Ngezoshishino Kazakhstan: mpumelelo nokungaphumeleli

Ekuqaleni imi- 20-kwinkulungwane lokugqibela yonke le ntlekele kushishino USSR yayina. Ubungqina iingxaki kukhokelele ekuqondeni nemfuno yokukhawulezisa mveliso. Kodwa e Moscow, baqala ingxoxo olunzulu malunga ngeendlela kunye neendlela zokuphunyezwa kwayo.

imiqondo ngxabano

USihlalo we leBhunga lezoQoqosho Ephakamileyo ke ngelo xesha Dzerzhinsky. Yena olucetywayo kwindawo yokuqala ukuqalisa ukuphuhlisa kushishino ukukhanya. Oku kuya lula nokufumana imali ngokukhawuleza ukuqinisekisa imveliso balimi abathengi. USekela Dzerzhinsky Piatakov wakhuthaza yokunyusa kuphuhliso lwamashisini enzima. Esi siphakamiso ixhaswa yi Preobrazhensky, noTrotsky kunye Stalin. Le mali eziyimfuneko ukuze kwakhiwe izityalo ezitsha kunye yotshintsho ekhoyo bekumele ukufumana ngokuthi kulwabiwo ngokutsha ukusuka kwicandelo labucala - ngokusebenzisa urhafiso abalimi, collectivization nokutshintshiselana olungalinganiyo. Ngowe-1926, eli lizwe elikhokelwa ngokusesikweni lokunikezela kukwanda kweefektri. Nangona kunjalo, le ndlela ukuchonga kwangoko iingxaki.

Kazakhstan kwisithuba ezibangwa kukwanda kweefektri

Ngokutsho izicwangciso ngurhulumente kazwelonke, kule ndawo wayefanele ukuba ibe ngomnye wemimandla engundoqo nkqubo okukhawulezileyo koqoqosho. Ukuthatha basebenzisa umgaqo-nkqubo eMoscow F. Goloshchekin. Wakhuthaza ukuze kwakhiwe kwiriphabliki ishishini lemigodi kunye nezothutho kaloliwe, ubonelela ukuthunyelwa izinto ekrwada. говоря, была направлена на создание материальной базы для передовых промышленных районов СССР. Ngezoshishino Kazakhstan, ngamafutshane, ijoliswe ekudaleni isiseko eziphathekayo ukuba imimandla ephambili industrial USSR. Amanye amagosa zendawo eyayikhokelwa Sadvakasova wamelana-nkqubo onjalo. . Bacela kwikhondo elixhathise ngezoshishino Kazakhstan. umbono wabo waba ukudala imveliso amashishini kunye nokukhanya. Oku kufuneka ithathelwe ingqalelo iimfuno kwiriphabliki. abasemagunyeni bazama ngaloo ukuthintela inguqu mmandla ibe kuyo. Kodwa andiqondi ezibe ecaleni Goloshekin. приобрело неоколониальную форму. Uphuhliso kukwanda kweefektri e Kazakhstan sele ifomu zeniyo-koloniyalizim.

ukwakhiwa kwendlela

началось с транспортной инфраструктуры. Ukuphunyezwa kukwanda kweefektri e Kazakhstan uqalise nezibonelelo zothutho. Yaba ulwakhiwo kaloliwe Turkestan-eSiberia / d iprojekthi yokuqala enkulu. Uhlobene Alma-Ata kunye Semipalatinsk. Ukwakhiwa sagqitywa ngowe-1931. Ngowe-1927 wagqiba ukwakha indlela Petropavlovsk - Kokchetau. Ngowe-1931 waqhutywa ku Akmola. Ngowe-1939 yayakhiwe indlela Rubtsovsk - Ridder, Ileck - Oral, Aqmola - Karaganda, yaye ngowe-1940 - Karaganda - Jezkazgan. Ezi iindlela zinika ukuthunyelwa kwemithombo yendalo lizwe.

Companies

Kunye ne iindlela yakhiwe kwaye ngokutsha izakhiwo mveliso. Ngoko ke, wayibuyisela Karsakpay Ridder kunye nezityalo. Lo msebenzi wenziwa kwi Karaganda emadamini. Waqala ukwakha elikhutheleyo Chimkent sisityalo ekhokelayo processing, Zhezkazgan kunye Balkhash isinyibilikise, Ust-Kamenogorsk elikhokelayo-zinc yezityalo. осложнялся нагнетанием темпов и неоправданным завышением планов. Ikhosi kukwanda kweefektri e Kazakhstan wawunzima yi kutyalwe isantya kunye nezicwangciso nasihlahla. Ngowe-1929, abasemagunyeni bagqiba ukuhlaziya kwisicwangciso seminyaka emihlanu-Iimpawu phezulu iqhosha. Oku kwabangela ubunzima kunye nezixhobo kunye eqela labasebenzi sisephantsi kolwakhiwo. Unee ngxaki izinto ekrwada. Isethi kwezakhiwo sele emkhenkceni. Ngaphandle kwento yokuba inkampani benza umthamo imveliso ethile, lisebenze kangangoko, abazange bakwazi ukufumana amanqaku. длилась в целом до начала Второй мировой. Kwemizi e Kazakhstan yathatha lonke phambi Second World War.

