Ukubunjwa, Indaba
Ruzvelt Franklin: engobomi, uhlanga, umsebenzi. UMongameli Roosevelt nabafazi
Nantoni na nithi, kodwa indima ubuntu kwimbali kwesilinganiso kunzima. Oku kusebenza kuzo zonke amazwe ngaphandle kokukhetha, hayi nje kuphela kweli lizwe lethu. Hayi kule nkalo ziyinto ekhethekileyo, kunye eUnited States. Enye amanani ezigqamileyo waseMelika Ruzvelt Franklin. Biography of lo mntu ubonisa indlela ungenza laseburhulumenteni, ngexesha elifanelekileyo endaweni eyiyo.
ulwazi olusisiseko
Ruzvelt Franklin - 32 uMongameli US (1933), ngubani umviwa we-Democratic Party. Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba iinguqulelo ezibanzi, leyo yaziwa ngokuba "Entsha mkhumbi". Yaba ulawulo Roosevelt ngo-1933 ukuze babe eziqhelekileyo bezozakuzo kunye ne-USSR. Yintoni enye into eyaziwayo Ruzvelt Franklin? ngobomi bakhe kubonisa ukuba yena ngeemini zokuqala uhlaselo German kwi eSoviet Union wakhuthaza ngamandla ukusekwa zokusebenza anti-uHitler womanyano. ukubaluleka mkhulu incamathele unxulumano lobuchule phakathi kwamazwe umnqobi le.
Uninzi uza kusixelela awayephila ngayo ubomi bakhe Ruzvelt Franklin, biography. kuye Ubuzwe (kunye nezinyanya Roosevelt bakaThixo amaYuda Dutch) lucebisa ukuba umntu onengqondo, ezintsha, okrelekrele nesebenzayo. Yinyaniso le? Ukuze siphendule lo mbuzo, kuyimfuneko ukuba umkhondo yonke ubomi Franklin.
Ukuqala ebomini
Kwazalelwa umongameli American January 30, 1882. State of ngokuzalwa - New York. umqondiso Aquarius zokuvumisa ngeenkwenkwezi. Kuyinto nangoku inkokeli ongamiselwanga soluhlu bonke abongameli US ukusukela isikhundla imiqathango ezine ezilandelelanayo. Hi ndlela leyi, le ngxelo iya kuze eyaphukileyo. Kutheni? Yinto elula. Kwiminyaka emibini emva koko, omnye utshintsho lomGaqo-siseko wamkelwa emva kokufa Roosevelt, nto leyo kungavumelekanga ngqo ukubaleka umongameli okwesihlandlo sesithathu emgceni.
In the US ngokwayo igama lakhe ngokusondeleyo Second World War, ukudalwa mdibaniso, kwakunye indalo kunye nokuphunyezwa 'Senzele Entsha "esebenzisa apho isikhundla kubasebenzi American lula kakhulu.
usapho
Family kaYakobi Roosevelt, apho Franklin wazalwa, yaba endala natyebileyo. ookhokho babo wafika evela Holland kwasekuqaleni nje 1740s. Theodore ne Franklin Roosevelt - kanye omongameli ezimbini ophumelele Melika ngenxa le ntsapho ezifanelekileyo. uyise Franklin ka-owned ezibondeni enkulu emininzi ukuvelisa iinkampani zikarhulumente.
USara koDelano, unina, naye kwintsapho azizityebi a iingcambu elide yeengcungcu. Kungenxa yesi sizathu ukuba ihlobo zonke i Roosevelt encinane bayithabatha ukuhamba elwandle elide, ngexesha apho usapho watyelela phantse lonke Europe. Ngelo xesha Franklin "abagulayo" iinkanuko elwandle ezikhoyo bonke ubomi bakhe.
imfundo
Ukuya kutsho kwiminyaka eyi-14 ubudala, wafumana imfundo ekhaya. Ukususela 1896 ukuya 1899, wabhalisa kwesinye sezikolo elite e Groton (Massachusetts). Ukususela-1900 ukuya ku-1904, Roosevelt wafumana isidanga evela Harvard, iziqu kunye isidanga sedigri. Ukususela 1905 ukuya 1907, Roosevelt (biography emfutshane ochazwe iphepha lethu) ukuba umqeqeshwa e Columbia Law University, apho wamnika ilungelo ukuzeyisa advocacy. Akumangalisi ukuba emva kokuphumelela umongameli elizayo "esifubeni" kwi Wall Street.
