Amanyathelo olungiso kwityala lolwaphulo

amanyathelo okulungisa - ngoko ke iseti yonke amanyathelo evumelekileyo ekwenziweni komthetho lolwaphulomthetho nolwembambano. Imida semthethweni ezi zenzo ngaphakathi sikhokelo yemithetho embambano nawolwaphulo-mthetho okanye ilizwe. Yonke imisebenzi ekhokelela ukulungiselela imeko ityala, ukuze bawe phakathi kwenkcazo 'inyathelo procedural ".

Inkcazo kunye nemigaqo

Ngokutsho inkcazelo ixhaphakileyo, amanyathelo okulungisa ekunokuthiwa phantsi koMthetho waza wenza yinxalenye yalo mcimbi, abenza ukuba abemi abagunyazisiweyo ekuqhutyweni kwiinkqubo zolwaphulo-mthetho okanye izinto.

Zonke iintlobo ngeentlobo amanyathelo enkqubo sihambelana imigaqo ethile ukuba zisebenze njengesikhokelo kulawulo lobulungisa. Ukuthobela ezi zikhokelo kuqinisekisa ngokutsha olubanzi kunye ngokucokisekileyo amatyala kwi kwiinkqubo enkundleni. Zonke iintlobo ngeentlobo imigaqo esisiseko inkqubo ingashwankathelwa kwi ziphakamiso zilandelayo:

• ukulingana bonke abemi phambi komthetho;
• ukulingana enkqubo nxaxheba kwinkqubo yenkundla;
• ukuhlanganiswa ngokubambiseneyo kunye ingqalelo ngamnye kwimeko;
• yokungakhethi cala nokuzimela of abagwebi;
• yokungafihli nto kunye nokuvuleleka kwetyala.

inkqubo yokuqala

iindidi ezahlukeneyo kwamatyala civil ezichaphazela zabo, leyo imiselwe awohluke ityala, ubunzima yobungqina wokuhlanganisa kunye nezinye izinto. amanyathelo olungiso ekuxoxweni kwamatyala embambano ilawulwa yi Inqaku 142 lomGaqo Procedure Civil, iqulathe uluhlu lwazo zonke amanyathelo kunokwenzeka njani ukuba senziwe ukulungiselela tyala. Abantu ogunyaziswe ukuba enze ngokomgaqo akuthethi enze zonke iintshukumo elungiselelwe eli nqaku. Konke kuxhomekeke bokuqonda ngabanye kwimeko nganye. Kuba abagwebi amanyathelo procedural - oku kulandelayo:

• isigqibo umbandela wokujoyina ishishini-abaphendula, intsebenziswano lommangali kunye nabanye abantu abachaphazelekayo;
• ukunikwa imvume isicelo nesigqibo ityala lenkundla enkundleni kulamlo lokugqibela nelungelo lokuba achaze neziphumo senzo;
• anikwe ilungelo ukubiza amangqina kuwo onke amaqela achaphazelekayo;
• inkqubo, equka zophando kunye eziyimfuneko iimviwo lwasenkundleni ;
• indlela kwemiyalelo yenkundla ;
• nezinye izenzo.

Imithetho ezisisiseko umthetho wobukhaya

Kwimithetho yamalungelo abantu bale mihla lula ukubona uluhlu yonke izinto zenkqubo eziyimfuneko ukuze kuqwalaselwe amatyala embambano. Umzekelo, isenzo yenkqubo ekuxoxweni kwamatyala embambano ummangali imisela indawo yayo esebenzayo, ejoliswe ukukhusela izinto okanye izinto olukhuselwe ngumthetho, yaye yintoni efanele ukuba isibheno enkundleni. Nezenzo utshutshiso kulo mzekelo lujoliswe nokuqokelela ubungqina iingxelo kummangali lulungiswe. Ngesicelo zamaqela ijaji efuna kwimibutho okanye abantu yabucala okanye ubungqina obubhaliweyo. Lo mthetho yenye imigaqo umthetho impikiswano, nto leyo kweli xesha wethu ekuqaleni nje ukuba kuphunyezwa inkqubo zasekhaya. Yeenkqubo zenkundla kwimeko yezenzo aseburhulumenteni ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

