwanyana eziphezulu kukukhokelela ukuba indlela yokuqhuba idibanxi yeyokugqibela kunye ne-cortex ye-dorsal yaqala ukugqithisa ubuchopho obuphakathi, imisebenzi yayo ishintshile ngandlela-thile. Ngenxa yoko, ekupheleni kwezi zilandelayo:

Iziko eziphicothiweyo zecandelo;

Amaziko angabonakaliyo, kunye nuclei yeentsholongwane, ezingenazo izihlunu zeso;

- zonke zihla kwaye zenyuka ziqhuba iindlela ezidibanisa i-cortex ye-cerebral kunye nomtya womgca kunye nokudlula kwi-transit middle;

Iimfumba zemiba emhlophe edibanisa ubuchopho obuphakathi kunye neendawo ezahlukeneyo zesistim se-nervous.

Ulwakhiwo

Ubungqingili obuphakathi, imisebenzi kunye nesakhiwo esilinomdla kuzo, yilungelelaniso kwaye isebe elincinane kunazo zonke (kwisithombe esingentla apha siboniswe kumbala obomvu). Ikwahlula oku kulandelayo:

- imilenze, apho kudlula khona indlela yokuqhuba;

Amaziko angabonakaliyo emibonweni kunye nokuva.

Uphahla lwe-midbrain

Uphahla lwama-midbrain, inxalenye yecala, lifihliwe phantsi kwe-corpus callosum (ekupheleni kwayo kokugqibela). Ikwahlula kwiinqununu ezine ezilungiselelwe ngeendidi ngeendlela ezimbini zokuhamba (ezijikelezayo kunye nexesha elide), ezihamba ngokuhlakanipha. Iinduli ezimbini eziphakamileyo ziindawo zamabonakude zembono, kwaye ezi zimbini ezantsi ziva. Phakathi kwama-tubercles angaphezulu kwi-groove ephawulwayo ngumzimba wepineal. Isibambiso se-knoll sichazwe ngokukhawuleza, phezulu nangaphandle, kwiqondo eliphakathi. Zonke izilonda ziya kulo. Isibambo sesigxina esiphezulu sihamba ngaphantsi komthi we-thalamus ukuya kumzimba we-geniculate. Isibambo esezantsi sinyamalalala phantsi komzimba ophakathi. Imizimba ekhwebileyo, ekhankanywe ngasentla, ingabhekiseli kumgangatho ophakathi, kodwa kwi-ingqondo ephakathi.

Imilenze yengqondo

Siqhubeka nokuchaza ingqondo yomntu, imisebenzi kunye nesakhiwo. Into elandelayo esiya kumisa kuyo imilenze yakhe. Yintoni na? Le ngxenye yecala, apho zonke iindlela zokuqhuba ezikhokelela kwingqondo yangaphakathi. Qaphela ukuba imilenze ibhekisela emigqabini emhlophe engama-cylindrical emigqabini emhlophe eyahlula kwi-angle ukusuka ekupheleni kwebhuloho kwaye igxininiswa kwi-hemisphere.

Iyiphi intambo ye midbrain?

Amagama amaninzi afunyanwa kwinqanaba elinjenge-anatomy ye-midbrain. Isakhiwo, imisebenzi yaso ifuna ukuchaza ukuchaneka ngokuchanekileyo kwezenzululwazi. Sishiye amagama angamaLatini anzima, sishiya kuphela amagama asisiseko. Ukuqala ukumazi, oku kwanele.

Yisho amagama ambalwa malunga nomgudu we-midbrain. Ingumzila omncinci kwaye ubizwa ngokuba ngumbhobho wamanzi. Eli khenda lixhomekeke kwi-ependyma, lincinci, ubude balo buyi-1.5-2 cm. Ingqungquthela yokucoca idibanisa i-ventricle yesine neyesithathu. Isibambiso semilenze sinciphisa ngokukhawuleza, kwaye ukukhwabanisa - uphahla lwe-midbrain.

Icandelo le-midbrain kwisiqendu

Masiqhubeke nebali lethu. Iimpawu ze-midbrain yabantu zingaqondwa kangcono ngokuziqwalasela kwakhona kwicandelo lesiphambano. Kule meko, ezi zilandelayo zi-3 ziphambili ziyaziwa kuyo:

Ipakiti;

- ithayi;

- inxalenye ye-ventral, oko kukuthi, isiseko somlenze.

