Iqonga le-neutrino: inkcazo, iipropati, inkcazo. Ukucinywa kwe-neutrinos ...

I-neutrino yincinci yeprayimari, efana ne-electron, kodwa ayikho inkunkuma yombane. Inomlinganiselo omncinci kakhulu, onokuthi ube nantoni. I-velocity ye-neutrino ixhomekeka kwi-mass. Ukwahlukana ngexesha lokufika le-particle kunye nokukhanya kuku-0.0006% (± 0.0012%). Ngo-2011, ngexesha lokuvavanya kwe-OPERA, kwafunyanwa ukuba ijubane le-neutrinos likhawuleza kunokukhanya, kodwa amava azimeleyo akaqinisekanga oku.

Iingqungquthela ezingabonakaliyo

Le ngenye yeengqungquthela eziqhelekileyo kwindalo yonke. Ekubeni ixubana kakhulu nento, kunzima kakhulu ukubona. Ii-electron neutrinos azibandakanyeki kwiintsebenziswano ezinamandla zenyukliya, kodwa zithatha inxaxheba ngokulinganayo kubuthathaka. Iiphalamenti ezinaloo ndawo zibizwa ngokuba yi-leptons. Ukongeza kwi-electron (kunye ne-anti-particle yayo, i-positron), i-leptons ehlawulisiweyo iquka i-muon (i-electron masses 200), i-tau (i-3500 i-electron masses) kunye ne-antiparticles. Zibizwa ngokuba kunjalo: i-electron, i-muon, ne-tau neutrinos. Ngamnye wabo unempahla ebalulekileyo, ebizwa ngokuba yi-antineutrinos.

I-muon kunye ne-tau, njenge-electron, zinamaqhekeza ezihamba nazo. I-muon kunye ne-tau neutrino. Iintlobo ezintathu zeengqungquthela ziyahlukana. Ngokomzekelo, xa i-muon neutrinos isebenzisana nethagethi, ihlala ivelisa iimon, kwaye ikhe i-tau okanye i-elektroni. Ekusebenzisaneni kweengqungquthela, nangona i-electrons ne-elektron-neutrinos ingadalwa ize ichithekele, isamba sabo asihlali sitshintshile. Le nyaniso ikhokelela ekuhlukaniseni i-leptons zibe zintathu iintlobo, elowo unayo i-lepton ehlawulisiweyo kunye ne-neutrino ehambayo.

Ukufumanisa le ngqungquthela, inkulu kakhulu kunye ne-detectors ezibucayi kakhulu. Ngokuqhelekileyo, i-neutrinos ephantsi-energy iya kuhamba iminyaka emininzi ngaphambi kokudibana nomba. Ngenxa yoko, zonke iimvavanyo ezisemgangathweni zithembele ekulinganiseni iincinci zabo ezincinci ezihambelanayo kunye nabarekhoda obukhulu obukhulu. Umzekelo, kwi-observance ye-neutrino yaseSudbury, equkethe iitoni ezili-1000 zamanzi amakhulu, malunga ne-1012 ye-neutrinos yesibini ngomzuzwana uyadlula umtshini. Kwaye kuphela 30 ngeentsuku ezifumaneka.

Imbali yokufumanisa

UWolfgang Pauli wayengowokuqala ukubeka ubungqina be-particle ngo-1930. Ngaloo xesha, kwavela ingxaki, kuba kwakubonakala ngathi amandla kunye neengxube zengxubevange azizange ziqhubeke nokubola kwe-beta. Kodwa uPauli waphawula ukuba ukuba i-particle yokungathathi hlangothi engathathi hlangothi iyaphuma, umthetho wokulondolozwa kwamandla uza kugcinwa. I-physicist yaseItaliya e-Enrico Fermi ngo-1934 yavelisa imbono yokubola kwe-beta waza wanika i-particle igama layo.

Naphezu kwazo zonke izibikezelo, iminyaka engama-20 i-neutrinos ayikwazanga ukufunyanwa ngokuzama ngenxa yokusebenzisana kwayo ebuthakathaka nomba. Ekubeni iinqununu zingekho kombane, i-electromagnetic force does not act on them, kwaye ngenxa yoko, ayibangeli ionization. Ukongezelela, basabela ngombandela kuphela ngokusebenzisana okubuthathaka kwamandla angenanto. Ngako oko, zizona zincinci ezincinci ezihamba phambili ezinokukwazi ukudlulela kwinani elikhulu lama-athomu ngaphandle kokubangela ukuba ziphendule. Kuphela kwezigidigidi ezili-10 zalezi zinhlayiya, ezihamba ngombala kumgama olingana nobubanzi bomhlaba, uphatha ngeproton okanye i-neutron.

