imisebenzi yabantu ngaphambili, isimo sakhe, indima eluntwini - konke oku ngumbandela ukufunda imbali ezoluntu. Waye sithembele amaxwebhu kunye ezidibene namathuba atshabalalayo, ichaza ubomi kwizizukulwana zangaphambili.
umbuzo isanda bakubethe: "Ngaba idyokhwe nto?"
Noko ukwenza umkhondo xa ezithile, kodwa akukho kukhankanywa kuphela kubo kwiirekhodi, iinkcukacha apho basoloko imibuzo? ukuba Bangaphi izizukulwana bafunda kwizikolo ze-Mongol-Tatar idyokhwe! Ngoku, hayi kuphela inzululwazi ngokwezembali jikelele lisusiwe kwaza endaweni yalo kwafakwa ibinzana elithi "zolotaya Orda", kodwa umngeni yonke into enxulumene nale meko. Nokuba ubuza umbuzo: "Ngaba ngokubanzi baphum iihambo eRashiya?" Yaye ngaba kakhulu ekuncedeni izibakala athathiweyo. Noko ke, esikolweni abantu abaninzi bakholelwa ukuba kwiminyaka 200 eRussia phantsi kwedyokhwe, yaye "indlela emfutshane, ukuba ngukumkani 'khans iGolden mkhosi mkhulu kunene, iinkosana Russian banikwa. Kodwa ngandlela namnye kubo akazange asinde.
Uxwebhu eyaziwa wazibonela
Kule hlobo amaxwebhu, njengoko zikho konke konke, siyazi kuphela yemihla. Noko ke, imisebenzi kamva uncwadi nobugcisa yokuba eye imbeko anayo khans kuchazwe ngokuphindaphindiweyo. Artist Boris Chorikov (1802-1866), eyaziwa ngokuba nomzobi "Imbali Russia" Karamzin wasondela uvulele iinkosana Russian, amalungiselelo kubo phambi yanelisekile Khan, ngokuba ilungelo lokuba ufumane i "indlela emfutshane, ukuba ngukumkani kwakhe." Yintoni na le xwebhu? Yintoni abathetheli kunye izipho zizityebi "yokuhamba" ukuya enkundleni ukubola Khan? Yaba isigqibo esikhutshwe umlawuli Ulus Jochi okanye Golden mkhosi mkhulu kunene, urhulumente enamandla, enempi enkulu, awothi FOUND kuyimfuneko siqinisekisa ngamandla lo myalelo. Khan, izipho ukuthatha wavumela ebasa kulawula ilifa ethile, nokuba ngelo xesha apho wahlala umthetheli. Han nkqubo nobulumko mpuma, ngobuchule wasebenzisa "indlela emfutshane, ukuba ngukumkani 'ukuze ophela iinkosana zezithili. Ngenxa yoko, olawulwa yi-Russia ayikhange ibe nako ndawonye ukuze alwe mkhosi. Ngenxa yalo mgaqo-nkqubo abalawuli Khans ngqo waya kulwa omnye komnye, buthathaka Rus iyachithwa.
Ukuxhomekeka of Russia
Oku kuyenzeka kuba kule minyaka 1237-1242 kwenziwa liSebe Mongols ukuhlaselwa Russia. umdla kakhulu, lisusiwe naphi kuncwadi yesizwe, ibinzana elithi "idyokhwe". Kwaye kutheni kuyimfuneko ukuba amkele "igama", okokuqala isicelo umkhumbuzi Polish Jan Dolgushev, esazi ukuba eli lizwe enokutyhefa nayiphi na into, nje ukuba ekukruqulayo okanye ukubathoba eRussia. Ewe, yaye isicelo ekupheleni kwenkulungwane XV, xa ebizwa ngokuba "ingcinezelo," hayi, azafunyanelwa ndawo. Emva kokuba ukubola ukuhlaselwa ilizwe lethu liye labhalwa koNebhukadenetsare - uviko kunye nezopolitiko. Ingcamango yokukhupha "indlela emfutshane lokulawula" wazalwa, ngokucacileyo, lijelo Khan ngenxa uhambo lokuqala, nabo bonke kamva, iqala umnxeba enkundleni amanene.
