Ukusuka apho zonke izinto eziphilayo? Ngeempawu eziphilayo. Zezinto eziphilayo

Ihlabathi eziphathekayo elisingqongileyo, uhlobo ekuthiwa, iquka eziphilayo izinto non-eziphilayo. Cinga kwavumela yabo. izinto ezingaphiliyo ingachazwa njengengqiqo kumanqanaba aliqela: athom, iimolekyuli, macro-imizimba, megaobekty, iminyele, izihloko iminyele, yaye ekugqibeleni - iphela.

Kodwa yintoni na into yokuqala? isayensi Modern uzimisele ukuba "ibhloko yokwakha" lincinane na quark kuyilwa ngoko athom kunye nezinye amasuntswana ezinesiqalelo.

Nangona kunjalo, uhlobo ongaphiliyo olukhoyo iintlobo ezimbini: Substances kunye entsimini (omabini amandla). Energy osisiqu ibonisa indlela yohlobo Einstein:

• E = Mc ²

Le ondoqo ezine ithi: eziqinileyo, ezilulwelo, sukube kunye plasma.

Eziphilayo izinto engaphiliyo musa nje kusabela. Siza baxoxe ngayo. Ekuqaleni kwalo kwaba ezingaphiliyo kuphela: i Umhlaba ngokwawo njengoko umhlaba engange-4.5 billion eyadlulayo, kunye nokubala imbonakalo kobomi laqala kwiminyaka 0.5 billion eyadlulayo. Ngenxa kuphuhliso uhlobo ezingaphiliyo apho edlamkileyo.

Ukususela ngoko, i- ziyaphila yaye ezingaphiliyo uhlobo nje ukuhlala ndawonye - baye ngokusondeleyo banxibelelane nabanye. Phantsi yempembelelo eziphilayo emoyeni liye landa ubunzima ethile nokwehla ioksijini - carbon dioxide. Uncedo iye yatshintsha ngenxa ezintabeni imvelaphi organic. Amagciwane Sityumbe inkqubo ukubunjwa komhlaba (umhlaba mihla afanelekileyo ukwenzela ezolimo - imveliso ubomi babo). Kwakukho iidipozithi ioli.

ukusebenza eyiyo ongqonge umhlaba onokuphila akunakwenzeka ngaphandle eziphilayo. Ngenkuthalo igalelo wesekethe jikelele yendalo. Njengoko ubona, ixabiso eziphilayo - yeyabahlali.

Origin of yokuphila

Indlela kuvele eziphilayo emhlabeni? Ekuqaleni, equlethe izinto eziphilayo zadalwa yona. Academician Aleksandrom Ivanovichem Oparinym ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane kweyokugqibela ngokomfuniselo ingu ukwenzeka phantsi kweempembelelo iindleko zombane kwi non-ophilileyo indalo ephilayo, ifanele 'ekuqaleni ebomini. " Kwaye phakathi kwenkulungwane enye,-nzulu American Stanley Miller (enyanisweni, nokuqhubeka ukufunda academician Russian) kuhlelwe nucleic - isiseko ubume iiprothini. Ngokutsho Oparin, elibangela ukuvela kwase sibe coacervates - Isakhiwo self-ndo kunye esingxotyeni salo okunamafutha.

Ngokutsho izazinzulu ezininzi yamkelwa version, ukuba izinto eziphilayo yokuqala kwaziswa Earth evela ngaphandle, awe, kwiminyaka million 500 eyadlulayo. Version sinengqondo, ingakumbi ukusukela omnye yeeklasi zabo - "hondrid carbon" - ngokwenene ubuyisa iintsholongwane kunye iintsholongwane Earth. Isikhululo Isazinzulu Amundsen-Scott uyakwazi ukubona yaye "ngumtyholwa" kusenokwenzeka - bacterium sodidi Deinococcus, kwaye ezinako "ukuhamba" yaye "iparashute".

jikelele silwane

Kodwa emva sebaleni. Digress ukusuka kwizixeko asphalt. Ukuba thina, abahlali basezidolophini, yiya kweli lizwe, uye kweli lizwe, thina phantse yonke indawo - emanzini; kumhlaba kwaye emoyeni, emhlabeni - ukuhlangabezana neyantlukwano eziphilayo.

