Uninzi lweeseli zezinto eziphilayo

Intlangano yamakhemikhali yeseli ibandakanya ubukho bezinto ezahlukeneyo kunye nezixhobo. Ngaloo ndlela, ubukho be-macro-and microelements, amanzi, i-saleral mineral eye yasungulwa. Egcinwe kwiseli kunye nezinto ezinobungozi, inkulu kunazo zonke ezichonga iimpawu zayo. Ezi zixhobo, ngaphezu koko, zichaphazela inani leempawu zomzimba ngokupheleleyo. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba ukuveliswa kweekhemikhali zeselwanyana kunye nesilwanyana kufana nezinga le-athomu. Kwinqanaba le-molecular, kukho ukungafani.

Uninzi lwezinto eziphilayo zeeseli zibonakaliswe kukuba ziqulethe iimolyuli zesayizi ezinkulu (macromolecules). Njengomthetho, ziqulethe eziphindaphindiweyo, ezakhiweyo ezifanayo. Ezi zihlanganisi zidibaniswa kunye ne-bond covalent kunye neefom monomers. I-monomers, kwakhona, yakha i-molecule, ebizwa ngokuba yi-polymmer.

Izinto ezona zinkulu zeeseli zithengwa ngamafutha, i-nucleic acids, i-carbohydrate kunye namaprotheni.

Iiprotheni

Bakha malunga neyeshumi ukuya kuma-20 ekhulwini. Ezi polym iimeko ezingafaniyo ziqukethe i-amino acids njenge-monomers. Iiprotheni (xa kuthelekiswa namanye amacandelo) zinikwe ezinye izinto ezibalulekileyo. Okokuqala, ezi zinto zendalo zeseli zinomzimba omkhulu. Ngoko, umzekelo, ubunzima be-molecular of protein ye-muscle buyi-15 00000 kDa, kwaye, umzekelo, i-ethyl alcohol - 46.

Ukubunjwa kwamapolym polym kubonakala malunga nama-acino amino angama-20. Ngamnye wabo unesakhiwo sakhe, igama, iipropati. I-amino acid molecule yenziwe ngamalungu amabini. Enye inxalenye ifanayo kubo bonke kwaye iquka iqela le-carboxyl acidic kunye neqela le-amino. Elinye inxalenye ihluke kwaye libizwa ngokuba "lukhulu".

Iiprotheni zisebenza njengomthombo wamandla. Ngaphakathi kweeseli, ezi zixhobo ziyahlukana zibe zi-amino acid. Ezinye zazo zisetyenziselwa ukuveliswa kweprotheni, ngelixa enye inxalenye ihamba kwinkqubo yokucoca. Kwixesha lokugqibela, amandla akhululwa.

IiCarbohydrates

Ezi zinto eziphilayo zeeseli ziqukethe i-hydrogen, i-carbon kunye ne-oksijini. Zonke i-carbohydrate zihlukaniswe zibe yi-polysaccharides kunye ne-monosaccharides. Ezinye zeemolyuli zezo zilandelayo zidibene kunye, zikhulula amanzi. Ngaloo ndlela, i-polysaccharide yenziwa.

Ii-carbohydrates zifakwe kwi-carrier ye-heritage-information-i-nucleic acids.

Lipids

Eli qela liquka izinto ezifana neoli kunye namafutha ngokuthe ngqo. Iipilisi zineendlela ezahlukeneyo. Nangona kunjalo, bonke bafumana izakhiwo eziqhelekileyo. I-Lipids ayichithekanga emanzini, kwaye iququzelele kakhulu kwi-chloroform, i-petroli, i-ether kunye nezinye i-solvents.

Amafutha kunye namafutha anjengamafutha afaka indima ebalulekileyo. Isabelo se lipids kwisisindo esomileyo si-5-15%. Kwezinye iiseli, umxholo wabo ufikelela kuma-90%. Inyama ikhona kuzo zonke izilwanyana ezinobisi. Ngamahlengethwa amabhinqa, umzekelo, inani lamanqatha ebisi li malunga ne-40%.

Nucleic Acids

Igama lala maqumrhu lafunyanwa kwigama lesiLatini elithi "nucleus" (nucleus). Ezi zinto zachongwa kwaye zahlulwa nguFriedrich Micher kwiiseli zenukliya. Ngomnyaka we-1869 i-Swiss biochemist yahlukanisa i-compound kuquka ne-phosphorus ne-nitrogen.

I-nucleic acids iindawo eziphezulu zamakhemikhali. Baqinisekisa ukugcinwa nokudluliswa kwedatha yezofuzo kwizinto eziphilayo. Ezi zi-biopolymers zenziwe kwiiyunithi zamonomeric, ii-nucleotide eziqulethe kakhulu. I-Nucleotides ibeka iipropati eziphambili zezinto eziphilayo.

I-DNA - i-moleklikhi ye-polym, equkethe inani elikhulu le-monomers-deoxyribonucleotides. I-RNA yipolisi. Njenge-monomer, i-ribonucleotide ivela kuyo.