Hydrolysis of starch

Isitashi (C6H10O5) n i-polysaccharide equkethe amaqhezu amabini: i-25% ye-amylose emgca kunye ne-75% i-amylopectin. Yenziwe ngokukhanya kwizityalo kwinkqubo ye-photosynthesis.

Le nto ingumgubo omhlophe ongafihla emanzini abandayo, ukwenza i-slurry. Emva kokumisa ukumiswa, i-white precipitate ifakwe kwizantsi kwetanki, kwaye amanzi angancinwa kalula. Emva kokumisa, isitashi sibuyisela zonke iimpahla zayo.

Emanzini atshisayo, le nto yakha isisombululo se-colloidal - ngumthombo onjalo, obizwa ngokuba ngumnatha we-starch kwaye uyasetyenziswa rhoqo kwimpilo yemihla ngemihla njenge-agluing agent. Kwaye kule ndawo, ukulungiselela i-kissel kunye nezinye iidyuli zisekelwe.

Isitashi yinto ekhuselekileyo yemichiza. Ukuze iphendule, kuyimfuneko ukuba ithathe inxaxheba kule nkqubo yezinto zokuthintela.

Iipropati zayo zomzimba kunye neekhemikhali zisekelwe ekusebenziseni le nkunkuma. Ngaloo ndlela, isitashi kunye neziphumo zalo zivame ukusetyenziswa kwiindawo zokutya, amayeza kunye nephepha. Kwaye kunye nezinto eziphilayo, indima ebalulekileyo indima.

Ukusebenzisa le nkunkuma yezinto eziphilayo kwiinjongo zoshishino, ixhomekeke kwiimichiza. I-Hydrolysis ye-starch yinkqubo yokutshintshisana phakathi kweeyoni ze-ions kunye namanzi, anokuthi abe ne-enzymatic okanye acidic.

I-hydrolysis yamakhemiksi yesitashi iyindlela yokusabela, njengokuba kwenzeka xa ichithwa phambi kwe-acids engenamarha. Ngethuba lokusabela kweekhemikhali , i-glucose yenziwe, enokuthi iboniswe yi-equation:
(C6H10O5) n + nH2O + (ikati H2SO4 + t °) = nC6H12O6.

Kodwa kungekudala, i-hydrozysis ye-enzymatic ye-starch iye yaziwa kakhulu. Ukusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obukhethekileyo, kuvelisa i- ethyl yotywala, i- molasses kunye ne-glucose ngendlela efanayo nangokwe-chemical hydrolysis.

Inzuzo yale nkqubo kukuba ukuba izityalo eziqukethe isitashi, umzekelo, i-rye, iitapile, ingqolowa, irayisi kunye nezinye izinto zithathwa njengezinto zokuqala. Ezi khowudi zomthombo, ngaphezu koko, ziqulethwe kwiimzyme ze-amylolytic zazo, ezisetyenziswa kwinkqubo ye-hydrolysis.

Ngokomzekelo, ii-enzyme ezinjalo zi-isoamylases kunye ne-pullulanases, i-glucolinases. Ii-enzyme zizinto ezizenzekelayo zenzeke ngokukhawuleza kwiinkqubo zamakhemikhali. Isicwangciso sokuchithwa kwe-starch phantsi kwesenzo se-enzyme sibonakala kanje: isitashi → isitashi esinamanzi (amylose) → i-oligosaccharides (dextrins) → i-disaccharide (maltose = malt) → α-glucose. Ingabonakaliswa ngokulinganayo:
(C6H10O5) n + nH2O + (ikati-enzyme) = nC6H12O6

Kucacile ukuba uyabona ukuba kwakukho i-chemical hydrolysis, emva kokuqhuba uvavanyo. Sibilisa umxube we-starch wokunamathisela nge-asidi ye-sulfuric. Sihlola ukuba i-hydrolysis yenzeke-ukubola iodine. Ukuba iimpendulo zibi, oko kukuthi, akukho bhakabhaka okanye i-violet staining, kwandiswe i-hydrolysis.

Ngoku sibonisa ukuba imveliso ye-hydrolysis i-glucose. Yongeza kwisisombululo esifumane i-alkali kunye nobhedu (II) i- sulfate (CuSO4). I-precipitate yobhedu i-hydroxide ayiyi kuphuma, isisombululo sifumana umbala obala obomvu. Ukushisa kwaye ubone ukubunjwa kwembombo ye-tarakiti (isitena) umbala - oku kuthetha ukuba kukho i-glucose kwisisombululo, esakhiwe ngexesha le-hydrolysis.

Emzimbeni womntu, i-hydrozysis enzymatic yesitashi iyenzeka. Le nkqubo ibaluleke kakhulu, njengoko ivelisa i-carbohydrate, ngokukodwa, i-glucose. I-oxidizes kuyo yonke iseli yomzimba, ukwakha amanzi kunye ne-carbon dioxide, ngelixa ifihla amandla okuyimfuneko ekusebenzeni ngokuqhelekileyo komzimba.

I-Hydrolysis yesitashi ngoncedo lwe-enzyme iqala emlonyeni xa ifuna ukutya. I-saliva yabantu iqukethe i-enzyme - i-amylase, phantsi kwesenzo apho isitashi sihlula khona kwizinto ezilula - i-dextrins. Le nkqubo umntu unokuziva. Emva kwakho konke, ukuba uhlafuna isonka ixesha elide, inambitha enomdla ivela emlonyeni wakho, ebonisa ukuba inkqubo ye-hydrolysis ye-starch yaqala. I-glucose engaphezulu, eyenziwa ngexesha le-hydrolysis, ifakwe kwisibindi njengendawo yokugcina izondlo - glycogen.