Isigqibo sokuqalisa ityala kwicala lolawulo. Ubugcisa. 28.1 yeKhowudi yokuLawula ulawulo lweRussia Federation. Iimpawu ezisisiseko zecala lolawulo

Ukuthintela amatyala yolawulo pravoobespechivayuschey umlinganiselo esisinyanzelo ukuvulwa imicimbi yalo mthetho. Le ingxenye imisebenzi zokunyanzelisa umthetho ukuba kakhulu phakathi kobuchule omkhosi wokhuselo. Xa inkqubo ukuphunyezwa igosa imisebenzi umisela ungubani umoni kukho protocol kwaye inika ingqalelo ngakumbi kwimeko ngokungqinelana nemigaqo esemthethweni yomGaqo-Russian Federation. Ukongeza, amagosa zokunyanzelisa umthetho zinyanzelekile ukuba ukulandela ikhondo yokwenza isigqibo. Kodwa ngaphambi kokuba uzise umoni ukuba uxanduva zolawulo, kubalulekile ukuba ukungqina ityala lakhe. iqalise ayikwazi babe netyala-non ukungathotyelwa kwalo mgaqo umntu.

Yintoni ityala lolawulo: Inkcazo

Ukususela mzuzu iinkqubo zolawulo ide igqibeke yayo yokugqibela ukwenza ngaphandle kokwenza i zokusebenza eziyimfuneko amanyathelo okulungisa. Production ngokwayo imicimbi yolawulo ngumzekelo obalaseleyo kwezomthetho, uqhutywe kwi-sikhokelo ye-ncomo lwaso zoluntu kunye nokwenza intshukumo izisombululo ezithile, kubandakanywa ukusetyenziswa iindlela isohlwayo semali okanye ukubanjwa.

Into yokuqala ukuqonda iinkcukacha imiqathango ezingundoqo zolawulo komthetho inkqubo. Ukunqanda ukutyhilwa ezimbini nezimaphambili ezingundoqo efuna ukucaciswa. Ityala yolawulo kuchazwa nasiphi na isenzo mthethweni okanye ityeshelwe, kuba ikhomishini apho umntu onoxanduva mthetho unika imbopheleleko yolawulo ngokusemthethweni. Umoni kwimeko zomthetho yolawulo kunokuba abantu emzimbeni zomthetho, imibutho yoluntu, imibutho yoluntu, njalo-njalo. D. Ingqiqo-mthetho yolawulo, inokuba liqulathe isitshixo "action" yaye "yokungenzi 'ukuba ezikhethiweyo kwikota single -" isenzo. " Kungakhathaliseki yokuziphatha-mthetho, i-esebenzayo (Act) okanye passive (yokungenzi) obenziwe isikhubekiso wobubi iquka ukuqeshwa amanyathelo sezomthetho.

Iimpawu somxholo lwamatyala yolawulo

Yahlula phakathi kwesenzo okungalunganga zohlobo yolawulo Kulityala ukuba ikhomishini apho akuthethi ukunika uxanduva olusemthethweni ukutyebisa iimpawu ezingundoqo lokwaphula umthetho yolawulo. Ezi ziquka:

• Utshaba Public - inyathelo okanye Ukungenzi umenzi wobubi Ayize nakanye umdla oluntu, abemi ngabanye okanye urhulumente.
• Wrongfulness - xa tort yolawulo ngokuzenzekelayo waphula imimiselo kwentsimi ezahlukeneyo zomthetho, amanyathelo ekhuselweyo yoxanduva yolawulo ngokusemthethweni.
• Unetyala - kwinqanaba mthetho kugqalwa ityala xa wafumana umntu enetyala (kukho injongo okanye ukungakhathali) ndaphula umthetho yolawulo.
• Isigwebo - inkalo ebalulekileyo komthetho tort, ukuba baqaphele ukuba ityala yolawulo ingabonelelwa kuphela ukuba kukho umlinganiselo othile uxanduva umsebenzi wayo.

