Manual, mechanical kunye hydraulic ukufa. Ukufa - it ...

Xa "ukufa" belizwi, abantu abaninzi ngoko nangoko phambi kwamehlo umfanekiso eyoyikekayo kuvela isohlwayo. Kukholelwa ukuba isiFrentshi wasungula isixhobo ukufa. Eneneni, eFransi wadala ukufa ngendlela apho baqhele ukubona kulo, kodwa ngaphambi kokuba iye yasetyenziswa kwamanye amazwe aseYurophu. E Ireland Scotland le fyabo esibulalayo wabizwa intombi Scottish, Italy - Mandaia, eJamani - Fallbeil. Nangona bathuthumele ngaphambili esi sixhobo wenza abantu omnye ngohlobo lwayo, ke ngoku ukuze kuzuze uluntu ukufa. Esi sixhobo ngoku kusetyenziswa ukusika isinyithi, ukusika iphepha kunye iisiga.

Yintoni na ukufa?

Ngengqiqo lokuqala ukufa - yindlela ngokunqamla intloko, esetyenziswa kumazwe aliqela aseYurophu ukunyanzelisa isohlwayo sentambo. Umpu yaba imela omkhulu elibhalwe ngokumileyo, ubunzima ogama zazisuka 40-100 kg ihamba phakathi guides nkqo. Intambo liphuma ukuya kubude malunga ne-3 m kwaye lukhuselekile nge Kwasika esiswini. Isigwebo sokufa, ubeke phezu kwesitulo, yaye intloko yakhe apha phakathi iiplanga elitywinwe ngenxa entanyeni. Lower Kwathiwa fixed kwaye eliphezulu - isusiwe phezulu kwaye phantsi Azisekho. Kwikroba ephethe imela, wavula sokunqika ezizodwa wawa ngesantya esiphezulu ngqo kwi entanyeni ixhoba, nto leyo esisizathu sokuba ukufa weza ngoko nangoko.

Umsunguli izixhobo ukubulawa

Kangangexesha elide eFransi izaphuli batshiswa esibondeni, quartered okanye waxhonywa, abantu banelungelo kuphela babulawa ngokunqamla iintloko zabo ngezembe okanye likrele, ukunciphisa ukubandezeleka kwabo. UGqr Guillotin, owaba lilungu leNdibano yesiZwe Ngo1791 okokuqala wacela ukuba ahambe ukubulawa okufanayo hayi ngokwahlula abantu eziqhelekileyo basebukhosini. Ngokutsho kwakhe, ukufa - le yindlela ebalaseleyo ukuze bawubuyise ndoda ukusuka intlungu ngokwasemzimbeni nasengqondweni, njengoko njengesixhobo luqhutywa ngokukhawuleza kwaye baphulukana nobomi babo kumcimbi lemizuzwana.

Isindululo ehambelana Jean Guillotin kwi kwiNdibano neqela kuqaliswa ngo ka1789. Oku kwalandelwa eninzi mlonyeni, kodwa ekupheleni uninzi lwamalungu ekuvunyelwene kunye nogqirha, yaye ngowe Ngo1791 indlela lokubulawa iye yaziswa ngokusesikweni ukuya Code Criminal. Okokuqala, lo isixhobo lokubulala wahlolwa cadavers, kodwa entwasahlobo ka-1792 wathabatha isohlwayo yokuqala kwi Indawo de Greve ekusebenziseni le nqubo. Kangangexesha elide Ndandikholelwa ukuba Umsunguli ukufa wahlaselwa indalo yayo efanayo, kodwa akuyonyaniso. Guillotin wabulawa izinto zendalo ngo-1814.