nkqubo yokufudukela

возник дефицит в рабочей силе. Kwiminyaka kukwanda kweefektri e Kazakhstan kwakukho nokunqongophala kwawo. Oku kubanga luhamba ngesantya esincomekayo kakhulu yokwakha mveliso. Ukubonelela abasebenzi kunye nezibonelelo komncedisi kukuqeqesha abantu ngamandla basekuhlaleni abenza iiseti abantu kwimimandla esentshona USSR. Kule mimandla, izinga lentswela laliphezulu kakhulu. Kuba 1931-1940 biennium. kwiriphabliki ngaphezulu kwe 550 lamawaka. abantu abangeniswe. Inani elikhulu labasebenzi zidla ezisezantsi abanezakhono, baba abalimi nasemizini needolophu bayangcungcutheka collectivization.

iingxaki

Ngenxa yokuba le nkqubo yokufudukela kumashishini sele lehlile kakhulu, hayi ukusebenza kuphela, kodwa uqeqesho. Phakathi abasebenzi abanezakhono kunye baseYurophu abangenazakhono bendawo babeye waba iingxabano. Kumashishini namandla ukunxila, ukungakhathali. Konke oku kudodobalisa kakhulu kushishino. Ngokomzekelo, xa kwakusakhiwa Turksib ubusika ka-1928 kwakukho pogrom in Sergipole. On Karsakpay isityalo lihanjiswa ukunxila, kalweni, kukho ngokufuthi ukungqubana uhlanga. On Ridder isityalo Kazakhs ayengavumelekanga ehostele kunye Russian, ahlawulwa ngaphantsi wengingqi ngaphezu iindwendwe kunye elifanayo. Kwakukho ingxaki ekufumaneni unyango. iqondo lokufakelwa High apho amashishini.

abavela ezizodwa

Baye bakhonza njengomthombo wemvula abantu abasebenzayo. bahlali ezizodwa - abalimi bawagqogqa, abantu eSiberia kunye nemimandla eyintloko yelizwe. Ngowe-1931 waba ngu-70 amawaka. Man e Karaganda. Baye babemi kwiilali 25 iimeko zayo ezimbi. bahlali Special ayengavunyelwa ukuzakhela ukuhamba ngaphandle kwendawo yokuhlala. Basebenza emigodini, phezu ulwakhiwo enqabeni yomkhosi, kaloliwe. Abo babesebenza, wafumana 600 grams abaxhomekeke - 300 iigram yesonka ngosuku. Ukususela izifo kunye nendlala, nabafiki ezininzi ezizodwa bafa. Baye indawo ngabantu abatsha kwaziswa. Ngokubanzi, Kazakhstan wathumela malunga 189 lamawaka. Owayesakuba kulaks. 150,000 kuzo kwaziswa ngo-1931 Inani lilonke kwabemi ezizodwa ngo-1937 ifikelele amawaka 360.

inkqubo eminqubeni

It wadalwa ukuze ukunika amashishini amakhulu amandla cheap. Ngowe-1931, kwinkampu Karaganda kwasekwa. Oku kuqulethe ingcinezelo zonke iingingqi Union. Ngexesha le-imi- 30-40 yeenkampu eziliqela ezifana zadalwa kwiRiphabliki. Kazakhstan, ngaloo ndlela, uye waba yindawo ebanzi-isikali ekuthinjweni.

emali

проводилась за счет ухудшения качества жизни населения, в частности, крестьянства. Ngezoshishino Kazakhstan Kwabanjwa ngeendleko umgangatho wobomi, ingakumbi zaba balimi. Kwiminyaka emihlanu ukususela 1929 ukuya 1934, kwakukho izinga eliphezulu lokwenyuka kwamaxabiso. ukukhula imali ubonelelo zafikelela 180%, kunye neendleko kwempahla eveliswe yenyuka nge 250-300%. Isethi lamanqaku kwisicwangciso seminyaka emihlanu-onxulumene, ingakumbi, kushishino ukukhanya, yaye ayikhange ilandelwe.

neziphumo ezincumisayo

, эксперты отмечают существенный рост объема промышленного производства, увеличение доли его продукции в хозяйстве. Ngokufundisisa iimpawu kukwanda kweefektri ku Kazakhstan, iingcali phawula ukwanda okubonakalayo umthamo kwemveliso yoshishino, ukwandisa isabelo imveliso yawo efama. Xa ulwazi ak. Ashinbaeva, ngexesha lo isicwangciso sokuqala seminyaka emihlanu lwamashishini 40 ezinkulu, yonke le yesibini laphehlelelwa lizwe - 120, kwaye eyesithathu 700 ezinkulu zokwakha-scale waqala Aktobe iikhemikhali kunye Balkhash isinyibilikise lobhedu, isityalo abakhokelayo Shymkent, Karaganda amalahle isitya, njl undoqo yaba. kaloliwe Turkestan-eSiberia. Ukongeza, ulwakhiwo izityalo amandla amakhulu.