• ukubangwa ubungqina ezahlukeneyo ukusuka kumnini ngenjongo intlawulo enkundleni;
• yokuqokelelwa kobungqina yi komyalelo wenkundla;
• ukunika ubungqina wafumana ngokusebenzisa iimviwo - enkundla okanye esizimeleyo;
• ukufumana ubungqina eziyimfuneko ngokusebenzisa uhlolo.

Kwinxalenye yesibini yeSiqendu 142 lomGaqo Procedure Civil ijaji uyalela okanye inika ummangalelwa ikopi ibango lommangali kunye namaxwebhu aqhotyoshelweyo noko, ngokunjalo isaziso indawo kunye nexesha le zetyala etyaleni. Esi sibonelelo ivumela ummangalelwa ukuqokelela ulwazi, echaza isikhundla sakhe. Ngoko ehloniphekileyo yenye imigaqo amanyathelo yenkqubo - yokulingana amaqela zenkqubo, njengoko kulisiko kwi nomthetho mihla.

wamacala

Kuzo zonke simangalo setyala lolwaphulo-tyala kwisixa ukuba oluneenkcukacha, olunzulu ubungqina izibakala ezithile ezikhethiweyo ukuze iqwalaselwe elizayo yinkundla. Eyona ndlela iphambili yokwenza inkqubo yolwaphulo ke uhlalutyo ubungqina obuqokelelwe kunye izibakala. Kwaye ngenxa yokuqokelelwa kobungqina kusebenza iinkqubo. Le Code of Criminal Procedure ibhekisela njengoko iinkqubo bokuphanda eziyimfuneko ukulungiselela ukhetho, uvavanyo kunye nokuvavanywa ubungqina kuphando lokuqala.

Le ezahlukeneyo iintshukumo bokuphanda ingachazwa njengoko kuchaziwe ngumthetho mthetho yenkqubo kwaye kusetyenziswa ukuqokelela nokungqinisisa ubungqina siganeko, nto leyo ibandakanya isethi ulwazi, kunye neendlela efuna yokuchonga, iimpawu ezifanelekileyo imikhondo ulwaphulo-mthetho. Kwakhona, la manyathelo akhankanywe apha ngasentla kufuneka lungqanyaniswe ubhaqo olusebenzayo, imbono kunye nokukhusela ulwazi oluyimfuneko olusekelwe kubungqina obubambekayo.

Isiseko izenzo bokuphanda

Naliphi na inyathelo zokwenziwayo kwiingxoxo zolwaphulo ngokusekelwe cognitive nemiba zokuzazisa. Kule nkalo eyahluke kwezinye iinkqubo, noqhutywa nabaphandi ebudeni yeengxoxo. Zonke izenzo zakhe nezigqibo zixhomekeke uhlobo oluthile procedural, nto leyo ethetha ukuba ezisemthethweni, njengoko isekelwe ngqo kwi umthetho inkqubo yolwaphulo-mthetho.

Kuba umphandi isenzo zenkqubo - uphando olupheleleyo kunye olunzulu ityala lolwaphulo-mthetho. Ngale ndlela, zonke izenzo elikhankanyiweyo umntu ogunyazisiweyo ingabizwa yophando. Kodwa lo mthetho usekho enesheyi amanyathelo procedural and nophando. Umahluko kukuba uphando ezijolise ayehlanganisene, uvavanyo kunye nokusetyenziswa ubungqina ndiyifumene, kodwa inkqubo egubungele inkqubo yonke - ukusuka ukuqokelelwa kobungqina ukuba ukuhlalutya ubungqina emzimbeni enkundleni.