Ukuze ubone iqondo ityala nokwabela ukuba kukho umlinganiselo ofanelekileyo uxanduva imicimbi yolawulo lwemveliso kufuneka kudlule uthotho iinkqubo mandatory, ezilandelelanayo. Inyathelo lokuqala indlela kubulungisa kunye nokusekwa kwe kakubi luthathwa lokwaluka leenkqubo. Eli nqanaba le Russian Federation kwicandelo kolu i-Code of Administrative Amatyala (Administrative Code), loo nto ithathwa ekuqaleni ixesha efumanise tort, kunye nokugqitywa - ukutshintshwa amaxwebhu ityala ogunyaziswe ukuba bangenele ngakumbi procedural igosa amanyathelo.

Kwezinye iimeko, vula inkqubo yolawulo ukuba ityala?

Xa nqanaba ityala yolwaluko, ezinxulumene neshishini lwezomthetho, kubaluleke kakhulu iqhotyoshelwe kubangelwa. Oonobangela ngokuqala ityala yolawulo yinkqubo intsebenzo oluqhutywa ukuze ukuseka umfanekiso kweziganeko, ukudala isiseko ubungqina, ukulungisa mthetho kunye isigqibo iziqinisekiso zabo. Uluhlu yezizathu uvumela ukuba angaqhubekeki ulawulo zolawulo, kubalulekile kakhulu umxhelo. Ngokungqinelana ne-Code of Administrative Amatyala ye Russian Federation, izenzo ezisemthethweni zilandelayo isiseko ukuvulwa iinkqubo zezolawulo:

• efumanise igosa ilifa izakhono ezaneleyo sobhaliso ukunyhashwa protocol, kunye neemeko engqina yokuqhutywa kolwaphulo mthetho;
• kokufumana onke amabhunga (kubandakanywa norhulumente, abasemagunyeni, imibutho karhulumente ..) zemathiriyeli kunye data ebonisa ukuba ukuphunyezwa ityala zolawulo, kwakunye neengxelo ezivela kwimibutho kunye nabemi, izithuba izibane loluntu eendaba;
• vidiyo okanye fotozapis ezifunyenwe ngethuba izithuthi ngexesha ngundaba-mthetho yolawulo, kwakunye esibhaliweyo isiqinisekiso yomnini lelifa kunye nokusetyenziswa isithuthi ngomnye umntu ngexesha betyala yolawulo.

Izizathu ekuqaleni kwiinkqubo zolawulo

Isizathu bokunikeza amanyathelo ngamnye yoxanduva lolawulo kudla ingxelo yomnikazi, umphathi kulamlo lokugqibela ngoku, ikomiti babatyalayo 'kwesahluko kwiimeko ebekwe yi amanqaku ngamnye zaloMgaqo (umzekelo, Unguye. 14.12, 14.13, 14.23). isizathu esibambekayo kuqaliswe inkqubo kwakhona kuthathwa nokufunyanwa ixabiso elisemthethweni izigqibo zeKomishoni kwezakhiwo antimonopoly, ukuncedisa ekumiseleni ukuba ityala solawulo ekubhekiswe kuyo kwiSiqendu 14.31-14.33 kweKhowudi.

Xa nqanaba inkqubo yolawulo kubalulekile bobabo izenzo ngemizimba zokunyanzelisa umthetho ejoliswe kukucacisa ngexesha kunye nendawo yesehlo, ucacisiwe umfanekiso mthetho, ngubani lo mntu asenzileyo. Kuba yenkqubo isigaba sokuqala ityala ngozalisekiso awayedla amanyathelo ezicacisa iqondo engekho-mthetho kunye neemeko ezinxulumene iphazamise. Kulo mzekelo, inkcazelo iintshukumisa kunye nemiqathango ityala kubalulekile ukwenzela ukutsala wobubi sezomthetho.