Enyanisweni, ihlabathi isilwanyana ukuyo. indawo Ground-moya kuhlala izinambuzane, izigcawu, ezizitho zine, kwanezeentaka, nezezinambuzane, uninzi lwabemi beli ezahlukeneyo. Indawo zolwelo ngokwaneleyo exineneyo ngaphantsi fluid mpilo awayengabemi indalo yayo yahlulwe ezidadayo ngokukhawuleza (nekton) yokuhlala Limited - emazantsi okanye kufutshane kumphezulu (benthos) kuka kwikholam kwamanzi lonke (kwizidalwa). Soil - medium ngci neemeko lobushushu ezinzileyo, ukukhanya kodwa mandingaweli kwelabafileyo kumiwa hi ziimpethu, izinambuzane, umbungu. Xa siphila kulenza amabuzi kunye zisaqala. zilwanyana Animal (ezifana iimpethu) bebeziqhelanisa ubomi imizimba ezinye izidalwa.

ngezigaba

Okubangel 'umdla kukuba, yonke le nto ibangele, ukuphefumla, esidla, ukukhula, ngokutsha ukwahluka - yonke kufikwa wehla waya kwiiklasi ezithile eziphilayo. njani ukuba zihlelwe njani? Ingongoma yokuqala sithathwa ifomu. Oku sisiseko (link primary) Ukuhlelwa eziphilayo. ubungakanani wabo omkhulu ukubonisa izinambuzane. Nyaka ngamnye, kunye nenzululwazi uzinzo umona zinayo malunga 7 amawaka. iintlobo zabo. Le zezinambuzane Indawo yayo. Abantu iyilwe nguye ziyafana isakhiwo, abantu, bawela. abantwana babo uyakwazi ukuzala. Iintlobo zezinto eziphilayo hayi ukuhlala ngokulinganayo ngaphezulu kuluhlu kunye nabantu, ngamnye kubo - ummandla wabo.

Ezi ntlobo adityaniswa sodidi. Umzekelo, kwi sodidi iingcuka baziingcuka, coyotes, sisikhundla seempungutye, izinja, dingoes. izizukulwana ezifanayo kunye njengentsapho. Canines simanyene iingcuka azalwe, iimpungutye, iimpungutye, izinja raccoon, uhlobo lwe-Afrika Wild Dog. Vala usapho, yena, bathelela kwi squad. Ngoko ke, canine, civet, ikati, kulile, ibhere, raccoon, Cunha ukwenza umyalelo Carnivora. Iiklasi ze eziphilayo kumanyanisa imikhosi yazo. Empi Mammals, ingakumbi, anikezele iiyunithi-25, abanye kubo baya kubizwa: .. Carnivores, iimpuku Amalulwane, amatakane, obeku-, Artiodactyla, Pitcher, equines, njl Ngoko ke, iintlobo zezinto eziphilayo eMelika.

Uluhlu iindidi zezilwanyana

Masiqalise kunye nabazalwana bethu ezincinci, ogama abameli - iikati nezinja - ngamnye kuthi nazo apha kubomi bemihla ngemihla. Ezi izilwanyana ngasentla ziludidi of Mammals, ngoko igama indlela ukondla abantwana babo. Uye imiyalelo-25, iintsapho 140, malunga 4.600 iintlobo. Iquka kunye omkhulu whale blue, kunye amaxhama, kunye iingcuka, kunye nempuku.

Noko ke, udidi kakhulu emininzi Izinambuzane emhlabeni. Kwanele ukukhankanya ukuba ilawula udidi ezanyisayo nge-amathathu imiyalelo zobukhulu! Iklasi ezinambuzaneni iqulathe malunga nama-30 iiyunithi, iintlobo 1,053,578 (ekupheleni kuka-2013). I odolo inkulu ziquka Coleoptera, lepidoptera, Diptera, Hymenoptera, Hemiptera, Orthoptera.

Njengoko ubona, kwiiklasi ezahlukeneyo ukubonisa iimpawu ezahlukeneyo eziphilayo.

Izilwanyana eziphila emhlabeni nasemanzini (phezu koko, i njengesigaba "emxinwa") unamalunga 3.5 amawaka iintlobo nezezinambuzane - .. Malunga 7 amawaka Le iklasi encinane yimidlalo kwindawo yazo, wakhetha komhlaba kunye nobomi kwamanzi.

