Tungsten yintoni? Iqondo le-oxidation ye-tungsten. Ubume bokusetyenziswa kwe-tungsten

I-Tungsten yinto yeekhemikhali eneenombolo ze-athomu enama-74. Esi sinyithi esinzima sisuka kwi-grey-steel to white, esichazwa ngamandla amakhulu, okwenza ukuba kwiimeko ezininzi zingenakwenzeka. Ingqungquthela yayo iphakamileyo kuneyona nayiphi enye isinyithi, ngoko ke isetyenziswe njengama-filaments kwizibane ze-incandescent kunye nezinto zokufudumeza kumatshini kagesi (umzekelo, i-zirconium-tungsten alloy). I-chemistry yelungu lenza ukuba kube lula ukuyisebenzisa njengento ekhuthaza. Ubunzima obunzima bwenza ukuba bufaneleke ukusetyenziswa "kwinqwelo ephezulu yesantya", evumela izixhobo zokusika kwijubane eliphezulu kunezibhabhoni zekhabhoni, nakwii-alloys eziphezulu. I-tungsten carbide, ukudibanisa kwento kunye nekhabhoni, yenye yezinto ezinzima kakhulu kwaye isetyenziselwa ukwenza izixhobo zokugaya kunye nezixhobo zokujika. I-calcium kunye ne-magnesium tungstates zisetyenziswe ngokubanzi kwizibane ze-fluorescent, kunye ne-tungsten oxides zisetyenzisiweyo kwiipende kunye ne-ceramic glazes.

Imbali yokufumanisa

Ukucingwa kobukho beli chiyibhile kwinto yokuqala yabonakaliswa ngo-1779 nguPeter Woolf, xa ephanda i-wolframite yamaminerali waza wafika kwisigqibo sokuba kufuneka abe nezinto ezintsha. Ngo-1781 uKarl Wilhelm Scheele wamisela ukuba i-acid entsha ingatholakala kwi-tungstenite. Scheele noHerburn uBergman bacebisa ukuba bafumane ithuba lokufumana isinyithi entsha ngokubuyisela kwakhona le asidi, ebizwa ngokuba yi-tungsten. Ngo-1783 abazalwana ababini, uJose noFausto Elguyar, bafunyenwe kwi-tungsten acid, efana ne-tungsten. Ngaloo nyaka, abazalwana bakwazi ukukhipha i-tungsten kuyo, basebenzisa amalahle.

Ngexesha leMfazwe Yehlabathi yesiBini le nxalenye yeekhemikhali yadlala indima enkulu. Ukuzinzisa kwesinyithi ukuya kumaqondo okushisa aphezulu, kunye namandla angqongqo ama-alloys ayo, yenza i-tungsten ibaluleke kakhulu ebalulekileyo kwimichilo yemikhosi. I-belligerents yayinxinzelelo kwiPortugal njengowona mthombo omkhulu wolframite eYurophu.

Ukuba kwindalo

Kwimvelo, into iyafumaneka kwi-tungsten (i-FEWO ₄ / MnWO ₄ ), i-scheelite (CaWO ₄ ), i-ferret ne-guebnerite. Iibhontshi ezibalulekileyo zale maminerali zifunyenwe e-USA eCalifornia naseColorado, eBolivia, eChina, eMzantsi Korea, eRashiya nasePortugal. E-China, malunga ne-75% yomveliso wehlabathi we-tungsten igxininiswe. Isinyithi siveliswa ngokunciphisa i-oksidi yayo ne-hydrogen okanye i-carbon.

I-World Reserve iqikelelwa kwiitoni ezigidi ezili-7. Kucingelwa ukuba i-30% yazo iifomiti ze-wolframite kunye ne-70% ye-scheelite. Okwangoku, ukuphuhliswa kwabo akusizo kwezoqoqosho. Kwinqanaba langoku lokusetyenziswa, le mihlaba iya kuhlala iminyaka eyi-140 kuphela. Omnye umthombo obalulekileyo we-tungsten yindlela yokuphinda isetyenziswe ngokutsha.

Iimpawu eziphambili

I-Tungsten yinto yeekhemikhali ekwahlulelwa njengesitishi sentshintsho. Isimboli sawo esivela kwiLatini igama elithi wolframium. Kwitheyibhile yenkcazelo, kwinqanaba le-VI phakathi kwe-tantalum ne-rhenium.

Ngendlela yayo ecocekileyo, i-tungsten yinyani eqinile, umbala wezinto ezihluka kwi-grey-steel ukuya kwi-tin-white. Ngokungcola, isinyithi siba nzima kwaye sinzima ukusebenzisana nayo, kodwa ukuba ayingekho, ngoko sinokunqunyulwa nge-hacksaw. Ukongezelela, iyakunikwa, ilandiswe kwaye ityululwe.

I-Tungsten yinto eyimveliso yeekhemikhali leyo inyibiliki yayo iyona ephezulu phakathi kwayo yonke insimbi (3422 ° C). Kwakhona, unescinezelo esiphantsi sepompo. Amandla okuxinwa kwi-T> 1650 ° C nayo iwona mkhulu. Isalathisi sixhatshazwa kakhulu kwi-corrosion kwaye iyancipha nje kuphela kwiimithi zamaminerali. Xa edibene nomoya, uhla lwe-oxide olukhuselayo luyakheka phezu kweso sinyithi, kodwa i-tungsten ngokupheleleyo i-oxidizes kwiqondo lokushisa eliphezulu. Xa yongezwa ngexabiso elincinci kwintsimbi, ubunzima balo bunyuse kakhulu.