imboni extractive

Kweli candelo bathabatha olukhawulezileyo mveliso. в первые довоенные пятилетки акцент ставился на добыче природных ресурсов для удовлетворения народного хозяйства всего Союза в продукции нефтяной, угольной, пищевой и легкой промышленности, цветной металлургии. E Kazakhstan kwisicwangciso sokuqala pre-imfazwe seminyaka emihlanu, ukugxininisa ukubaluleka kokuba nokusengwa kwemithombo yobutyebi yendalo ukuhlangabezana uqoqosho yonke imveliso Union kwi-oyile, amalahle, ukutya kunye nokukhanya kwezoshishino, yokunyibilikisa isinyithi nonferrous. Ngowe-1939, isabelo weRiphabliki kukhupho lilonke lead nobhedu kweli lizwe yaba 84,8% kunye 16.2%, ngokulandelelana. Ngo-1940, Kazakhstan kwindawo yesibini kwi-Union for yokunyibilikisa isinyithi non-ayoni, kwaye eyesithathu - kuba oyile namalahle. Isabelo oshishino kwimveliso okunzulu 63,7% xa kuthelekiswa 13.5% phambi kokuba kwisiCwangciso semiNyaka emiHlanu kuqala.

collectivization

Kwiminyaka 1928-1930 ngokutsha kwicandelo lolawulo USSR. Endaweni bamazwe, iilokishi kunye counties waya kummandla kunye mmandla. Nabo ke, yahlulwe izithili. Ezi units counties ezincinane, kodwa inkoliso counties ndawo. сопровождалась коллективизацией. Kulo ngezoshishino yokuqala yeminyaka emihlanu ku Kazakhstan wahamba collectivization. Phakathi phezulu kwayo kweli lizwe ngakumbi 550 lamawaka iifama uhlobo ephila kunye nezo ephila. Collectivisation waya kumgca ukubunjwa iifama zikarhulumente ezihlangeneyo, haying umatshini-izitishi (yesandla). Ngaphambi kwemfazwe, kwakukho umbutho abaninzi. Njengenxalenye yale fama nemibutho baba 99% kuzo zonke iifama. Ukongeza, 4 sefama iye yasekwa kwaye 331 MCC.

iimpazamo

Xa inkqubo collectivization angeniswe iziphene. Kwindawo yokuqala, kwakunye kwemizi-mveliso, yena ehamba ngokukhawuleza ixesha elifutshane kakhulu. NgoFebruwari 1930, umzekelo, iifama ezidityanelweyo baba ngaphezu kwama-70%, kwaye kwezinye iindawo - ukuya kutsho kuma-80% amakhaya. Ukongeza, lo mkhuba "oliqakathisa 'ukusuka kwenye uhlobo lomsebenzi kwenye ngaphandle kokudala ngumba, kuthathelwa ingqalelo ingakumbi kwicandelo lezolimo kweli lizwe. Enye into ebalulekileyo yaba elihle kwezentlalo, ngenkani kunye nezilwanyana zasekhaya. Izilwanyana athathwa namahlwempu. Oku kwabangela ukunganeliseki phakathi zaba balimi. Abantu baqala ukuthengisa ipropati, imfuyo kunye ukufudukela kwimimandla asebumelwaneni - amazwe Central Asia kwi kummandla phakathi nolusezantsi iVolga, Western eSiberia, Bashkiria, kwaye kwezinye iimeko kunye kwamanye amazwe - Mongolia, China kunye nabanye.

iziphumo

Ngezoshishino Kazakhstan kuye kwabangela umonakalo omkhulu kwezolimo. Mu kuya kwa nshita ubunye-80% amakhaya kwiifama bebonke ngo-1930 (entwasahlobo) kubo wahlala malunga ne10-15%. Kuba imida ye kwiriphabliki abemkileyo ngaphezulu kwama-180 lamawaka. Farms. Oku uphazamisa kakhulu kuqoqosho Kazakhstan, umonakalo omkhulu imfuyo. Kamva, amanyathelo athatyathwa ukuphelisa iziphumo olahlwa azenzileyo. Noko ke, akuzange kube lula ukubuyisela abantu yalahleka pre-imfazwe Isicwangciso seminyaka emihlanu. Owona mngeni ephambili yonke inkqubo yaba backwardness lwezentlalo noqoqosho. Kwiimeko ezinjalo, abantu weRiphabliki kwafuneka enze uvale ekhawulezileyo ukusuka feudalism kwiSocialism ngaphandle ukuya kwinqanaba nkulu. Le meko iye mandundu into yokuba kwakhona kwisakhiwo kwezoqoqosho emva kokuba ungenelelo angaphandle kunye War Civil walibala kakhulu. Ngo-1926, ushishino kweli lizwe lifikelele% 61 kuphela kwinqanaba 1913, kwi / s - 82.9%. Kwathi, inqanaba pre-revolution ephantsi kakhulu. Indawo ehamba phambili kweli shishini wanikwa imveliso abasakhasayo, yona impahla ikakhulu kumthengi yaye iquka kuphela kumashishini amancinci benza ekusetyenzweni izinto zezilwanyana ekrwada kunye neemveliso yezolimo.