Ngowe-1907 watshata Anna Eleonore Ruzvelt (1884-1962 GG.), Kwangaphambili a umzala Franklin kude kakhulu. Xa lo mtshato kwazalwa oonyana abathandathu, kodwa omnye lafela ezelwe. Umfazi edlalwa ubomi Franklin indima ebaluleke kakhulu, ngenxa yokuba emva 1921, xa yaphathwa nepoliyo yaye, enyanisweni, mthethweni, wathabatha kwisixa elikhulu wokubhala.
Indlela ukuqala ngumpolitiki umsebenzi?
Njengoko Wabonakala ezinkulu-kwexesha ezopolitiko Ruzvelt Franklin? Biography ngaye kule ndima luqala nesibakala sokuba ngo-1910 waza wavuma evela Democratic Party kwaye isebenza ngempumelelo ekhaya leNdlu yeeNgwevu wakhe. Ngowe-1912, yena luxhaswe ngumviwa ukuba uMongameli eUnited States, uThomas uWoodrow Wilson. Xa wazifumana yintloko sihlalo karhulumente, wanikela Franklin entle kwi-Ofisi yoMphathiswa Navy. Kungekudala wafudukela eWashington.
Kude kube 1921 wachitha kwezopolitiko ofisi, neziye zithi ke ngoko zibe 'phawu "of America. Ukomeleza lo fleet, umgaqo-nkqubo esebenzayo angaphandle kunye nabafowunelwa bozakuzo - kwaba 'oyithandayo' yakhe.
Ukungaphumeleli kunye nezifo
Ngowe-1914, Roosevelt (biography emfutshane enikwe kule material) lizama ukuthatha kwisithuba Senator e Congress, kodwa lwaphela. Ngowe-1920, oku kuphakamisa le bar, ezama qwele umongameli. "Iqabane" yakhe George. Cox. Kodwa Democratic Party kweli xesha woyisiwe, kunye dooms yokugula Roosevelt ngenkani ikhefu emsebenzini.
Indlela eya empumelelweni
Kodwa ngowe-1928, xa Franklin wakwazi ukuba abe yirhuluneli nempembelelo karhulumente yakhe ekhaya, umsebenzi wakhe ngokukhawuleza wayisusa. Kule ndima, wachitha amagama nje amabini, ebamkele izakhono zexabiso, kukho eninzi iya kubazela luncedo xa besebenza kwisikhundla sokuba ngumongameli. Ngowe-1931, xa imeko yezoqoqosho kweli lizwe kukhulu kakhulu, intloko elizayo karhulumente kakuhle "wavuka" kwi lombutho uncedo simahla bangaqeshwanga kwaye yindlala. Kwaba ngelo xesha kwandisa kwayo kubavoti eziqhelekileyo lowo nguMongameli emva koko ibamba izingxoxo rhoqo.
indlu emhlophe
Ngowe-1932, Franklin Roosevelt (a ngobomi ngokufutshane kuye kuchazwe kweli nqaku), unayo labemi kwisithuba 1929-1933. (The Great Depression), ngokubanzi, nako yokucima Hoover, abaphumé ilizwe ngaphandle ixesha enzima enjalo ngaphandle kobunzima. Loko Franklin wabhengeza icebo le nguqulelo olubanzi ekuthiwa kamva i "Senzele Entsha." Oku wayefundisa kwizikolo American kunye neeyunivesithi umzekelo inkqubo echanekileyo, abanobuchule eyakuthi nje.