Kwinqanaba yowiso ichazwe ngokwenkcukacha ezaneleyo indawo apho imveliso ukungathobeli yolawulo abaya kuthathelwa ingqalelo evulekileyo. Ukusungula iinkqubo kuqhubeka ukususela kwi ukulungiswa kwengxelo kwi ityala yezolawulo, nto leyo ke kaninzi iba ingxelo yesaveyi ndawo, lo protocol ngokusetyenziswa kwamanyathelo olawulo ukuqinisekisa imveliso kunye nabanye. Imveliso Vula ithathwa njengokuba umhla wobhaliso bazimisele ukuqalisa ityala kwi umthetho yezolawulo. Le nkqubo kuthathwa ukuba inyanzelekile ukuba imfuneko yophando eyongezelelweyo ukuze ikwazi ukubonisa ngokuchanekileyo ukuba iimeko ngesiganeko okanye uviwo, amanye amanyathelo yenkqubo.

Ezahlukahlukeneyo Ulwaphulo kolawulo yolawulo

Xa Code of the Russian Federation kunye izimvo (inqaku 28.7) kukho iingcaciso sobugcisa. 28.7 elawula inkqubo yokwenziwa kwezigqibo ukuba baqhube uphando nangoko zibe izono zolawulo. Lo mba waye ziqukiwe imiqathango reference yegosa ababebhala nokuzimisela umkhwetha ityala. inkqubo efanayo kwakhona zinxulumene ngokokubona prosecutorial. Umtshutshisi yenza isigqibo sokuba iqalise ityala kwi umthetho zolawulo bosilungisa uphando olongezelelweyo. Hi ndlela leyi, kwinqaku elifanayo Code ithi, xa besaphula zomthetho nezobudlelwane kwi Ziziphi iinkalo kusenokufuneka ukuba aphande. Babe misdemeanors ezinxulumene-non ukuthotyelwa nkalo zilandelayo:

• antitrust;
• zibhuqe-mvume, patent;
• iintengiso nobudlelwane noluntu nokuthengisa;
• ukuziphatha yokhetho kunye zimvo;
• ulawulo kunye semthethweni inzuzo zoshishino;
• Narcotics, izinto psychotropic kunye uhlobo;
• turnover icuba notywala imveliso;
• ulawulo exchange;
• ukhuseleko Consumer, ezinxulumene, amalungelo;
• ulawulo urhulumente amaxabiso, iindleko lweerhafu kwimpahla kunye neenkonzo;
• ulawulo lokusingqongileyo;
• Amasiko nolawulo wayeyingcali;
• ukhuseleko emlilweni;
• imithetho yokusebenza kwezithuthi kunye kwezithuthi endleleni;
• ubonelelo ngeenkonzo ukuba iimfuno ezibalulekileyo federal nabeengingqi.

Ukuzimisela ukuba liqalise ityala yolawulo, ekhutshwe ngumntu eligunyazisiweyo, ziphelekwa yinkcazo abathathi-nxaxheba zemveliso amalungelo abo eziliwela kunye neembopheleleko, ngokutsho Code Administrative. Ikopi inikwa woniweyo kwaye umntu lowo wenziwa - umntu okanye iqumrhu.

Awohluke sokuphanda kwimeko kwiinkqubo zolawulo

Uphando lwenziwa ngexesha imida emiselwe ngumthetho, ngokusekelwe siqinisekiso kwimeko umthetho yolawulo. Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba nendawo yentlanganiso kufuneka ibe ummandla zafezwa okanye ukuqaphela tort ngokusemthethweni. Uphando olwenziwe ngumntu ogunyazisiweyo kwezinye iimeko ezichazwe ngumthetho - nesekela lakhe okanye elinye igosa ukuba isakhono esifanelekileyo kulo.