Yintoni na amanyathelo bokuphanda

iingxoxo Investigatory ye CCP ingqalelo njengoko inkqubo esisiseko umsebenzi-mthetho, nto leyo kuxhomekeke kumgaqo eyiyo nemimiselo yomthetho. Ukuba imisebenzi yophando ziqhutywa kunye ukunyhashwa, ubungqina emzimbeni efunyenwe ngale ndlela, inkundla aziyi kwamkelwa. Kuba naziphi na izenzo bokuphanda kukho iimfuno zomthetho phantsi imithetho inkqubo yolwaphulo-mthetho kunye nenkqubo esebenzayo ukuya kula manqanaba. UmMiselo yezenzo bokuphanda, yaye ngokuvumelana-sikhokelo esemthethweni ezichazwe ziimeko jikelele ilandelayo:

• isenzo ngasinye iphenye kufuneka odolwe umzimba yophando , yaye kuphela emva kokuba igosa lokwaluka neenkqubo zamatyala enkundla.
• izenzo Investigative lwenziwa phambi izizathu ezilungileyo. Umzekelo, ngenxa ye nkcazelo yafunyanwa malunga izibakala ukuqinisekisa imfuno ukulungiselela ukuqokelelwa ukuqinisekiswa isiseko ubungqina, ngoko iinyaniso iyahlolwa amanyathelo xa yophando.
• Inkqubo nendlela le okanye elo nyathelo yophando kunye noyilo yeenkqubo kufuneka kwenziwe ngokungqinelana nomthetho osebenzayo.
• Uxanduva ngokupheleleyo ekuqhutyweni uphando eyabelwe igosa oye wagunyaziswa ukuba aphande lo ityala lolwaphulo-mthetho.

isiseko sobungqina

UMthetho ekuvelisweni ityala ethile kufuneka ixhaswe bubungqina. Isigqibo ukuqhuba inyathelo ethile bokuphanda kuthatha umphandi okanye nawuphi na omnye umntu oye wafumana imvume (isigunyaziso) umtshutshisi. Uphando mazenziwe ngokomyalelo yintloko yesebe yophando, okanye ngokucelwa amaqela anomdla, ezifana ummangalelwa, isiluleko sakhe okanye ixhoba. Lo mcuphi isigqibo ngabanye ukuba okanye hayi ukuba wenze isigqibo malunga ukuziphatha yezenzo bokuphanda, okanye uqale isenzo esithile yenkqubo. Ukuba isicelo sithe sakhatywa, esi sigqibo kufuneka ukushukunyiswa umphandi.

Xa kuqwalaselwa amatyala yolawulo engephi ngomthetho banelungelo lokwenza "ezinye iinkqubo". Lo CAO ilawula ngokucacileyo ngokwaneleyo, kodwa ayikhankanyi ukuba lithetha ukuthini le misebenzi. Ngokubanzi, kufuneka kuphela yokuqinisekisa ubungqina mthetho, emva kokuqwalasela kwityala okanye enkundleni, okanye elivaliweyo.

Inkqubo Inkqubo yophando

Xa iincwadi zomthetho mihla, akukho uluvo olunye kwenkqubo izenzo bokuphanda, kuba loo nto ayinakwenzeka ukuchonga amanyathelo olungiso nga uphando ngokupheleleyo. Umzekelo, amagqwetha awakwazi ukuza kwisigqibo ingaba izenzo ezilandelayo yophando:

• ekuthatheni impahla;
• ukukhutshwa izidumbu;
• ukuvuselelwa ulwaphulo-mthetho;
• ukuhlolwa lonyango nexhoba.

Ubunzima siyifumana yokuba ekwenzeni ezi zenzo umphandi uyaphawula ulawulo yenkqubo kwimveliso yabo, kodwa wafumana ulwazi ubungqina. Umzekelo, ukwenza-ngaphandle isidumbu indawo yakhe yokuphumla yokugqibela, umzekelo, ayithethi nto.