Class Birds idibanisa 8.6 thous. Species. Bona luphawulwa ngeentsiba, bona uncedo ngexesha esemoyeni, kwakunye ukugcina iqondo lobushushu emzimbeni rhoqo. Veliswa kwenzeka ngokuthi amaqanda. Hi ndlela leyi, ngaba uyazi ukuba iintaka zibangelwa omnye amasebe Dinosaurs? Ngapha koko, ukuba ngendlela yancitshiswa walondoloza iimpawu ezinyanya yamaRefa ababekade waba ehlabathini: amathambo elide, isakhiwo zikhangeleke athile omzimba yaye ekugqibeleni indlela yokuzala.

fish Class ngu-20 amawaka. Species. Bona apha ebomini emanzini, nto leyo afakwa iigilizi kunye amaphiko.

amarekhodi animal

Enyanisweni, umntu emehlweni neyantlukwano eziphilayo bawumiyo umhlaba nolwandle kunye neelwandle. Maxa wambi indalo kubonisa izenzakalo ngokwenene. Cinga ezinye zazo. Esi silwanyana lukhulu umnenga blue, ofikelela ubude ezingamashumi amahlanu eemitha. Nkqu kitenysh kuzalwa zisondele iitoni ezimbini. Fastest intaka, nesangxa, yelula kwaye diving 350 km / h speed. abakhi eyaziwayo, iintubi ukwakha "ezinde 'zabo -termitniki ukuya kwi-15 m; beaver, abakhi idama, hayi obuphantsi kuzo - yaziwa, umzekelo, ezifana Idama (Montana) ubude beemitha 750 Cheetah ngalo mzuzu ukuphosa phezulu / h 160 km isantya .. I 'nomdlali "kakhulu ehlabathini kwizilwanyana - Indian uMntanezulu. Ukhangela efana kakhulu orchid weentyatyambo izinambuzane ixhoba eli irhamncwa zinambuzane mthombo umpe.

Le nyoka inde - South American anaconda - ukuya kutsho kwiimitha-8. Iiproteni zithathwa Barometer ultra-ethembekileyo: ngeeyure 10, baziva isiqalo uqhwithela ukuba banike ukuziphatha kwabo. Le inkulu flying intaka, trumpeter nenkuku yamanzi, inobunzima 22 kg, le iingcungcu lincinci - '20 zingxola emide ilizwi nyani (ekweleenjiko American): ukuba oluvakalayo ukuba kwiikhilomitha ezi-5. Esi silwanyana kakhulu nobuntununtunu - lynx, oko eyahlula ngokucacileyo izandi kumgama ngekhilomitha enye. Uluhlu iyaqhubeka - yekhasi page.

izakhiwo

Iimpawu eziphilayo bodwa kule khosi yophando njengemiqondiso generic ukuba bafuze eziphilayo eyahlula zemvelo ezingaphiliyo. Zebhayoloji ikwazile ukuba bashwankathele nangokucazululayo kwinqanaba iimpawu kwiyantlukwano yehlabathi isilwanyana. Eneneni, zonke izinto eziphilayo iyunifomu (generic) Iipropati:

• A imichiza compound elinye. Njengenxalenye eziphilayo bafumana imichiza efanayo kwindalo ezingaphiliyo.
• Uhlobo evulekileyo. Ngabo, kwelinye icala, sebenzisa umthombo wangaphandle amandla kunye namandla, yaye kwelinye - kwaye inkunkuma yobomi babo, emva kokufa bona ngokwabo babe yinxalenye bume.
• Ukuzilolonga ukuzeyisa, self-umbutho ngokunxulumene iimeko zangaphandle.
• Self-ukuphindaphinda, kwaye isizukulwana ngasinye iphinde izivelise kwakhona iimpawu eziphilayo, oko kwavusa.
• Ukwahluka ukuze ukuziqhelanisa ngcono kokusingqongileyo, wamkela utshintsho yayo ukuze siphile olusebenzayo.
• Akhule. Ukuba ukukhula ukuba iqondwe njengoko ukwanda ubude kunye nobunzima, uphuhliso - utshintsho iimpawu ezahlukeneyo kakhulu a esiphilayo.
• Excitability. Lo mhlaba limisela ephilayo ulwazi samokoordinatsiyu nokulawula iimpawu zayo intsebenziswano kunye nokusingqongileyo.
• Ekhethekileyo. Yonke into ephilayo angamelwa njenge iseti ngamnye zomzimba, iinkqubo, amalungu, iiseli.