Isotopes

Kwimvelo, i-tungsten iqukethe ama-isotophi ama-radioactive, kodwa anesiqingatha-sobomi obude ukuba banokuthi bacingisise. Zonke zibola kwi-hafnium-72 kunye nokukhutshwa kweengqungquthela ze-alpha (ezihambelana ne-helium-4 nuclei). Ukubola kwe-Alpha kugcinwa kuphela kwi- ¹⁸⁰ W, elula kakhulu kwaye engaqhelekanga kwezi-isotopes. Ngokomyinge, kwi-1 g ye-tungsten yemvelo, ukubola kwe-alpha e- ¹⁸⁰ W ngonyaka kwenzeka.

Ukongezelela, i-isotopes ezenziwe ngama-radioactive taystop zichazwe. Eyona ndlela isisigxina kulezi zi- ¹⁸¹ W kunye nobomi bemizuzu eyi-121.2, ¹⁸⁵ W (iintsuku eziyi-75.1), ¹⁸⁸ W (iintsuku ezingama-69.4) kunye ne- ¹⁷⁸ W (iintsuku ezingama-21.6). Kuzo zonke i-isotopi zokufakelwa, isigamu-ubomi asidluli usuku, kwaye uninzi lwawo luphantsi kwemizuzu engama-8. I-Tungsten ineziganeko ezine "ezichitshiweyo", ezona zizinzile kwi- ^179m W (6.4 min).

Uxhumo

Kwiimveliso zamakhemikhali ze-tungsten, iqondo le-oxidation lihluka ukusuka +2 ukuya kwi -6, apho +6 yinto eqhelekileyo. Iqumrhu, njengombandela, lidibanisa ne-oksijeni, lenza i-trioxide eluhlaza (WO ₃ ), echithwa kwiisombululo ze-alkaline ezinobunzima ngendlela ye-tungstate ions (WO ₄ ^2- ).

Isicelo

Ekubeni i-tungsten inendawo ephakame kakhulu kwaye i-ductile (inokutsalulwa kwintambo), iyasetyenziswa ngokubanzi njengamacwecwe ezibane ze-incandescent kunye nezibane zokukhanyisa, kunye nezinto zokufudumala kwezixhobo zombane. Ukongezelela, iincwadi zijamelana nezimo ezimbi. Esinye sezicelo zayo eziyaziwayo yi-arc ukuxhoma kunye ne- tungsten electrode kwigesi yokukhusela.

I-tungsten enzima kakhulu iyona nxalenye efanelekileyo yesikhali esinamandla. Ubuninzi bentsebenziswano busetyenziswa kwiisisindo, izilwanyana kunye nee-keel ze-ballast zama-yachts, kunye nemida (80-97%). Isitrato esiphezulu se-intsimbi, esinokunquma impahla kwizinga eliphezulu ngaphezu kwekhabhoni, iqulethe kwi-18% yale ngcaciso. Kwiindawo zengqungquthela, iindawo ezinxibayo kunye nezingubo zokugqoka, "i-superalloys" equkethe i-tungsten isetyenziswa. Lawa aphezulu okushisa, ama-allo enamandla angakhuselekanga asebenza kumaqondo aphezulu aphezulu.

Ukwandiswa kwamafutha okwenziwa kweekhemikhali kufana nesilazi ye-borosilicate, ngoko kusetyenziselwa ukwenza isalathisi yeglasi yesa. Iimpawu eziqukethe i-tungsten yindawo ebalulekileyo yokukhokela kwiibhola kwaye idutshulwa. Kwi-alloys ene-nickel, isinyithi okanye i-cobalt, iigobolt zenzeke kuyo. Njengombhobho, amandla ayo omzimba asetyenziselwa ukunqoba ithagethi. Kwiisekethe ezidibeneyo ze-tungsten zenza uqhagamshelwano kunye nabajikelezi. Ezinye iintlobo zeempahla zomculo zenziwe ngetambo ye-tungsten.

Ukusebenzisa izixhumo

Ubunzima obunzima be-tungsten carbide (W ₂ C, i-WC) yenze into ebalulekileyo kwizinto zokugaya kunye nezixhobo zokujika. Isetyenziswe kwi-metallurgical, mining, oil and construction industries. I-tungsten carbide isetyenziswe ekwenzeni ubucwebe, kuba i-hypoallergenic kwaye ayinakutyekela ukulahlekelwa yinkanuko yayo.

Iimveliso zee-oxydes zenza i-glaze. I-Tungsten "ibhedu" (ebizwa ngokuba ngenxa yombala we-oxides) isetyenziswe kwiipende. I-tungstates ye-magnesium ne-calcium isetyenziswe kwizibane ze-fluorescent. I-tststine tungstate isebenza njengomtshini we-scintillation kumayeza enyukliya kunye ne-physics. Amasiza asetyenziswa kwiimveliso zamachiza kunye nesikhumba. I-tungsten disulfide yi-grease high-temperature engakwazi ukumelana nama-500 ° C. Ezinye izakhi eziqukethe i-tungsten zisetyenziselwa njengezinto zokuthintela kwi-chemistry.

Iipropati

Iipropati ezisisiseko ze-W zilandelayo:

• Inombolo ye-atom: 74.
• Isisindo se-Atomic: 183.85.
• Iphuzu lokuxuba: 3410 ° C.
• Iphuzu lokubilisa: 5660 ° C.
• Ubunzima: 19.3 g / cm ³ kwi-20 ° C.
• I-Oxidation ithi: +2, +3, +4, +5, +6.
• Uqwalaselo lwe-elektroniki: [Xe] 4 f ¹⁴ 5 d ⁴ 6 s ² .