Ukuhlaziywa lokuqala
Lilonke ukuba zokuqala iintsuku ezimakhulu of gameli yakhe, uye yabamba iqela iinguqu ezibalulekileyo kakhulu kwaye kuluncedo ngokwenene. Okokuqala, inkqubo zebhanki yonke ibuyiselwe ngokupheleleyo. Okwesibini, ukuba ezithatyathwe umthetho okhethekileyo eliqinisekisa uncedo kubo bonke abantu abazibona endlaleni. Farm ityala sele refinanced ngokupheleleyo, kwadluliselwa umthetho phezu ukubuyiselwa kwicandelo lezolimo, nto leyo kuquka ayinikeli kuphela ulawulo ngurhulumente phezu umthamo imveliso, kodwa ukuthumela uncedo ethagetha abalimi abaninzi abasweleyo.
Roosevelt ngokwakhe kakhulu yimpumelelo, bethembisa ukuguquka yayo ingqalelo imilinganiselo eyamkelweyo ukubuyisela amathuba ezoshishino. Ukongeza, ngo-1935, uya kuhlala elusuku iseti lwemithetho elawula phantse zonke iinkalo zobomi ekuhlaleni ishishini elo lizwe.
Ngowe-1936, iyandoyisa i uloyiso encomekayo kunyulo usecicini enkulu egqwesileyo zonke kontanga yayo. Kungenxa yesi sizathu ukuba wenze ngo-1937-1938. umgudu omkhulu ukugcina sphere yabasebenzi, 'nokwenza' umda ukuzithemba lwabavoti. Ngaphezu kweli xesha zizakubalulwa Ruzvelt Franklin? ngobomi bakhe ingqina ukuba zonke ezi ezintsha wadibana nokumelana emibi evela mveliso emikhulu. Abayithandi i "kakhulu" iziqinisekiso zentlalo ukuba urhulumente wazinika ziqwempu abahlelelekileyo nababuthathaka oluntu.
Yintoni bakubo enye wabethwa Ruzvelt Franklin (CV)? Abafazi ebomini bakhe, umzekelo, siyidlalile indima ebalulekileyo (kubalulekile ukukhumbula kuphela umfazi nemisebenzi yakhe). Ayimangalisi into yokuba ngexesha prezidentsva Roosevelt waqalisa ukuba bangazenza zonke kwisiqingatha entle elizweni. Into yokuba lo mongameli sele nkqubo ukulingana kunye lomvuzo olinganayo kwabaseTyhini emisebenzini, nomkhosi, nezinye izakhiwo. Noko ke, yena abayinyamekelayo zonke iindidi abantu, kungakhathaliseki ukuba umahluko ngokwesini.
ngokuba esingasebenziyo (kuzo zonke iimeko) kunye neemfuno zonakekelo lwempilo: In livakale ethile emthethweni kwi-inshorensi yoluntu, ukubonelela intlawulo eqinisekiswe kweentlobo ezimbini kubo watyikitywa ngu-Agasti 1935. Ngelo xesha into enjengale kweli lizwe le "American Dream" akazange ayisekho, yaye ukuze bafumane unyango olusemgangathweni umntu ongenayo isixa endilisekileyo kwi-akhawunti, kwaba nzima.
Umgaqo-Pre-imfazwe
Eli xesha ixakayo wobukumkani bakhe. Kwelinye icala, Franklin Roosevelt, kwincwadi engobomi bomntu emfutshane inikwa apha, wenza njengoko realist. Kwelinye - wenza bobusana kakhulu kwaye uphana, kuyabonakala ukuba oyike wasabela embi somfundisi ezabo izangqa zabo mveliso kunye zezimali. Isimanga, kodwa lo mgaqo-nkqubo sele lusekiwe nobuhlobo kakhulu bezozakuzo kunye yiSoviet Union ngowe-1933. Nokuba ngokubhekiselele Latin America, wabasukela umgaqo-nkqubo "wobumelwane elungileyo", mhlawumbi okokuqala kwimbali US ngokuthetha abepolitiki kula mazwe kwi nolwakho.
Kodwa enye kuphela icala ingqekembe. Isibakala sokuba wayebaphepha iinkqubo bukhali. Ngamafutshane, umgaqo-nkqubo wayo angaphandle hlukile umnqweno ukuphepha zonke iimeko ezinzima ngokwenene, yaye ngokufuthi Roosevelt, ogama engobomi ngobambana for "endlala" yayo, ngokubanzi akazange umahluko phakathi amaxhoba kunye uchuku.