Ukusetyenziswa ukufa eYurophu

abaninzi Ubuntu ezaziwayo-kakuhle ikhanda ukufa. Esi sixhobo lokufa abasasazeka kumazwe amaninzi aseYurophu, kodwa inkoliso bonke wayenaso French. Ngexesha French Revolution, izaphuli-mthetho ezininzi gilotirovany lo matshini njengoko izixhobo eziphambili isohlwayo yasetyenziswa de 1981. E eJamani, ukufa yayigqalwa uhlobo olungundoqo lwe isigwebo sentambo de-1949. indlela German yahluke kancinane isiFrentshi, kwafuneka sokutsala into ngentambo ukuze kushenxiswe imela, izithuba zesinyithi nkqo yaye asezantsi kakhulu. Umpu ithabathe kusetyenziswa iJamani yamaNazi lezihange intloko.

Imbali ukufa ushiye uphawu lwalo Italy. Ngowe-1819, le ndlela ibonwa main instrument ngokubulawa. Le izaphuli-ikhanda kufuphi Castel Sant'Angelo ukuya Piazza del Popolo. ukufa aseRoma iimpawu zalo kuyilo: emboxo "gripe" buthi umzimba umntu ogwetyiweyo kunye incakuba ngqo. ixesha esidlulileyo kusetyenziswa ehlotyeni ka 1870, emva kokuba irhoxisiwe. Cayenne ukusuka XVIII kwinkulungwane XX indawo servitude setyala kunye ekuthinjweni ngenxa amabanjwa ezopolitiko. Kule ndawo yimvula rhoqo yazandlala icesina kakhulu kwaye sisinde apha kwakungenakwenzeka. Sinnamary entolongweni ebizwa ngokuba 'ukufa owomileyo. "

manual ukufa

amaxesha anomngcipheko, xa abantu iintloko ngezembe, ngenxa ityala incinane, elide abasekho, kwaye ngoku kukuyilwa lukaGqirha Guillotin ukuze kuzuze uluntu. Ukusika izixhobo umatshini ukuze kwenziwe lula umsebenzi leengcali amaxesha amaninzi. Umgaqo kusikwe izinto zisekelwe kumgaqo yokusebenza womatshini yokuqala. Lo matshini ukufa lafakwa ngemela esezantsi esisigxina, ngoko wakhangela ngathi isikere nangaphezulu. Kuxhomekeke kusetyenziso, ubukhulu kunye nezinyuko kwezinto kusetyenziswa iintlobo ezahlukeneyo guillotines. Elula kwezi a ukhetho manual.

Lo matshini isebenza Bulelani kwindlela lever-emthonjeni. ukufa Manual kukuthi izixhobo elula ayidingi izakhi artful, kodwa zithandwa kakhulu kolu shishino. Ngoncedo lweplastiki yakhe aqingqiweyo, iimakhishithi zesinyithi ezicekethekileyo, ikhadibhodi enkulu, irabha, plexiglass. Lo matshini kuhle ukuba kuba ukusebenza akukho mfuneko yokuba anike unxibelelwano ezongezelelweyo, akudingi umbane ukusebenza naliphi na igumbi, kwaye amaxesha amaninzi kunciphisa iindleko msebenzi.

ukufa mechanical

izixhobo Machine kubonakalise ukuba icala elungileyo. Kuqeqesho ukuba ukujonga ukuthembeka izixhobo kuphela ngokufanelekileyo nangokuchanekileyo enze imisebenzi, kodwa kuhla amandla amancinane. Le ndlela ke bakhwela umphini uqhuba imela. Esebenzisa nokuhlangana ingena torque. Sam flywheel esijikeleziswa yi yinjini.

ukufa hydraulic

izixhobo ezifana esisetyenziselwa amashishini aphakathi enkulu, njengoko sele ubungakanani enkulu, exabiso likhulu kwaye kuyimfuneko ukuba ukuveliswa kwezinto yokuthutha. ukufa ngamanzi ngokulula ukumelana zesinyithi ezahlukeneyo olulingana. line High-nocoselelo umatshini omkhulu ihydraulic iqinisekisa ngqo ngokupheleleyo le cut. I Iphepha metal phezu lonke ubude aqingqiweyo Iqinisekile nokubotshwa Isilinda hydraulic, kodwa umsantsa phakathi ngamaphiko kufuneka lulungiswe zoomatshini.

