Ibhunga likarhulumente wenene likhundla loluntu eRashiya

Enye yezona ziqhelo eziqhelekileyo kwiRashiya yaseRashiya yayingumkhansela welizwe lokwenene. Esi sikhundla sasigqitywe ngamagosa amaninzi karhulumente. Ukuvela kwesi sihloko, njengamanye amaninzi, kudibene negama likaPetros I. Ngobani ongoko-bhansela belizwe lokwenene, ungayifumana njani le sihloko, nangaphezulu-kule nqaku.

Itheyibhile yeMigangatho

UMthetho kwiNkonzo kaTsar eRussia yakhishwa ngo-1722, kwaye wabizwa ngokuba yiThebhile yeMigangatho. Ukulungiselela lo myalelo, abaphathi be-tsarist baphendule ngokufanelekileyo, bathatha imali malunga neminyaka emithathu badala olu xwebhu. Itheyibhile yamanqanaba kwakuyimiphumo yemvelo yenguquko yamakhadiyali kaPetros I, ngenxa yoko inani lezithuba kwiinkqubo zombuso kunye nemikhosi yempi landa ngokukhawuleza. Isiseko salolu xwebhu sasimimiselo efanayo ekhutshwe kumazwe ahlukeneyo aseNtshona Koloni. Xa beyilwa, izihloko ezazisetyenzisiwe kwi-hierarchy yombuso ziqwalaselwe. Kwakhona, irejista yamanqanaba amatsha kunye namanqanaba ahlanganisiwe, okwakusetyenziswa ngokutsha kwiRashiya yaseRashiya. Kukho konke, kwakukho amacandelo amakhulu amathathu kwiThebhile yeeNqanaba ezazinikezelwa kumagosa omkhosi, amagosa kunye neenkundla. Phakathi kwezi nqanaba ezintsha kwakukho isikhundla, esafumana igama lebhunga likarhulumente wenene. Le ngenye yeenqwelo ezilishumi elinine ezikulo candelo lombutho (loluntu) kwiThebhile.

Ubungqina kunye neThebhile yeeNqanaba

Njengoko kunokubonwa kwisicatshulwa seThebula, lo mbhalo awuzange unike izikhundla ezintsha kunye nezihloko kubantu "abangazange bakhonze i-tsar kunye ne-patronymic". Ngaloo ndlela, nabaninzi abahloniphekileyo babengabani na isikhundla baze babe seenkonzo. Ngokuchasene noko, umthonyama wendlu engazi, ohlala kwiinkonzo zoluntu, unelungelo lokubizwa ngokuba ngumntu ohloniphekileyo kwaye ufumana isikhundla esifanelekileyo. Ngaloo ndlela, uluvo lokuba uMcebisi welizwe ngokwenene ungumzuzwana ongenalo isiseko. Esi sikhundla sinokuthi sizuzwe nayiphi na umntu okhululekileyo osekuhlaleni. Kamva, lo myalelo uphinde wabhunjulwa, kwaye kwinqanaba lesihlanu bekukho abantu abafanelwe ukuthanda umlawuli.

Uluhlu lwamagosa karhulumente

Ngokutsho kwenguqu yasekuqaleni yeTable, i-yokuqala (ephezulu) kwizinga eliphakathi kwabahlali beChansela. Wayelandelwa yinqanaba lekholeji yangempela, kwaye emva kwakhe-umcebisi wemfihlo. Amanqanaba amathathu aphezulu ahlala kwiindawo eziphezulu zaseburhulumenteni eRashiya. Aba bantu baye bamkela umgaqo-nkqubo wangaphakathi welizwe. Ibhunga likarhulumente kunye nebhunga likarhulumente langempela ngabasebenzi baseburhulumenteni kwiklasi yesine neyesibini, ngokulandelanayo.

Igosa likaKhansela kaRhulumente kwiRashiya yaseRashiya yabanjelwa ngabantu abaphethe izikhundla ze-vice-gouverneli, abalawuli bee-ahlukeneyo kumasebe, usihlalo wegumbi lokugcina imali kunye nabanye. Ukuze ufumane le nqanaba, kwakudingeka ukuba usebenze okungenani iminyaka emihlanu kwinqanaba elidlulileyo.

Yintoni ibhunga likarhulumente elisebenzayo?

Ngomyalelo okhethekileyo kaDisemba 9, 1856, uTyar Alexander II wanyanzelisa imigaqo yokufumana ifa elikhethekileyo kwiSebe lezentlalo. Ukususela ngeli xesha umzuzwana onelungelo lokufumana izikhulu angekho ngaphantsi kwebanga lesi-4. Umcebisi welizwe wangempela-eli lizinga leburhulumente kwisigaba sesine. Ngokungafani nje nekhansela likarhulumente, okwenene kwakufuneka asebenze kwizinga elidlulileyo iminyaka elishumi ukuze athole. Iposi eliqhelekileyo elihlala libhunga likarhulumente elisebenzayo likarhulumente, umlawuli weSebe, dolophu.

Unyango olusemthethweni

Ngokutsho kweTable, nganye iklasi yabelwe ukufaka isicelo ngendlela ethile. Umcebisi weSizwe wayebizwa ngokuba ngu "Ukuphakama kwakho". Kwinqanaba lesithathu nelesine kwindlela eyahlukeneyo yonyango bekulindeleke. Ibhunga likarhulumente langempela ngumntu omele abizwe ngokuba ngu "Mhloniphekileyo".

Masibhale. Ngaloo ndlela, umbuzo othi ngubani le bhansela likarhulumente ongokoqobo, ulandela impendulo yokuba eli ligosa likarhulumente kwiklasi yesine kwiRussia yangaphambi kokuguqula, onelungelo lokufumana isihloko esilungileyo. Ukususela ngowe-1913 kwintsimi yaseRashiya kwakukho amagosa angama-3113 angama-4. Ngomnyaka we-1917, onke amanqanaba akhethekileyo kunye namanqanaba apheliswe ngumyalelo okhethekileyo kaRhulumente waseSoviet.