Ekugqibeleni, ngowe-1956 iqela lama-physicists aseMelika, liholwa nguFrederick Raines, labika ukufunyanwa kwe-electron-antineutrinos. Kwimvavanyo yakhe, i-antineutrinos ekhutshwe yi-reactor enyukliya ehambelana namaprotoni, ukwenza i-neutron kunye nama-postitron. Izityikitya zamandla ezinqabileyo (kwaye ezingabonakaliyo) zamagqabantshintshi ekugqibeleni ziye zaba ubungqina bokuba kukho inxalenye.

Ukufunyanwa kweeon leptons ye-muon yaba yinto yokuqala yokuqaphela uhlobo lwesibini lwe-neutrino-muon. Ukuchonga kwabo kwenziwa ngo-1962 ngokusekelwe kwiziphumo zovavanyo kwi-particle accelerator. Ama-nimon neutrinos aphezulu-energy awakhiwa ukubola kweeponon kwaye zajoliswa kumtshini ngendlela enokuthi ifundwe ngayo. Nangona zingabonakali, njengezinye iintlobo zalezi zinhlayiya, kwafunyanwa ukuba kwiimeko ezinqabileyo xa zithatha iiponononi okanye i-neutron, i-muon neutrinos ifomu, kodwa ayikaze i-electron. Ngo-1998, amafilimu aseMerika uLeon Lederman, uMelvin Schwarz kunye noJack Steinberger bafumana umvuzo weNobel kwi-Physics ngokuchongwa kwe-muon neutrinos.

Phakathi kwee-1970, i-neutrino yefilosofi yongezwa ngenye indlela ye-leptons - tau. I-tau neutrinos kunye ne-tau antineutrinos zifunyenwe zidibene nale lepton yesithathu. Ngo-2000, iifrikhiji kwiLebhu yeSizwe seLebhuseli. U-Enrico Fermi wabika ubungqina bokuqala bokufaka ubungqina bale nxalenye yeengqungquthela.

U bunzima

Zonke iintlobo ze-neutrinos zinobunzima obuncinci kunabo baqeshwe nabo. Ngokomzekelo, iimvavanyo zibonisa ukuba ubunzima be-electron-neutrino kufuneka bube ngaphantsi kwe-0.002% ye-electron mass kwaye ukuba isixa semibutho yezilwanyana ezintathu kufuneka sibe ngaphantsi kwe-0.48 eV. Kwiminyaka emininzi kwakubonakala ukuba ubunzima be-particle bubunzima, nangona bekungekho ubungqina obungqina bokuba kutheni oku kufanele kube njalo. Emva koko, ngo-2002, kwi-Observatory ye-Neutrino yaseSudbury, ubungqina bokuqala bokubakho bufunyenwe ukuba i-electron-neutrino ekhutshwe yi-nyukliya kwindlela yengqungquthela ye-Sun njengoko idlula kuyo itshintsha uhlobo lwayo. "Izinto ezinjalo" ze-neutrinos zinokwenzeka ukuba enye okanye ezininzi iintlobo zeengqungqwana zinomlinganiselo othile omncinci. Izifundo zabo ekusebenzisaneni kwemimangaliso ye-cosmic emoyeni yomhlaba zibonisa ukuba ubukho bobunzima, kodwa kufuneka kwenziwe iimvavanyo ezongezelelweyo ukuze zichane ngokuchanekileyo.

Imithombo

Imithombo yemvelo ye-neutrinos yintlungu yokusasazwa kwemimandla emibilini yomhlaba, phantsi kwayo ukuphuma okukhulu kwee-electron-antineutrinos eziphantsi. I-Supernovae nayo ibangelwa yi-neutrino, ngenxa yokuba ezi zincinci kuphela zinokungena kwizinto ezinqabileyo ezenziwe kwinkwenkwezi ewayo; Ingxenye encinane yamandla iguqulwa ibe yinto yokukhanya. Izibalo zibonisa ukuba malunga ne-2% yamandla weLanga yindlela yamandla e-neutrinos eyenziwe ekuphenduleni kwe-thermonuclear fusion. Kubonakala ukuba ininzi yento ebumnyama yendalo yonke iqukethe i-neutrinos eyenziwe ngexesha le-Big Bang.

Iingxaki ze-physics

Iinkalo ezinxulumene neutrinos kunye ne-astrophysics ziyahluka kwaye ziguquke ngokukhawuleza. Imiba ekhoyo, ebandakanya inani elikhulu lemizamo yokulinga kunye nezobugcisa, zilandelayo:

• Ziziphi iindidi ze-neutrinos ezahlukeneyo?
• Ziyichaphazela njani i-cosmology ye-Big Bang?
• Ngaba bayayifaka?
• Ingaba i-neutrino yoluhlobo olunye ingaba yinto enye xa ihamba ngento kunye nendawo?
• Ngaba i-neutrinos ihluke ngokukodwa kwi-antiparticles yawo?
• Iifwenkwezi zingaphula njani kwaye zenze i-supernovae?
• Iyiphi indima ye-neutrinos kwi-cosmology?