Imihla zeetshekhi awuyi kuba ngaphezu kweentsuku ezingama-30 ukususela kumhla bazimisele ukuqalisa ityala kwi umthetho yezolawulo. esibekwe ukuze kwandiswe ukuya kwiinyanga-1 okanye ezi-6 xa isicelo esibhaliweyo kumntu ababenza ekuvelisweni kwale meko. Isigqibo ukwandisa imigaqo ebekwe phantsi inkcazelo, ithatha intloko igunya okanye isekela lakhe, ikopi inikwa uqobo ngokumelene utyikityo nexhoba kunye namaqela ummangalelwa.

Kamsinya nje uphando zolawulo eza kubugqiba, ukuba akutsalwa up. Ukuba iziphumo zakhe akukho zizathu uphando ngakumbi, umntu ogunyazisiweyo uya kukhupha izigqibo ziphele imveliso. Kulo mzekelo umoni njengoko ixhoba unikwa ithuba lokuba baziqhelanise ekwenzeni imithetho, ukuba ukunika ingcaciso ukucacisa ikhontenti kwaye khomba ezingachanekanga kwi yomthetho okanye amaxwebhu aqhotyoshelweyo noko ukuba liqalise ityala yolawulo.

Kwezinye iimeko, lo protocol senziwe kungekho mntu owaphule umthetho. Emva kokuba ukuzimisela, ukuveliswa kwe-nxaxheba wathumela isaziso lokwaluka onika yolawulo. Ukuba ufika emva umoni okanye iqela owenzakeleyo sithunyelwa ikopi yale ndlela yonxibelelwano oqulunqwe indawo yabo yokuhlala esisigxina zingadlulanga iintsuku ezintathu emva kokuphunyezwa uxwebhu.

Izizathu yokurhoxiswa icala mthetho

Ukuvala lo deal, kufuneka ukuba ubuncinane omnye wemiqathango ezimiselwe ngokomthetho:

• lingekho yokuba enetyala solawulo;
• inxalenye ukwakheka icala (kuquka nesikhundla ekuthini, zokuphila ngamnye);
• ukuphunyezwa tort umntu ongaphantsi kweminyaka eli-16 ubudala;
• umoni akukho ukukhetha isenzo;
• kokupapashwa loxolelo, nto leyo ithetha ukuba ukususwa isohlwayo;
• ukupheliswa ntshukumo amandla komthetho, ukulungisa uxanduva lolawulo;
• kokuphela kwexesha umda ixesha lokufaka ibango.

Ukongeza, ukuba ngexesha elifanayo kwi into enye kuthwalelwa phandle kwecala kanti zolawulo, isigqibo eso sathathwa ukuqalisa inkqubo, ukupheliswa okanye ukuqeshwa lommiselo, iinkqubo zolawulo wayeka. Kwimeko ukufa ngumdlwenguli uphando ngamnye wayeka naye.

Ukulungiselela protocol lolawulo ingozi Umzekelo

Kuba iintshukumo zokwaphulwa kwemithetho yendlela esisigxina, kuquka olungalunganga kunye isithuthi nokusebenza, leyo bengcono ngendlela ebangela of nobungozi kwimpilo nexhoba, ekhuphe ingxelo uphando iindawo mthetho. Olu xwebhu lwakha xa kuthe unobangela iintshukumo zokwaphulwa kwemithetho yendlela yaba akholosileyo ngeenyawo okanye isithuthi ungumhlali. Xa uvula i sigcawu kufuna phambi wamangqina amabini, uxwebhu zenziwe ngaphandle kokulibazisa kwaye basuke kummandla ingozi. Le protocol ngokwayo kufuneka iqulathe i data:

• phezu iimpawu ezingundoqo enetyala solawulo;
• phezu komyalelo kwamagosa izenzo yamagosa nokunyanzeliswa komthetho ezenza ingxelo uphando endaweni ityala;
• umgangatho endleleni kunye nemeko yayo, phambi kwaso ehambelanayo SDA ukumakisha,
• phezu iqondo yokucacisa kwinxalenye yendlela;
• kuhlangana ilawulwa, nto leyo ityala;
• ubukho ezizuzwa irobhothi;
• ukungabikho kweempawu zendlela kuqala;
• kwezinye iimeko ibalulekile kokuqaliswa ityala.

