I-Anisotropy yintoni? Inkcazo kunye nesicelo

Eli nqaku lisitshela ukuba i-anisotropy kukungalingani kwemilinganiselo yesimo esithile somzimba kunye nezikhokelo ezahlukeneyo zomzimba oqinileyo. Ubonisa oko kubangela i-anisotropy, apho kwenzeka khona, indlela esetyenziswa ngayo. Kwakhona inkcazo emfutshane ye coefficient ye-anisotropy inikezelwa.

Ukunqunywa kwe-anisotropy

Ukuqala, sinika inkcazo yalo mqondo. I-Anisotropy yohlukwano kwiipropati kunye nemigqaliselo yento kwiindlela ezahlukeneyo. Kuvela ngokungaqondakaliyo kwaye ngokucacileyo kufuna inkcazelo. Iipropati zithetha nayiphi na impawu zezinto - ukuxhuma, ukukhawuleza kwesandi, isalathisi sokukhupha, ukuqhuba kwe-thermal, ukuqhuba umbane. Ngaloo ndlela, umzekelo, ukwenzela isantya sesandi, i-anisotropy yinto ebonakalayo xa amaza esandi asasaza kwi-rock bump ngejubane ehlukile kuneendlela. Kule meko, le propati inceda ukunqumla amatye aphantsi ehlabathini. Ukusasazeka ngokwemvelo ngexesha lokuzamazama komhlaba, umzekelo, okanye ngempembelelo echanekileyo echanekileyo, kuya kunika ingcamango yokuxininisa kunye nesiganeko sokuvela kwamaminerali ahlukeneyo.

Yintoni eyenza i-anisotropy?

Xa ukukhankanya eli gama lidla ngokuba lithetha i-anisotropy yeekristal. Eli candelo lijongene ne-physics eqinile yombuso. Kwaye nawuphi na ososayensi kule ntsi okokuqala uyazi: iipropati zezinto ayixhomekeki kuphela kwiiyiphi i-athomu eziqulethweyo, kodwa kunye nokuba yiyiphi imigaqo kwaye yiziphi iindidi zabanye ezi iathom zixhunyiwe. Kwaye kubaluleke kakhulu: kuxhomekeke kwiqela elilinganayo le sakhiwo esiphumelayo. Kukho amashumi amabini anesibini kubo. Iqela lomlinganiso libonisa ukuba zininzi kwaye ziphi ukunyakaza okufuneka zenziwe ukuze izinto ezifanayo zidibane kwaye zihambisane ngokupheleleyo. Ezi zenzo ziquka: ukujikela i-axis (kwinqanaba elithile), ukucinga ukusuka kwinqwelo okanye kwindawo, inversion. Iqela lokulinganisa kwaye libonisa oko kuza kuba yi-anisotropy ye-crystals. Iimpawu ezinezakhiwo ze cubub, umzekelo, ungenayo le propati. Iiparitha zamanqwanqwa anjalo zifana nazo zonke izikhokelo.

Yiyiphi ikona efunekayo kwi-anisotropy?

Ngasentla sinike umzekelo xa ukusasazwa kwesandi akufanelanga kwiindlela ezihamba ngayo. Le yimeko ekhethekileyo yendlela i-anisotropy yepropati ebonakala ngayo, ebizwa ngokuba yi-orotropy. Nangona kunjalo, i-symmetry yamakristali ayikho kuphela i-cubic okanye i-rhombic. Kuxhomekeka, xa ukuphindaphinda kwemiba yesakhiwo kwenzeka xa ujika kwisithathu sesangqa, okanye u-hexagonal, ngoko i-angle of rotation ilingana nesithandathu sesangqa. Uluhlu lwemigangatho ephantsi, i-monoclinic, yenza ukuba iipropati zikwazi ukungalingani kwi-crystal kwizikhokelo ezintathu. Ngaloo ndlela, i-anisotropy yimizimba yamachiza e- crystalline, engabonakaliswa kuyo nayiphi na iiplanga zombini kwindiza kunye nomqulu.

Ngaba zonke iipropati zine-anisotropy?