Enye yeengxaki ezide zenkxalabo ekhethekileyo yinto ebizwa ngokuba yingxaki ye-neutrinos yelanga. Eli gama libhekiselele ekubeni kwimizamo emininzi yomhlaba eqhutywe kule minyaka engama-30 edlulileyo, iincinci ezingaphantsi zazigcinwa rhoqo kunokuba ziyimfuneko ukuveliswa kwamandla okwenziwe ngelanga. Esinye sezixazululo ezinokuthi siyi-oscillation, okokuthi, ukuguqulwa kwe-neutrinos ye-elektroniki kwi-muonic okanye kwi-tau ngelixa ehamba emhlabeni. Ekubeni kunzima kunzima ukulinganisa i-muon- or tau-neutrinos enamandla-ncinane, olu hlobo lenguqu luchaza ukuba kutheni singagcinanga inani elichanekileyo leengqungquthela emhlabeni.

I-Nobel Prize

Umvuzo weNobel kwiFizikiki wonyaka ka-2015 wanikezelwa kuTakaaki Kadzite no-Arthur MacDonald ngokufumanisa ubunzima be-neutrino. Le yayingowesine sibhaso, enxulumene nemilinganiselo yokulinganisa kwezi ngqungquthela. Omnye unokuthi unomdla kumbuzo othi kutheni sifanele sixhalabele kakhulu malunga nento engabandakanyekanga nomcimbi oqhelekileyo.

Inyaniso nje yokuba sinokuzibona ezi ntlukwano ze-ephemeral ingumxholo wobulumko buntu. Ekubeni imithetho ye-quantum mechanics iyinto enokwenzeka, siyazi ukuba, nangona ukuba phantse zonke i-neutrinos zidlula emhlabeni, ezinye zazo ziya kusebenzisana nayo. Umtshini wesayizi enkulu ngokwaneleyo unokuyibhalisa.

Isixhobo sokuqala esinjalo sakhiwe kwiminyaka engama-60 enzulu kwimigodi eMzantsi Dakota. I-mine yazaliswa ngamawaka angama-400 eekitha zokucoca amanzi. Ngokomyinge, enye inxalenye ye-neutrinos idibanisa ne-athomu ye-chlorine yonke imihla, iguqule ibe yi-argon. Okumangalisayo kukuba, uRaymond Davis, ophethe umtshini, weza ngeendlela zokufumanisa ezi iibhanki ezimbalwa ze-argon, kwaye emva kweminyaka engamashumi amane ngo-2002, ngenxa yezobugcisa ezimangalisayo, wanikwa umvuzo weNobel.

Entsha yeenkwenkwezi

Ngenxa yokuba i-neutrinos isebenzisana kakhulu, iyakwazi ukuhamba umgama omkhulu. Basinika ithuba lokujonga kwiindawo ezingenakuze sizibone. I-Neutrinos, eyafunyanwa ngu-Davis, yakhiwa ngenxa yeempendulo zenyukliya ezenzeka phakathi kwelanga, kwaye ziyakushiya le ndawo inkulu kakhulu kwaye ishushu kuphela ngenxa yokuba ayinakusebenzisana nenye into. Omnye unokukwazi ukubona inqwelomoya ye-neutrino esuka kwinqanaba leenkwenkwezi ezitshabalalayo kumgama wamawaka angamawaka e-light-lighting emhlabeni.

Ukongezelela, ezi ntlukwano zenza ukuba kube lula ukugcina i-Universe kwizikali zincinci kakhulu, ezincinci kunezona zikwazi ukubona i-Large Hadron Collider e-Geneva, eyayifumanisa i- bosgs. Kungenxa yesi sizathu sokuba iKomidi yeNobel inqume ukunika uMvuzo weNobel ekufumaneni olunye uhlobo lwe-neutrino.

Ukunqongophala okungaqhelekanga

Xa uRay Davis ebona i-neutrinos yelanga, wafumana enye yesithathu yenani elindelekileyo le-neutrinos. Abaninzi bamafilosofi bakholelwa ukuba isizathu salolu lwazi olubi malunga ne-astrophysics yelanga: mhlawumbi, imizekelo yamathumbu elangeni aphinde ahlaziya inani le-neutrinos eveliswa kuyo. Nangona kunjalo, iminyaka emininzi, nangemva kokuba imodeli yelanga iphuculwe, ilahleko laqhubeka. I-physicists yakhankanya enye into: ingxaki inokudibana neengcamango zethu malunga nale nxalenye. Ngokuhambelana nenkolelo eyinkohlakalo, abazange baninzi. Kodwa ezinye izazi zefilosofi zathi inene iinqununu zinebunzima obungapheliyo, kwaye ubunzima belizathu sokuba bangabi nako.