Noko ke, nguye lowo, emva kokuba unya olwenziwa ngumkhosi waseJapan e-China (kwakunjalo ngo-1937), waqalisa ukufuna kwi bohlukaniswe ngokupheleleyo ngamazwe lawo mazwe alwayo unya kwaye babulale izigidi abahlali. Kodwa bambalwa abezopolitiko Western ngexesha wabonisa ubuncinane nomdla iziganeko ezenzeka ukuza kuthi ga kwi-East. Oku wavumela Japan ukomeleza indawo yayo kangangoko kunokwenzeka, ngoncedo obukhulu Mikado uHitler.
IMfazwe Yehlabathi II
Ngowe-1940 waphinda waphumelela lonyulo, emva koko uncedo zomkhosi UK luya lusiba nochatha. Ekuqaleni konyaka ozayo, yena isalelo "Kwi Uncedo Mutual", leyo, phakathi kwezinye izinto, wazisa ingqiqo zengqeshiso Faka-. Kungenxa kuye eSoviet Union wenzelwa mboleko umdla-simahla kwisixa sezigidi zeerandi.
Ababhali-mbali nangoku Nixoxisana ngantoni enkulu ngayo indima ebidlalwe yi imali kunye nezinto ukuba alwe eSoviet Union kunye mhlaseli zwilakhe, kodwa kunjalo yaba uncedo wokwenene ebonakalayo eyenzeka kuye komeleza ubudlelwane phakathi kwamazwe amabini ngexesha nzima kuthi.
Yintoni Faka-Lease?
Hi ndlela leyi, obandakanya ngokuqhelekileyo ingcamango "Faka-Lease"? Le yinkqubo apho unikezelo kwamatyala iingalo kunye nokutya bemka, iimbumbulu, izixhobo njalo-njalo. D. Ngokusemthethweni zincwadi lwenziwa kuwo onke amazwe, iye yabanjwa i-anti-uHitler womanyano. Ngokungekho, mboleko banikwa kunye iJamani yamaNazi, kwaye imali iye ihlaziyiwe Krupp.
UMongameli Roosevelt, ogama engobomi sele sibonile, wazama ngokuba 'ukuskima' inokuba aziphelelanga-nkqubo, ukuthumela convoys eYurophu. Oku eyaqhubeka de ekwindla ka-1941, xa kwimimandla yonxweme beqhubeka iqaphela amaphenyane eJamani. Ngoko ke umgaqo-nkqubo lazisiwe, apho kamva ngokuba "imfazwe undeclared."
Kwaba ngoko ukuba eUnited States ivumela ukubeka izixhobo phezu neenqanawa zabo, ubanike ilungelo Kwathi phezu kommandla ochaphazelekayo ngqo yimfazwe, kwaye utsho ukuba zonke iinqanawa German kwaye Italian, owayebonakele kummandla American uxanduva, ziya shot kunye zitshone.
Ukuhlasela Japanese
Xa F. D. Ruzvelt, ogama biography umdla kwabaninzi, waba esebenzayo ngakumbi? Mhlawumbi wayeza kuhlala kwi "pie European" kuphela ngowe-1944, kodwa ke apha indima edlalwe yi-Mikado.
Ekuqaleni kuka December 1941 yaseJapan ehlasela Pearl Harbor kwi-Pacific Ocean. Ndimele ndithi ukuba umongameli esi siganeko kwaba isimanga krakra kakhulu, njengoko bazama ngazo zonke iindlela, ukuba ukuphetshwa, ziya kulibazisa imfazwe eJapan. NgoDisemba 8 US zenze imfazwe kwi eJapan, kunye neentsuku ezimbalwa - iJamani, Italy kunye nezinye babehlangene kolawulo ngokungenalusini karhulumente.
Biography Roosevelt ngelo xesha ekhanya, ngoko wasebenza nzima, ngokuthatha, ngokungqinelana nomGaqo-siseko, kwisikhundla Commander in oyiNtloko. Roosevelt wasebenza nzima kwinkalo anti-Hitler womanyano.