I-nuclei ye-midbrain

Ngaphantsi kwempembelelo ye-receptor ebonakalayo ngokubhekiselele kwindlela ubuchopho obuphakathi buphuhliswa ngayo, kukho iinuclei ezahlukeneyo kuyo. Imisebenzi ye-nuclei ye-midbrain ibhekisela ekugcinweni kweso. I-dichotomy ephezulu kuma-vertebrates aphantsi yindawo ephambili apho i-nertic optic iphela, kunye neziko elibonakalayo eliphambili. Kubantu kunye nezilwanyana, kunye nokudluliselwa phambili kwiindawo ezibonakalayo, ukuxhamla okuhlala phakathi kweganga elingaphezulu kunye ne-optic nerve ibalulekile kuphela kwiingcamango. Kwi-bodyic body body, kunye nucleus ye-hillock esezantsi, iifom ze-loop auditory ziphela. Uphahla lwe-midbrain ludibaniswe nokuxhamla ngokubanzi. Isitya sephahla sinokucingwa njengesiseko se-reflex sokunyuka okubonakalayo phantsi kwefuthe lezinto ezibucayiweyo nezibonwayo.

Ingqondo ikhupha

Ijikelezwe ngumbindi ongundoqo, osebenza kuwo uhambelana nenkqubo yemifuno. Ngaphantsi kwodonga lwe-ventral, kwisigxina seengqondo, kukho nuclei yezibilini ezimbini ze-cranial motor.

Inucleus ye-oculomotor nererve

Iqulethwe ngamasebe athile okugcinwa kwimizimba eyahlukahlukeneyo ye-eyeballball. Emva koko kunye nendawo ukusuka kuyo kukho idibansi encinci yee-plant nucleus, kunye ne-nucleus engaphili. I-nucleus engapheliyo kunye neyongezelelweyo ingabonakaliyo kwimizimba yeziliso, ezingabonakaliyo. Sibhekisela le nxalenye ye-oculomotor nererve kwindlela yokuhlaziya i-parasympathetic system. I-rostralnee (ngasentla) inucleus ye-nerve ye-oculomotor ibeka i-nucleus ye-longitudinal fascicle ephakathi kwengqondo.

Imilenze yengqondo

Zihlukaniswe kwisiseko somlenze (inxalenye ye-ventral) kunye nevili. Umba omnyama usebenza njengomda phakathi kwabo. Umbala wayo ubangelwa i-melanin - i-pigment emnyama, equlethwe kwiiseli zesiswini ezenzayo. Ingxowa ye-midbrain yinxalenye yalo, ephakathi kwento emnyama kunye nophahla. Ukusuka kuyo usuka kumzila wepondo ophakathi. Le yindlela ehamba ngayo ye-neural pathway, efumaneka kwiphepha le-midbrain (inxalenye yayo ephambili). Ngokubunjwa kwalo - iifayili eziphuma kwi-nucleus ebomvu, indawo ephaphakayo, ukwakheka okucacileyo kwengqondo ephakathi kunye ne-thalamus kumnquma kunye nokwakheka kwe-medulla oblong. Le ndlela inxalenye yenkqubo ye-extrapyramidal.

Imisebenzi ye-midbrain

Udlala indima ebalulekileyo ekwakheni ukulungiswa kunye nokulungiswa kweengcamango, ezenza ukuhamba nokuma. Ukongezelela, umsebenzi wengqondo ophakathi unalandelayo: ulawula ithoni ye-muscle, ithatha inxaxheba ekuhanjisweni kwayo. Kwaye le imfuneko imfuneko yokuphunyezwa kweminyango ehambelanayo. Olunye umsebenzi ngumthetho weenkqubo ezininzi (ukugwinya, ukutshiza, ukuphefumla, uxinzelelo lwegazi). Ngenxa yokubukela okubonakalayo kunye nokubonwa kwezinto ezibonakalayo, kunye nokwanda kwetoni yeengcambu ze-flexor, ubuchopho obuphakathi (esithombeni esiphezulu sikhankanywe ebomvu) silungiselela umzimba ukuba uphendule ngokukhawuleza. I-refokestic ne-static reflexes zifezekiswa kwinqanaba layo. I-reflexes ye-Tonic inikezela ukubuyiswa kwe-balance, posture, ephukile ngenxa yenguqu kwisimo. Ziyabonakala xa isikhundla sekhanda nomzimba kwisiguqu sitshintshwa ngenxa yokuxhaswa kwabanikazi bempahla, kunye ne-receptors eziphathekayo kwesikhumba. Yonke le mi sebenzi ye-midbrain ibonisa ukuba idlala indima ebalulekileyo emzimbeni.