Isikhulu yokuqala, wamkela ileyibhile
Prince Vladimir and Suzdal uYuri Vsevolodovich wafa iindonga zendlu Kitezh yayaziwa Harakorum, ikomkhulu loBukhosi Mongol, wabizwa umzalwana wakhe Jarosław. uhambo lwakhe lokuqala kuthathwa ukuba ibe yimpumelelo kakhulu kwaye yaphumelela ozakuzo. Ileyibhile lokuqala ukuba ngukumkani kukuba, uyise Aleksandra Nevskogo. Ngethuba kutyelelo lwesibini anayo yena tyhefu ibamba Turashnoy mhlolokazi qaan Ugedei. Wakhawuleza waya entendelezo Alexander, mhlawumbi ngenjongo enye ukumbulala. Kodwa ngenxa yezizathu ezahlukeneyo, iNkosana Novgorod iminyaka 4 khange abonakale anayo. Poisoner ngokwayo ubunzima bebonke isiphelo sinye - iinyanga ezimbini emva kokuba eqhineni kwitrone unyana wakhe, yena ebulewe ngendlela efanayo. Kwinkundla Batu Khan wangqungisana nkqu nabo iinkanuko.
Maqhinga ababa
Wamkhwelisa ikomkhulu khan yaba kuyimfuneko kuba kuphela umthetheli, wafumana ilebhile ukuba ngukumkani kwakhe; waba ethathwa njengokuba umlawuli osemthethweni. Yaye nje abathetheli enkulu, kodwa ezithile. Njengembi nge uhambo kwisikhulu ndingosemthethweni kukhethwa Kiev Svyatoslav zabhukuqwa umninawa wakhe Michael. Kutheni le Charter liyathandeka kangaka? Okokuqala, unikelo weza Rus Mongols. Kodwa ekuqaleni zoqhankqalazo ethandwayo, ingakumbi Novgorod. Hlokondiba ekhethwayo ukulawula evela oozilawuli kude kwaye ngoko wayeka ekurhafisweni irhafu kwiinkosana ngokwabo. Oko kukuthi indawo inkosana waba ngaphezu isonka - ezimpawu wamwisela okungakumbi banikwa loo mkhosi mkhulu kunene. Inkulu, wamkela ileyibhile ukuba ngukumkani kwakhe; kakhulu ukwandisa ubutyebi babo. Kungenxa yoko le nto abangendawo, wakhawuleza waya kulaa yokucima abalawuli esivakalayo kuwa kwi ezinyaweni Khan, ngubani ethathwa njengokuba yeyona ngumlawuli Russia. Uhambo kwakukho imali eninzi kwaye ixesha elide. Ngoko ke, yezopolitiko ndinobuqhetseba Ivan Kalita ixesha elininzi wobukumkani abazichitha loo mkhosi mkhulu kunye indlela ukuya ukusuka apho. Umzukulwana Aleksandra Nevskogo Prince of Moscow uYuri Danilovich III wayehlala kwireyithi engama-2, watshata udade Khan, ngaloo ndlela abarhola ileyibhile ebukumkanini enkulu.
Beautiful, onamandla onke, owanyamalala
Ngokutsho ileyibhile amabali yaba imbasa ngegolide, leyo elintlangothi ziye zabekwa. Kuso kwakukho umngxuma ulenga. Ngaphezu luthintithayo akubangakho ileyibhile yegolide. Owenziwe amatye anqabileyo, azichaphazeleki ixesha, ukudlala kwimbali Russia indima enkulu - kwaye wanyamalala. Labels ezazikhutshwe kunye nabefundisi. Bonke shwaka endle. Inkathazo of Russia yamandulo kukuba abaphathi ngokuqhelekileyo wazala oonyana abaninzi, yaye iiyunithi ezinkulu indawo nakhandiweyo phakathi kwabo, ajike abe fiefdoms amancinci. Wabonakala yezopolitiko onengqondo, elimanyeneyo kubo umzuzwana, uze emva koko bonke ngokuphindaphindiweyo. Ngoko ke, ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XIII eRashiya, ngaphandle ezithile ezincinane, kwakukho ubulawuli ezimbini ezinkulu - Vladimir naseKiev, apho lokuqala ezinamandla kunye ezinkulu kwindawo yesibini. Ngoko ke, ukuze afumane ileyibhile ebukumkanini enkulu Vladimir ukuba iphupha ethandwa iinkosana ezininzi, kuquka Aleksandra Nevskogo. Ekugqibeleni wafika loo mkhosi mkhulu kunye noAndreya, umzalwana wakhe waza wafumana imvume etafileni Kyïv, yintoni ndacaphuka kakhulu.