Belindele kunye nentshukumo real
Awu, omninzi lo msebenzi kuphela umlinganiswa yephepha. Akukho namnye amalungu ale manyano, ngaphandle kuphela eSoviet Union, ezinkulu-abasakhasayo imisebenzi zomkhosi nxamnye amaNazi ezingasigcinanga. UK kwaye wenza isingathwa URudolf Hess, iinkcukacha-thethwano nasasebenzayo nangoku imfihlelo kakhulu ngaloo maxesha.
January 1, 1942 isibhengezo yasayinwa, ephawulwe Ekuqalekeni kwendalo leZizwe eziManyeneyo. Kodwa ngaphaya ukuba ayinamsebenzi - Front Okwesibini, nto leyo eye ngokuphindaphindiweyo wabuza I. V. Stalin, uMongameli US kunye namahlakani akhe Musa ukungxama ukuvula. Xa Franklin D. Roosevelt, kwincwadi engobomi bomntu emfutshane sele uyazi, kodwa waphinda watshintsha ingqondo yakhe?
Kuphela emva kokuba eSoviet Union waphula esiyintsika ngamandla vehicles waseJamani, batshabalalisa penetrator yayo explosively luyasekwa Kursk, kuphela emva Stalingrad, ezibe emhlabeni Paulus, waqala ukuthatha nzulu eSoviet Union kwaye ndaqonda ukuba Russian kwakuza kufuneka ukuthetha, yaye emva kwemfazwe. Kwinkomfa e Tehran, nguye ayisa sekelwe Churchill, bonke "silahle 'imikhosi ukususela ekuqaleni ngamajoni eYurophu.
Behlangana e Tehran
Roosevelt kuqala wabeka umbono yalo ihlabathi kwexesha post-imfazwe, kwinkomfa e Quebec City (1943). Wabiza eUnited States, USSR, China kunye UK "amapolisa ihlabathi", noxanduva lokugcina umyalelo yehlabathi yesiqhelo. E Tehran, F. D. Ruzvelt, kwincwadi engobomi bomntu emfutshane ngalo sele uqonde mhlawumbi, nayo Lo mba kunye Stalin kunye Churchill.
Ngowe-1944, Franklin yaphinda yonyulwa kwi kwikota alandelelanayo yesine. intetho yakhe kwiNkomfa Yalta e Yalta wadlala indima ebalulekileyo yokwakha post-kwimfazwe yehlabathi. isikhundla sakhe olusengqiqweni ngalo mbandela kuye kwabangela, ugqalwa ngempumelelo kuqhubeka kwangaphambili ezaxhobela Soviet kwiMpuma Yurophu, yaye umnqweno ukubandakanya eSoviet Union kwi inkqubo 'yokusombulula umba Japanese. " Ukongeza, wabonisa uStalin ukuba US unomdla ngentsebenziswano ngakumbi kwiinkalo ezininzi, kuquka emkhosini.
Emva Yalta wenza ngokwayo waziva isifo endala nokudinwa jikelele, waqokelela yonke iminyaka imfazwe. Ngaphandle koku, Franklin koDelano Roosevelt, ogama engobomi ukho kweli nqaku sele eza kubugqiba, waqhubeka ngokunzima ukulungiselela le nkomfa. Kwakufuneka ukuba aye San Francisco. Kodwa ukuba ibe.
April 12, 1945 oziphethe obalaseleyo wabulawa legazi ebuchotsheni. Wangcwatyelwa lokuzalwa kwakhe Hyde Park. BaseMerika ngokunyanisekileyo imbeko kwisikhumbuzo lo mongameli, embeka naye belingana Lincoln ne Washington. Kufuneka igxininiswe into yokuba Franklin koDelano Roosevelt, kwincwadi engobomi bomntu emfutshane kwaxoxwa, wenza lukhulu ukuba kuqheleke ubudlelwane phakathi kwamazwe amabini. Kwaye ayilotyala lakhe ukuba inzala yakhe, ngaphandle Kennedy, ebekholelwa eyingozi ngqongqo nga oza kukhokelela ekubeni imfazwe yenyukliya.
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