I-Absolute zero: imbali yokufumanisa kunye nesicelo esona sikhulu

Ingqondo ebonakalayo "yokushisa okubaluleke kakhulu" ibaluleke kakhulu kwenzululwazi yesimanje: ixhomekeke ngokusondeleyo nombono onjengobuchule obuninzi, ukufumanisa okwenza uboya bokwenene kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane yeshumi leminyaka.

Ukuze uqonde oko kukuphela, kufuneka umntu aphendulele kwimisebenzi yezobugcisa ezifana neG. Fahrenheit, A. Celsius, J. Gay-Lussac kunye noW. Thomson. Badlala indima ebalulekileyo ekwakheni izikali zokushushuma eziphambili ezisetyenzisiweyo kude kube ngoku.

Isilinganiselo sokuqala lokushisa esicetywayo ngo-1714 ngu-physicist weGermany uG. Fahrenheit. Ngethuba elifanayo, ngenxa ye-zero ngokupheleleyo, oko kukuthi, kwinqanaba eliphantsi kweli nqanaba, ukutshisa umxube kuthathwa, okubandakanya ikhephu kunye ne-ammonia. Isalathisi esibalulekileyo esilandelayo sasisisiseko somzimba womzimba, esasilingana no-1000. Ngoko ke, isahlulo ngasinye sale nqanaba sabizwa ngokuthi "iFahrenheit", kunye nesixa ngokwawo - "ama-Fahrenheit scales".

Emva kweminyaka engama-30, isazi seenkwenkwezi saseSweden u-A. Celsius wacetyisa izinga lakhe lokushisa, apho iingongoma eziphambili zazifudumala kwe-ice and point of water. Eli nqanaba libizwa ngokuthi "i-Celsius scale", isasaziwa kumazwe amaninzi ehlabathi, kuquka eRussia.

Ngo-1802, eqhuba iimvavanyo zakhe ezidumileyo, isazi senzululwazi waseFransi uJay Gay-Lussac safumanisa ukuba umthamo we-gas mass in constant pressure uxhomekeke ngqo kwiqondo lokushisa. Kodwa into ebaluleke kakhulu yinto yokuba xa iqondo lokushisa litshintshwa ngama-degrees Celsius, umthamo wegesi unyuke okanye uhla ngexabiso elifanayo. Emva kokwenza izibalo ezifunekayo, uGay-Lussac waqulunqa ukuba le xabiso yayiyi-1/273 yomsindo wegesi kwiqondo lokushisa elilingana no-0С.

Kulo myalelo landelwa kwisiphetho esilindelekileyo: ubushushu obulingana no -2730С, ubukhulu bamashishini aphantsi kakhulu, nakwinto ehamba ngokukhawuleza, akunakwenzeka ukuyifinyelela. Kwakulo lokushisa okwakuthiwa "ukushisa okupheleleyo".

Ngaphezulu, i-absolute zero yaba yindawo yokuqala yokudala isilinganisi sokushisa okupheleleyo, ukuthatha inxaxheba ekuthathethweni kwathatha isiNgesi physicist W. Thomson, owaziwa nangokuthi yiNkosi Kelvin.

Uphando lwakhe oluphambili luchaphazela ubungqina bokuba akukho mzimba wendalo onokuthi ukhanyelwe ngaphantsi kwezinga elipheleleyo. Ngaphezu koko, wayesebenzisa ngokusemthethweni umthetho wesibini we-thermodynamics, ngoko ke, isilinganisi esiphezulu sezinga lokushisa elenziwe nguye ngo-1848 laziwa ngokuba yi-thermodynamic okanye "i-Kelvin scale".

Kwiminyaka edlulileyo kunye namashumi eminyaka, kuphela ukulungiswa kwamanani kwimiqondo "ye-zero epheleleyo" eyenzekayo, emva kokuba emva kokuvunywa kwamanani amaninzi kuye kwacatshangelwa ukulingana ne-273.150.

Kuyafaneleka ukuba uqaphele ukuba i-zero epheleleyo idlala indima ebalulekileyo kwinkqubo ye -SI. Into leyo kukuba ngo-1960, kwiNkomfa-Jikelele elandelayo kwiZithamo kunye neMilinganiselo, iyunithi yokushisa kwe-thermodynamic-i-kelvin-yaba yinye yeeyunithi eziyisithupha zokulinganisa. Kwakukhankanywe ngokukodwa ukuba iqondo elilodwa likaKelvin lilingana nelinye izinga leCelsius, kuphela apha i-reference point "ngokutsho kukaKelvin" ithathwa njengeyi-absolute zero, ngu-273,150С.

Isisiseko esisisiseko somzimba we-zero epheleleyo kukuba, ngokwemigaqo esemzimbeni yomzimba, kwiqondo lobushushu, amandla okunyuka kweengqungquthela zephambili, njengee-athomu kunye nama-molecule, ayenzi, kwaye kule ndawo nayiphi na inkqubela yokukhathazeka kwezi ntlukwano ezifanayo kufuneka ziphele. Kwiqondo lokushisa elilingana ne-zero epheleleyo, i-athomu kunye nama-molecule kufuneka ithathe indawo ecacileyo kwiingongoma eziphambili ze-crystal lattice, eyenza inkqubo elandisiweyo.

Ngethuba langoku, usebenzisa izixhobo ezizodwa, izazinzulu zakwazi ukufumana ubushushu bemizuzu engama-million kuphela yeqhezu elidlulileyo. Kuyinto engenakwenzeka ukufikelela kwixabiso elifanayo ngenxa yomthetho wesibini we-thermodynamics echazwe ngasentla.