Kukutshekisha kwimeko mthetho

Ngexesha lokubhalisa log ungeno wenza kuyo ukuba amalungelo nezibophelelo abantu abakhoyo ngexesha inkqubo yohlolo zaye abhalwe ngokucacileyo ngaphandle ngokungqinelana nomthetho. Ukongeza uhlolo protocol isicelo iingxelo ezikhoyo, ungeno kwi ukusetyenziswa kwemali ukuze aqhube ifoto kunye nevidiyo, nezinye iindlela ovunyelweyo ukulungisa ndawo ukupeyinta kunye nobungqina ebonakalayo inxaxheba.

Emva kokuba protocol esatyikitywa ezantsi ebeka igosa kunye nabanye abakhoyo - nxaxheba inkqubo yohlolo, indawo mthetho, kubandakanywa amangqina kunye ingozi ngumtyholwa. Iikopi engenakutshintshwa ezisayiniweyo angeniswe nomoni, isithuthi ulawulo ngexesha le ngozi. Kwimeko ngokuthumela inkqubo yokungqinisisa zemveliso, oluqhutywa kwindawo amatyala ngqo, imfuno zokwenza uphando yolawulo shwaka ngokwalo.

Le Code yoLawulo kunye notshintsho (Art. 28.5) kuqatshelwe ukuba ityala iimeko ezicacileyo sisiseko itsheki kwixesha elizayo. Emva nokufunyanwa yengozi yengozi ukuchonga iimpawu sokuqinisekisa okungalunganga kwenziwa ngexesha ukuvula i iimeko ngokwesiseko ezibalulekileyo kunjalo, kubandakanywa ulwazi malunga umoni (abantu bendalo okanye imibutho), ukuba ekhutshwe ngokumalunga ukuzimisela kwalo ukuqupha ityala kwi umthetho yezolawulo. Ukuqinisekiswa lwenziwa zingekapheli iintsuku ezimbini ukususela kumhla ubhaqo kwephulwa.

Ukugqitywa kweqonga yokwaluka inkqubo mthetho

Art. 28.1 of the Code lolawulo lilawula ekupheleni uvavanyo lwemveliso. Xa ukudluliselwa kwigosa yetyala eligunyazisiweyo ukuze ziqwalaselwe, a protocol kwi mthetho yezolawulo. Kwimeko masixole sesigqibo yemveliso wenziwa kwi ukwala okumisela. Ngokutsho Art. 28.1 of the Code Administrative, isizathu ngokusilela kukunqongophala corpus delicti kwi izinto ezikhoyo, iingxelo yaye wenza iingxelo zenziwa.

Xa kuyilo protocol akuyomfuneko ukuba wobubi kuya kuxhomekeka uxanduva lolawulo ngohlobo kukho isilumkiso ngomlomo okanye isohlwayo kwimali mvuzo ewu, nokunyhashwa komthetho amasiko - phindene kalishumi. Ukuba nokwenzeka isohlwayo solawulo, ebonelela ukuqeshwa yokwamkelwa koxanduva ngaphandle protocol, wabona umbono lula kwimveliso.

Xa Code of the Russian Federation kunye nezimvo ichazwe ngokwenkcukacha indlela loxwebhu ukubuya umntu, ubume yakhe, xa ekhona ingxelo iziphene ezibalulekileyo. Nakuphi na ukungangqinelani kufuneka kuvalwe ligosa kwiintsuku ezintathu, kwaye utshintsho okanye izongezelelo izinto eziphambili wabuyela nxaxheba mthetho yolawulo ngexesha lasemini.