Iinqununu ezintathu

Ngokutsho kweengcamango ze-neutrino oscillations, kukho iintlobo ezintathu ezahlukeneyo ze-neutrinos kwimvelo. Ukuba i-particle inebunzima, ngoko xa ihamba, ingahamba ukusuka kolunye uhlobo ukuya kwelinye. Iintlobo ezintathu - i-electron, i-muon kunye ne-tau - inokubambisana nomba kwi-particle ehambelana nayo (i-electron, muon, okanye i-lepton). "Ukuchithwa kwe-oscillation" kubangelwa yimishini ye-quantum. Uhlobo lwe-neutrino aluhlali. Itshintsha ixesha. I-neutrino, eyaqala ukuhlala kwayo njenge-electronic, ingajika ibe yi-muon, ize ibuye emva kwayo. Ngaloo ndlela, i-particle eyenziwe kwinqanaba le-Sun, endleleni eya eMhlabeni, inokuthi iguquke ibe yi-muon neutrino kunye nangoko. Ekubeni umtshini we-Davis unokufumanisa kuphela i-electron-neutrino enokukwazi ukukhokela ukukhishwa kwekhamyliya ye-chlorine ibe yi-argon, kubonakala ngathi i-neutrinos elahlekileyo yajika yaba yintlobo. (Njengoko kwavela, i-neutrinos oscillate ngaphakathi kwelanga, kwaye kungekhona endleleni eya eMhlabeni).

Uvavanyo lweCanada

Indlela yodwa yokuqinisekisa oko kwakukudala umtshini osebenze kuzo zonke iintlobo ezintathu ze-neutrinos. Ukususela kwiminyaka engama-90, u-Arthur MacDonald weRoyunivesithi ye-Ontario yaseOntario wayekhokela iqela eliye laqhuba kwimayini yaseSudbury, e-Ontario. Ukufakela kwakuqulethwe ngamanzi amaninzi anikezelwe nguRhulumente waseKhanada. Amanzi amaninzi yindlela engabonakaliyo kodwa engokwemvelo yamanzi apho i-hydrogen equkethe iproton enye ithathelwa indawo yeso isotope deuterium enesisindo, esineproton ne-neutron. Urhulumente waseCanada uye wagcina amanzi anzima, ekubeni isetyenziselwa ukupholisa kwiimveliso zenyukliya. Zonke iintlobo ezintathu ze-neutrinos zinokutshabalalisa i-deuterium kunye nokwakhiwa kweprotoni ne-neutron, kwaye i-neutron yabalwa. Umtshini orekhoweyo malunga neesithathu izihlandlo ezifaniswa no-Davis - kanye nenani elichazwe yimizekelo engcono ye-Sun. Oku kuye kwasenza sicinge ukuba i-electron-neutrino ingaxhamla kwezinye iindidi.

Uvavanyo lwaseJapan

Ngeli xesha, uTakaaki Kajita waseYunivesithi yaseTokyo wenza olunye uvavanyo oluphawulekayo. Umtshini ofakwe kwimigodi yaseJapan i-neutrinos ebhalisweyo engabikho kwizinzulu zelanga, kodwa ukusuka kwiindawo eziphezulu zomoya. Kwi-collision of protons of rays cosmic ne-atmospheric, imvula yamanye amaqhekeza, kuquka i-muon neutrinos, ifomu. Kwimayini bajika i-nucleus ye-hydrogen ibe yiimon. Umtshini weKajita unokugcina iindidi eziza kwiindlela ezimbini. Ezinye zawa zivela phezulu, zivela emoyeni, kanti ezinye zafuduka zivela ngaphantsi. Inani leenqununu zahlukile, ezibonisa uhlobo oluthile - zazingamaqela ahlukeneyo.

Ukubambisana neSayensi

Yonke imangalisa kwaye iyamangalisa, kodwa kutheni i-oscillations kunye ne-neutrino masses zitsalisa kakhulu? Isizathu silula. Kwimodeli esemgangathweni ye-particle physics, ephuhlisiwe kwiminyaka engamashumi amahlanu edlulileyo enkulungwane yeshumi elinamashumi amabini, echazwe ngokuchanekileyo zonke ezinye iimbonelo kwi-accelerators nakwezinye izilingo, i-neutrinos yayingenasiphelo. Ukufunyaniswa kobunzima be-neutrino kubonisa ukuba into ekhoyo. Umzekelo osemgangathweni awuzalisekanga. Izinto ezingekho phantsi zingasayi kufunyanwa - ngoncedo lwe-Large Hadron Collider okanye enye, engakakhiwa ngomshini.