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba zonke iifitsha zingentla eziphilayo ziimpawu kuphela xa unabanye ezintsonkothileyo. Kwathathwa ngokwahlukileyo, bengengabo ezizodwa eziziimpawu nohlobo ezingaphiliyo. Umzekelo, ukuba umzimba eliqhelekileyo amanzi lukukwenzelana amandla kunye nezixhobo, ukukhula ziikristale kukho ipropathi, imizimba yasezulwini - iinkwenkwezi, zaziwa ukuba semngciphekweni zazivelela.

Ukusuka apho zonke izinto eziphilayo

Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba zonke izinto eziphilayo isakhiwo semvelo cellular. Iiseli Animal ngokwabo amancinci: 10 ukuya microns 100. Iiseli izicwili ezahlukeneyo ezahlukeneyo kwimilo (umz, iiseli ulusu - engenamqheba okanye iflethi, igazi - mbhoxo, imisipha - evuthelweyo).

Iseli ngokwawo lingqongwe kwiqokobhe inwebu "ukukhetha zemiyalelo." Yena usebenza madolwanzima: imigqomo ezinye izinto ngaphakathi nangaphandle - enye. Iiseli ngaphakathi ezaliswe ulwelo exineneyo granular ihamba - kukho icytoplasm. Qaphela ukuba iseli ye esiphilayo une isakhiwo elithile kukho icytoplasm, kodwa ziya kuqwalaselwa kamva. Ngokutsho lihamba kukho icytoplasm "izithuthi kwiqamza" - le vacuole nadlulisela izondlo nokususa iimveliso inkunkuma.

Engqongwe ngabantu kukho icytoplasm, iseli lirhangqwa ingxenye yehlathi - ivenkile zofuzo. Bona ukulawula nokulawula yokuvelisa esinazo sivela kwiseli lwenkobe - a ancedisayo.

umahluko Chromosomal yezinto eziphilayo

Echazwe ngasentla iimpawu zangaphandle eziphilayo - ukukwazi ukuhamba, ukuze akhule kwaye aphuhle, phinda - unako kumana ayibonakali ngeliso lenyama, ngaphakathi. Thabatha, umzekelo, inani zofuzo (nezakhiwo eziqulathe DNA e kwiseli nucleus). Kuyaphawuleka ukuba kulo kwiiseli eziphilayo ezisetyenziswayo izixa ezahlukeneyo. Wathi umfo 46, igorila - 48, ihashe - 64, inja 78. Eli bhabhathane 380 zofuzo kwaye iimbovane Myrmecia pilosula «ndayihluthwa» of: nemazi yabo - amaqhosha 2, njengoko kwi eyindoda - omnye kuphela.

organelles Cytoplasmic njenge isethi

Ukuqhubeka kufunda kwinqanaba zeselula, equka zonke izinto eziphilayo, sicinga ukuba kukho icytoplasm ngokusebenzisa ngemicroscope. Thina axhobe ngokukhanya, siyabona ukuba owahlukeneyo kwaye imele iseti amalungu iseli ezithile (organelles). reticulum Endoplasmic ziquka inwebu ezininzi yayibalaseliswa iindlela ezincinane. Kule igridi ngokwamaqela "-mveliso iiproteins" - ribosome compact ajikelezayo. Enye organelle, ogama emva Italian Isazinzulu zintatu Golgi Golgi izixhobo. It is a yimfumba iingxowa, iinwebu, amafutha ifomu kunye carbohydrate. "Lysosomes Iiseli isisu 'Yodilizwa iikhabhohayidrethi, iiprotheni, amafutha. Bona zib ngeenxa zonke izinto fissionable zenza vacuole yokwetyisa.

Enye organelle onoxanduva sofuzo, ngumbindi iseli, isiseko apho - umzimba ezimbini evuthelweyo ajikelezayo.

Zonke organelles iseli aphilileyo sisebenza kakuhle kwaye rhoqo, ekuqinisekiseni imisebenzi yayo ebalulekileyo. Le nkqubo inzima kangangokuba isebe elahlukileyo kwinzululwazi - cytology ezisekelwe - ufunda oko ibandakanya zonke izinto eziphilayo.

