Isifo Russia

Isifo Russia - isithuba seminyaka 1598-1613, xa urhulumente waye ezinengxaki ngxaki zopolitiko ezentlalo nezoqoqosho. Tatar ukuhlasela, iMfazwe Livonian oprichnina Ivan abangcangcazelisi kwakhokelela destabilization kunye negalelo ekukhuleni amandla ukunganeliseki.

Soloviev wayekholelwa ukuba oyena nobangela uphambili Troubles yaba wengxabano druzhina ubudala kunye norhulumente omtsha, njengoko kuchazwe lomzabalazo ookumkani yezikhulu. N. Kostomarov ingqalelo unobangela Ixesha Iingxaki maqhinga yokumkani Polish negunya loopopu. B. Klyuchevskii wabona esineengcambu ingxaki awohluke kuphuhliso karhulumente Russian: ukuba amandla ephakamileyo kwaba anomaly abayinqobo - ukumkani yenzuzo Umlawuli nje kuphela, kodwa umnini kwilizwe Russian. Abanye ababhali-mbali baye babona unobangela Troubles ngokwawo wokulawula Ivan labangcangcazelisi, umgaqo wakhe, ezingenangqondo lwangaphakathi, nto leyo eyakhokelela ekubeni nokwahlulwa oluntu ngokwamaqela kumzabalazo ilizwe.

izigaba Troubles

Inqanaba lokuqala waphawulwa ngumzabalazo itrone zabaviwa ezahlukeneyo. Eyokuqala emva kokufa Ivana Groznogo wenyuka itrone unyana wakhe Theodore, ungenako olawula lizwe, yaye eneneni utshintshela umfazi kaFilipu umninawa wakhe - Boris Godunov. tsartsvovanie lwakhe ephelekwa nezothuso kakhulu eli lizwe. IBhodi "mkhohlisi" unobangela ukunganeliseki yobundlobongela yabantu.

Isifo Russia okunene luqala ukuvela e Poland Falsdmitry (Grigoriy Otrepev), ngubani yazibeka osele unyana Ivana Groznogo. Inxalenye yabantu Russian nangoko inkxaso nto, ngoko eye ukuxhasa irhuluneli lonke eMoscow. Ngowe-1605, waba ngukumkani, kodwa inkululeko ngokugqithiseleyo kubi emehlweni izinduna, kunye nenkxaso open of serfdom nxamnye naye kunye nabalimi. Meyi 17, 1606 Bubuxoki nguDmitry I wabulawa, wakhululana Vasiliy Shuysky, ngokuxhomekeke umda bamandla akhe.

Ithuba lesibini Troubles lwaqalisa mvukelo ethandwayo uIvan Bolotnikov, leyo wawusalathiswa namagunya. Idabi Moscow, Bolotnikov wahlulwa. Kodwa ukunganeliseki ethandwayo akamthintelanga. Kolu lwazi, kukho i mavunwa nguDmitry II. Ekuqaleni kuka-1608 umkhosi wakhe waya eMoscow. NgoJulayi, wazinza kwi ipoma Tushino, ngokuvakalisa ikomkhulu lakhe bokwenyaniso Russia.

Shuya ukuphendula sele isivumelwano ne Sweden kunye Commonwealth, eyaqala izenzo ndlongondlongo yaye wanyanzeleka ukuba abalekele False nguDmitry II ukulungela ukusebenza. Shuya wahliswa etroneni kwaye tonsured yimonki.

ERashiya, ixesha Semiboyarshina - interregnum, xa abasemagunyeni wajika ibhunga izinduna ezisixhenxe. Bakha umfela ndawonye abahlaseli Polish, kwaye ngo-1610 eMoscow bazithoba kukumkani Polish. Ekupheleni konyaka ukuba wabulawa nguDmitry False II, kodwa zange ayeke imfazwe ngokuba isihlalo sobukhosi.

Iingxaki eRussia wangena kwixesha wesithathu, waphawulwa ukulwa abahlaseli zangaphandle. Izwe Russian ndawonye emfazweni nxamnye nezibonda, ezifumene umlinganiswa yesizwe. Athathwe Kuzma Minin kunye nguDmitry Pozharsky waya eMoscow ngoAgasti 1612 waza wakhululwa naye. Oku kwakuthetha ukuba ukudideka eRashiya kwenkulungwane ye-17 yaphela.

Zemsky Sobor February 21, 1613 ngukumkani uye wamisela uMikhail Romanov oselula. Oku kwakhokelwa uthotho kwemisitho engundoqo, efana iphulo nxamnye Abantu iMoscow athathwe, kokubizwa umsebenzi Zemsky Sobor kunye Pozharsky kumthetho ukonyulwa ukumkani.

Ixesha Iingxaki kunye neziphumo zawo

Ilizwe Iingxaki wemka ubuncwane wonakele, oqale ukuhla kurhwebo kunye nemisebenzi yezandla. Iziphumo ze Troubles bazitshitshisela Russia kuphuhliso umva kuthelekiswa amazwe aseYurophu. Ukuze ukubuyisela uqoqosho, kwathabatha amashumi eminyaka.

Isifo eRashiya iye yaba kukutshintsha kwithuba lizwe. Ichonge ukusilela amabini yinqobo kwinkqubo karhulumente Russian. nokuzigwagwisa ukungafani wabanumzana (leyo efuna ukunciphisa amagunya bokumkani) uhlobo kwamandla ophakamileyo, kunye nabantu khangela kuyo (ababefuna ukubona amandla elipheleleyo). Kwakhona watyhila enye obungalinganiyo loxanduva phakathi kwezigaba, bezise zonke izinto zabucala kwi ixhoba karhulumente.

Konke oko athandabuze ukuba ikhuphe isigqibo dynastic kunye nomzabalazo kwezentlalo nezopolitiko yangoku abakumgangatho ophantsi nxamnye ngaphezulu. Kodwa oku akuzange kungakhokelela sokonakalisa oluntu, kanye ehlasela amazwe yavusa kuwo onke amanqanaba ingqiqo umanyano lwesizwe.