Metal ukufa

oomatshini ukufa zisetyenziswa ikakhulu nokuhlawulwa roll metal, ukusika zibe imicu, ukusika iphepha kwi ezinqamlezayo nolwalathiso longitudinal. izixhobo ephathwayo lula ukuphatha metal non-ayoni (zinc,-aluminiyam, ikopolo kunye aluminium) kunye kuhlinzwa zizixwexwe. Ukugawula izinto ziyatyeba bazibandakanya, mechanical, womoya, oomatshini hydraulic electromechanical.

Ukufa ivelisa imiphetho egudileyo cut ngaphandle Isipha okanye ezinye deformations. Xa ukunciphisa sheet kuncitshiswe inkunkuma, nokuba kwiimeko apho iindawo ezahlukeneyo semilo ezintsonkothileyo. On umatshini enjalo ivumela ukuba kusikwa noko zipeyintwe ukutyabeka metal ayinayo chip okanye zikhubazekile. Ezinye izinto zokusebenza kunqunyulwa square, emboxo, metal ngeenxa zonke. koomatshini ukufa nako kusikwa phantsi isipha esikhulu sezixhobo zokufunda.

ukufa Paper

Xa ekudaleni izixhobo Iphepha-ukusika, kakhulu, kwakukho ukusetyenziswa eyoyikekayo wayila ka Dr. Guillotin. Kuxhomekeka injongo apho kusetyenziswa yaye wakwenza njani oko, ukwahlula phakathi iintlobo zoomatshini, umbane, manual kunye ngesanti kubunzulu baphantsi kwezakhiwo. iphepha ukufa isetyenziswa ikakhulu ngendlela mveliso. Kubalulekile kakhulu ukuba ezifanelekileyo ukusika esezenziwe amakhulu iphepha phezulu ukuya sheets 800.

Indlela imela usika ifayibha, kunokuba ukutyhala kubo, kunokwenzeka ngenxa intshukumo kwikonw ngekona. Ukufa usika ngokomthamo flow lwephepha, ukushiya cut ngokugqibeleleyo ecocekileyo, yaye oku inzuzo wayo omkhulu. uhlelo Ukuphucula ukusebenza kwezixhobo, kubhaliwe lusekiwe, nayo ngokuzenzekelayo yaye uphawula umgca umda khona. Ukongeza, ukuba kuyimfuneko, kuwo nawuphi na umatshini, ungenza akalulola imela.

Ukufa ngenxa cigar

Igama leentambula neengcwangu esibondeni, mhlawumbi ngengqiqo isigqebelo eli gama lisetyenziswa ukubhekisela izixhobo ze ukusika incam yaloo icuba. Kangangexesha elide kulo, sebenzisa iimela okanye isikere, kodwa abazange unike loo ukusebenza, enika ukufa. Ugwayi kuba isiphelo evaliweyo, kuya kwenjiwa ukulondoloza ubumnandi yokuqala icuba. umbono ngembali ukufa ngakumbi ngathi yokwahluka desktop, nangona kukho i Pilot (portable) icebo. Ngabo ezilungele ukusetyenziswa kwelo gumbi okanye ekhaya.

kutsala ugwayi kwi kancinane nzima, ukufa yenza a cut egudileyo, ngenxa yokuba into otshayayo uyalinandipha beziyolo kwinkqubo, ngenxa yokuba ezixhuzuxhuzulayo kunye Tsalani gingxi kunye nokukhupha. guillotines eziphathekayo ezi olulodwa kwaye macala mabini. Nezitshetshe zibukhali, ngoko deformation kwegqabi icuba iyapheliswa. Simple umsebenzisi Kungcono usebenzise amabini, indlela ukufa unilateral ukuya iinkosi.