Kwelinye icala, abaninzi amanyathelo enkqubo evunyelwa umthetho kakhulu ezifanelekileyo ukuvelisa ubungqina kwaye babe yinxalenye uphando lulonke. Zezi:

• nokuvalelwa umsolwa;
• ukufumana iisampuli uphando lokuthelekisa elebhu;
• iisampulu ujonge ziyafumaneka kwi-site.

Oku kulandela ukuba ngexesha ebanjiwe emva umrhanelwa ku Art. 122 Code of Criminal Procedure, ukuba lo mcimbi ngokunxulumene ngqo ekufumanekeni kwemiqondiso ulwaphulo-mthetho, neziseko, ixesha kunye nendawo avalelwe bafumane ixabiso probative.

imida Time

Naliphi na inyathelo yeenkqubo, ukuze enze ukuba elibekiweyo kufuneka kugqitywe ekupheleni kwexesha elabelwe ukuze kuqokelelwe ubungqina. Imihla yeenkqubo abekiweyo ngumthetho kwaye linokukwenziwa yinkundla. ixesha Inkqubo elimiselwe umhla, ebonisa isiganeko okanye ixesha ogqibeleleyo ixesha elabelwe ezi zenzo.

Igcina-gama ixhomekeke indlela inkqubo yokubala ixesha elabelwe. Umzekelo, ukuba inkqubo wasolula kwisithuba seminyaka eliqela, kuba isiphelo umhla epheleleyo (ngosuku, ngenyanga) kunyaka ophelileyo ixesha lonke. Ukuba ixesha libalwa kwiinyanga zekhalenda, kunye ekupheleni kwenyanga lokugqibela xesha uza kuba ngaxeshanye.

amanyathelo okulungisa, umda phakathi apho imvelaphi inyuselwa khona ngokwemiqathango yeenkqubo, unako kugqitywa ngo-nye imini phambi kokuvalwa kwalo. Umzekelo, ukuba izikhalazo, izicelo okanye imali zenziwa zingadlulanga iiyure eziyi-24 ngosuku lokugqibela lwekota, ezi zenzo na iinkqubo ezidlulileyo inkqubo ukuphunyezwa ngenxa hayi gama Marathon. Kodwa ukuba amanyathelo okulungisa kufuneka asiwe enkundleni okanye kwenye indawo yoluntu, ixesha lokugqitywa yayo ixhomekeke kwimizuzu yokugqibela umsebenzi weli ziko.

Ilungelo ukuqhuba iintshukumo yenkqubo iya kurhoxiswa ekupheleni kwexesha emiselwe ngumthetho okanye inkundla-elimisiweyo. Ukuba inkundla kuzisa isigqibo okanye amaxwebhu angeniswe emva kokuphelelwa inyathelo zenkqubo, ukuba abayi kuqwalaselwa. Ngaphandle ngamaxwebhu angeniswe emva kokuba isicelo sokwandiswa amaxesha, esaye samkelwa yinkundla.

isongezo

Ukuba inkqubo umisiwe ngaxeshanye eziza kurhoxiswa kunye nexesha tyala. Ukuba kubuyisa ebekiweyo ezingummiselo oluqhubekayo kunye iyemisiweyo ke lahlehliselwa umhla kamva.

Ukuba umntu ophethe kugwayimbo procedural, aphoswe Imihla ngenxa yezizathu ezivakalayo, inkundla umise umhla eyahlukileyo ekupheleni kwenkqubo. Isicelo sohlaziyo inikwa enkundleni apho amanyathelo kwafuneka kuqwalaselwa. Bonke abachaphazelekayo kufuneka baziswe kwangaphambili malunga ukwandiswa inyathelo zenkqubo kunokwenzeka. Ukuba uyasilela ukuvela enkundleni, oko kuya kubangela ukusilela ukuqwalasela icala kuhlehliswe yenkqubo.

Kunye unikezelo isicelo sokongezelela isenzo zenkqubo usenokufaka ezikhalazo umngeni ukwandiswa isikhalazo, okanye ukulibala ngabom uphando.