Lo mbuzo ungokwemvelo. Ukuba enye ipropati kule crystal ine-anisotropy, ngaba ezinye iiparitha zi landela lo mzekelo? Ukhetho. Thatha, umzekelo, iikristali ezisetyenziswe kwimiboniso yombono ebusuku. Bayakwazi ukuguqula ukukhanya okungabonakaliyo kwinqanaba elibonakalayo (ngokuqhelekileyo umfanekiso wee-shades eziluhlaza). Kwizinto ezinjalo i-anisotropy yipropati ephambili efanelekileyo yokusetyenziswa kwaye inokuba luncedo. Kwaye, ukwenzela ukuba umphumo ube ngowona nto, ama-crystals kufuneka aguqulwe kwinqanaba elithile (ngenxa yale njongo, zikhulile ngokukodwa ngendlela ethile). Ngenye indlela, ukuguqulwa kwemisebe kungaphantsi okanye kungabikho ngokupheleleyo. Kule meko, i-conductivity ye-thermal, ukunyuka kwesandi okanye ukuchithwa kwe-electrodiffusion kuzo zisasazeka ngokufanayo kuzo zonke izikhokelo. Kwakhona kwenzeka ukuba kwipropati enye i-angle of difference yeempawu zayo enye, kwaye enye-enye. Kodwa ezi ziimeko eziqhelekileyo.

Kuphi enye i-anisotropy?

Xa umntu eva "iikristst", ngokuqhelekileyo acinga ikholam ye-quartz okanye i-amethyst. Amanye amantombazana mhlawumbi acinga ngemigcobo. Nangona kunjalo, nayiphi na into eqinileyo ingaba i-crystalline. Imveliso eyenziweyo yensimbi, i-aluminium, ithusi, i-tin nayo iquka i-crystals, encinane kakhulu. Kwaye kwinto nganye kwinqanaba elincinci, i-anisotropy yeensimbi iyabonwa kwakhona. Nangona kunjalo, iipropati ezipapashwa kwiindlela ezihlukeneyo, iindlela ezithile kunye nobomi bemihla ngemihla azibonakali. Ngokomzekelo, kwiikristubhi zensimbi kunye ne-aluminium, i-moduli ye-Young's elastic elastic ishiyana ne-axis ekhethiweyo. Ukwandiswa okukodwa kweetini kwimizila eyahlukileyo kuyahluka phantse kabini. Nangona kunjalo, ezo nkcukacha, njengomthetho, akudingeki ukuba ziqwalaselwe yonke imihla. Emva koko, i-anisotropy yesinyithi kunye nemiphumo yayo, njengommiselo, ikwafakwa kuzo zonke izicelo zazo kwisigaba sokuyila izinto, izakhiwo, iinqwelo, iimoto.

Unokubala njani i-anisotropy?

Yonke ebhaliwe ngasentla, sinethemba, sitsho ngokucacileyo umfundi ukuba yintoni i-anisotropy. Nangona kunjalo, omnye umbuzo uvela: sinokubala njani indlela ezahlukileyo ngayo iipropati kunye nezikhombisi ezingahambisani nendawo? Ngenxa yoko, kukho i-coefficient ye-anisotropy. Yenza ngokukhawuleza ukugcina, ixabiso ngalinye libalwe ngendlela yalo. Iimpawu ezifumana i-anisotropy zinokuhlukana komnye nomnye. Iipropati zesimishini okanye i-quantum zihluke ngokuphambili, eziyamkelekileyo, enye ingenakwenzeka okanye ayinakwenzeka ngokupheleleyo. Ngako oko, akukho mfuneko yokuthetha malunga ne-coefficient eqhelekileyo nayiphi na ixabiso. Ukongezelela, ngokuqhelekileyo akunakwenzeka ukubala ukuba yiyoqobo, le xabiso ifumaneka kuphela kwindlela yokulinga. I-coefficient ye-anisotropy ibandakanya umlinganiselo wexabiso lexabiso eliphandiweyo kwiindlela ezahlukeneyo. Ngamanye amaxesha eli nani liquka i-angle phakathi kweendlela ezikhethiweyo. Enyanisweni, ngokuqhelekileyo nje kuphela njengesalathisi phantsi kwexabiso lexabiso. Ngokomzekelo, uK _xy ubonisa ukuba lo mlinganiso ubhekisela kummahluko kwixabiso lezinto eziphathekayo kunye ne-x ne-y axxes.