The main yengubo

lethu zangaphambili ukumisela ubume "iibhloko zokwakha" zincinane umzimba - iiseli. Noko ke, isakhiwo umzimba nako kunganikwa ingqwalasela kwinqanaba kwithishyu.

Efanayo kubume kunye nokusebenza izisele nesigubungelo imizimba ezilwanyana, zangaphakathi ekuthiwa epithelial. Ezi seli zokuzikhusela esinzulu kufutshane omnye komnye, engaquki ukuthintela ukuba ukuvelisa secretion, zinomgutyulo kunye nokufunxwa kwezinto lwenkunkuma yokuxoxisana nabo.

Njengoko ubona, izinto eziphilayo eMhlabeni isakhiwo non-uniform izicwili. kwizicwili zenza amathambo,-sikhokelo umzimba. Ezi ziquka ithambo, intlala, nemisipha, imisipha. Ukubandakanya tissue nokuqina kunye negazi. Kuye umsebenzi mbini - bile (ukunika amalungu mpilo kunye nothabatha ingubo kubo carbon inkunkuma dioxide) kunye umlungiseleli (ngokubonelela "ekhishini" -kishechnika izondlo abathengi - arhente - kunye nokwazisa ukuba amalungu ka nokuphelisa, "badla" kwinqanaba eyiselula (mikroshlaki )).

Izihlunu zomzimba - i "hydraulics umzimba." Abanoxanduva umsebenzi motor kunye nokhuselo kunye nenkxaso nezibilini.

Nerve inyama equka iiseli ezizodwa - luvo - isebenze yonke i "kulungelelana umzimba ophilileyo": zombini ulungelelwaniso yangaphakathi ungqamaniso kwemizimba zayo nendlela abayibona ehambelana enomthwalo Imiqondiso ngumsindo. Ngoko, kwelinye icala, echazwe ukukhula ngakumbi, ukusuka apho zonke izinto eziphilayo, kusenokwenzeka ukuba bathi kwi emzimbeni. Ebebefunda histology yezenzululwazi.

isiphelo

Indalo ibonisa ukuba random iintlobo nendibaniselwano zezilwanyana, kunye neendidi okhoyo ngokuhlalisana esemthethweni. Naluphi na uhlobo lwesilwanyana uhlala kuluntu zakhe luphawu zendalo. Kudla ekujoliswe, kodwa umsebenzi yabantu unreasoned utshabalalisa, uxhulumaniso ekhoyo lusekiwe-kakuhle. umonakalo kwiimeko zithile kwanyanzeleka ukuba kwamahlathi, ungcoliseko emlanjeni technology. "Impumelelo" kwinkulungwane yokugqibela ukutshabalala amashumi amawaka iintlobo zezilwanyana. Science ilungiselelwe ukuba ayeke abantu kuphela ukuqonda kwabo komyalelo ngayo, ukuthetha ngokuthe ngqo, ubume bendalo zihlangana, kodwa kukungqinelanisa ezi nobudlelwane. Hayi ngengozi ukufunda biology ephilayo kwekharityhulam yesikolo (Grade 6): umnqweno ukukhusela okusingqongileyo kwendalo baseRashiya owafaka ukususela ebuntwaneni.

Noko ke, ekupheleni kwenkulungwane XX impefumlelwano umntu indalo kumiselwa into, ngokutsho Academician Vernadsky, umhlaba onokuphila itshintshile ngokomgangatho, enobutyebi imisebenzi yabantu esengqiqweni zazivelela waba noosphere (sphere, kuthathelwa ingqalelo kuquka mba yabantu uxhalela jikelele silwane ).

Ubungqina boku ke koovimba iipaki zesizwe, umsebenzi lwenzululwazi isifundo kunye nokubuyiselwa kweentlobo ezinqabileyo, ukuze yazi biology. Phakathi abasindileyo ekutshabalaleni kweentlobo ingabizwa inyathi, kule ndawo, Australian marsupials amabhere, sables, seal. Uluhlu iyaqhubeka.

Ethetha theory iseli sinokuthi biology mihla ukuze asindise izilwanyana ezisengozini liphuhlise iteknoloji esikhethekileyo ngokudala iiseli baphuma iiseli isikhumba isilwanyana. Kamva, iiseli stem ifunyenwe nga kuguqulwa gametes - amaqanda namadlozi kwezilwanyana kunye nokusebenzisa ukuba ufake umbungu isilwanyana.