Cerebellum

Ngoku siphendukela kwi-cerebellum. Yintoni na? Esi sisakhiwo sengqondo ye-rhomboid. Yakhiwe kwi-ongenisis ukusuka kwibhere (cerebral rhomboid bladder). Inxulumene namasebe ahlukeneyo kwinkqubo yesantya elawula ukuhamba kwethu. Uphuhliso lwayo luqhutywa endleleni yokuphucula intambo yomgudu, kunye nokubenza buthathaka nge-vestibular system.

Uphando uLuigi Luciani

Imisebenzi ye-midbrain kunye ne-cerebellum yafundwa nguLuigi Luciani, isi-physicist Italian. Ngomnyaka we-1893 wafaka iimvavanyo kwizilwanyana ezine-cerebellum ngokugcwele okanye ngokukodwa. Kwakhona wenza uhlalutyo lomsebenzi wakhe we-bioelectric, ukubhalisa ngokucaphukisa nokuphumla.

Kwavela ukuba i-tone ye-muscle exensor iyanda xa isahlulo se-cerebellum sisuswa. Iimpembelelo zezilwanyana zoluliwe, i-trunk iyaphilile, kwaye intloko iyaphambukela kwicala elisebenzayo. Iimeko ("i-maneuvers") zenzeka kwicala elisebenzayo. Ukuphazamiseka okuchazwe ngokukhawuleza kugqityiwe, nangona kunjalo, ukufumanisa okunye kuqhubeka.

Ukuba ususa yonke i-cerebellum, ufumana ubunzima obuhamba phambili bokuhamba. Ziye zahlulwa kancane kancane ngenxa yokusebenza kwe-cortex ye-cerebral (indawo yayo yemoto). Nangona kunjalo, isilwanyana sisalokhu siphule ukulungelelaniswa. Kukho ukungalungi, okungahambi kakuhle, ukunyakaza, ukuhamba ngokukhawuleza.

Igalelo le-Academician Orbeli

Ngowe-1938, i-Academician Orbeli yafumanisa ukuba i-cerebellum ichaphazela nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zokufumana, izityalo zendalo. Ukongezelela, kukho uqhagamshelo kunye nesimo semisipha yezitho zangaphakathi. Ukutshintsha kwegazi, ukujikeleza kwegazi, ukuphefumula, ukugaya, okwenzeka phantsi kwefuthe le-cerebellum, kuhlose ukubonelela (trophic) imisebenzi yezihlunu zamathambo.

I-Academician Orbeli cerebellum ayibonwa nje ngokuba ngumncedisi we-cerebral cortex ekulawuleni ukunyakaza kwama-muscle kunye neetoni, kodwa kunye ne-adaptation-trophic center. Kule nxaxheba, ichaphazela zonke iinjongo zeengqondo ngokusebenzisa inkqubo yeentlanzi (isebe elivelwano). Ngoko i-metabolism ilawulwa, kwaye i-CNS iyavumelana neemeko zendalo. Kwafunyaniswa ukuba umsebenzi we-cerebellum unxulunyaniswa ngokungahambi kakuhle kwi-cortex yecerebral hemispheres kwaye ivela phantsi kolawulo lwayo.

Isiphelo

Ngoko, sihlolisise ngokufutshane i-cerebellum kunye nengqondo yomntu. Imisebenzi yabo ichazwe ngathi. Ngoku uyazi indima ebalulekileyo abayidlalayo. Umzimba wethu uhlelwe ngendlela efanelekileyo ukuze zonke izitho zawo zenze umsebenzi wazo, zonke ziyimfuneko. Imisebenzi ye-medulla kunye ne-midbrain, kunye namanye amalungu omzimba, kufuneka yaziwe.

Kwaye ekupheliseni amagama ambalwa. Ingqondo yintlangano edibeneyo equkethe iibhiliyoni zeeseli zisebenza kunye. Ixhasa ubomi ngendlela eguquguqukayo neyodwa, kodwa engatshintshiyo kwaye iyakwazi ukuphendula ekukhuthazeni okutshintshayo, izikhokelo zokuziphatha kunye neemfuno. Njengoko sitshintsha ukususela ebuntwaneni ukuya ebuntwaneni, kwaye emva kokukhula, ukukhula nokuguga, umzimba wethu wenza indlela efanayo nathi. Ngako oko, ingqondo iyatshintsha. Oku kulandela, ngakwesinye icala, izicwangciso zezinto eziguquguqukayo kunye ne-ontogenetic zophuhliso. Kodwa ngakwelinye icala, uyakwazi ukuvumelanisa nokusebenzisana okutshintshayo phakathi kwendawo yangaphandle kunye nomzimba.