Okokuqala jet uloliwe USSR: imbali, iimpawu, iifoto

Kule 70 phambi kokuba All-Union Research Scientific Institute of railcar (VNIIV) kunye Yakovlev Design Bureau umsebenzi wokudala oololiwe zombane zasekhaya 'okuqala wakhululwa, ekwaziyo ngesantya 200 km / h. Nangona kunjalo, phambi kokuba kuqhutyelwe phambili ukuphunyezwa iprojekthi namabhongo ngelo xesha, ngocoselelo kufuneka bafunde zonke iinkalo impefumlelwano namavili eenqwelo kunye neentsimbi ngexesha lokusebenza yaphela ngesantya omkhulu onje.

Sokuhlola imoto rocket-

Kuba injongo eksperimenti uloliwe jet yayiyilwe, ukuba ngqo ngakumbi, imoto elebhu-siqhutywe iinjini moya kuyo enqatyisiweyo. Loo uyilo akavumeli kuphela ukufikelela isantya efunekayo, kodwa kuncitshiswa umngcipheko igqwethwe okanye ezize amavili drive, lo gama ejikelezayo ugqithayo kude naLindiili.

Ingcamango ekudaleni uloliwe nge injini ye jet waye yokuqala, ukususela 60s eksperimenti efanayo lwaqhutywa kwi-United States kwaye ngokubanzi ihlanganiswa cofa ehlabathini. Amava loogxa American yayisetyenziswa abathungi yiSoviet landela wonke umsebenzi ibandla ezivenkileni ye esibizwa (ngoku yaseTver) Uphawu Works. Oku kulapho yasekwa USSR jet Uloliwe wokuqala.

Ukuqeqesha jet

Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba indalo lalenze isicwangciso ukwakha kaloliwe okhethekileyo ukuba uyahlangabezana nazo zonke iimfuno iimfuno ekufuneka yemoto elebhu-. Kodwa ekuhambeni umsebenzi uqalile, kwagqitywa ekubeni uhambe uyokwenza indlela lula yoku, sebenzisa rhoqo imoto yombane ER intloko 22 yenziwa yi Riga Uphawu Works. Kakade ke, ukuze wenze uloliwe zabakhweli ukuba uloliwe jet, babefuna ukuwenza kuyilo kwezinye iinguqulelo, kodwa kunjalo iindleko yaye ngokukhawuleza kunokuba ngokudala imodeli entsha kakhulu.

abayili VNIIV and Yakovlev Design Bureau Ukuthatha amava eengcali yaseMelika, likubona kufanelekile ukomeleza phezu elorini, iinjini ezimbini jet. Kulo mzekelo, njengoko lo mba kaloliwe phambi kwabo kwavela ingxaki nokuba ─ eyila into entsha okanye sebenzisa i-injini esele zenziwe asetyenziswe Aviation mihla? Emva iingxoxo ezinde iye ngokukhetha lwalo yesibini.

iinjini ezintsha impilo kuyekiswa

Kuzo zonke iisampuli ifumaneke bemeko- uloliwe jet-amandla, akhethwa ukususela ezimbini kuyekiswa injini ethwele yak-40 (umfanekiso wakhe uvezwa kwinqaku), eyenzelwe ukuba bakhonze iindiza zasekuhlaleni. Ekubeni ediniwe flight lwezibonelelo sabo, bobabini injini zikwimeko entle kwaye lonto nangoku ukukhonza phantsi emhlabeni. ukusetyenziswa kwazo isisombululo ephantsi nengqiqo.

Kwimeko eksperimenti ngempumelelo kunye yokufaka kuloliwe jet, oko kusombululeka omnye kakhulu kubaluleke nangakumbi le ngxaki uqoqosho lwesizwe ezinxulumene nokusetyenziswa okuqhubekayo yenjini moya acinyiweyo ayifanelekanga ukuba isetyenziselwe moya, kodwa kakhulu ezifanelekileyo umsebenzi osezantsi. Njengoko kuloo minyaka L. I. Brezhnev: "Uqoqosho kufuneka nenoqoqosho."

Isisombululo Simple nenengqondo

Kule nkqubo, uloliwe kwabayili jet kwafuneka ukusombulula ingxaki ebaluleke kakhulu ─ ukubapha intloko Uloliwe imoto iipropati ashukimisayo eziyimfuneko zokwenza nayo uvavanyo-high speed. Ingxaki ekwimo yakhe, hayi eyenzelwe ukoyisa komoya eyomeleleyo ezayo. Noko ke, kule meko, kwafunyanwa isisombululo elula kakuhle.

Ngaphandle kokutshintsha uyilo yemoto, le bemeko- yeprojekthi basebenzise pads ezizodwa, agqume intloko, umsila kunye inxalenye undercarriage kulo. ubungakanani kunye nemilo zibalwe kwi MSU ngokususela kwidatha elebhu afunyenwe ngenxa amalinge, apho ngokukodwa kwenziwe afuthe imodeli imoto kwindawo kwitonela umoya.

impumlo etsolo, kunye nophahla ubushushu-resistant

Emva iinjineli uvavanyo ngaloo 15 imifuziselo zovavanyo, bakwazi ukufumana le fomu ngokupheleleyo apho imoto intloko jet kaloliwe yaba lula ngakumbi. Ngenxa yoko, impumlo yakhe etsolo akukho nto nje ipleyiti shelwe inxalenye ngaphambili kwaye ukudala iimeko apho machinists wakhangela phambili ngokusebenzisa iglasi kabini ─ le fairing kunye elorini.

Omnye umsebenzi obalulekileyo baba amanyathelo okuthintela nobushushu kophahla ngenxa yokuba sesichengeni iigesi ezishushu flow oko, babalekela evela injini jet. Ukulungiselela le njongo, encotsheni imoto ngakumbi sheets zentsimbi ubushushu-resistant, neziwela phantsi umaleko ubushushu.

Uyilo yokuphuculwa imoto

Ukongeza, eSoviet uloliwe jet, hayi kanye mandithi, imoto zovavanyo iye abotshwe zonke iintlobo zezixhobo, yenza kube lula nje kuphela ukwenza imilinganiselo eziyimfuneko ngexesha experiment, kodwa ukuqinisekisa ukukhuseleka nentshukumo yayo ngesantya omkhulu onje. Bekungayi kuba Asikokubaxa izinto ukuthi ngaphandle ukuphuculwa afanelekileyo akwasala namnye iinxalenye emotweni, kuba iimeko ezimbi ukwenza neemfuno ezizodwa kuzo zonke iinkqubo, kuquka ikakhulu kwisisu semoto kunye iziqhoboshi.

Lonke zezibonelelo ─ jet fastest - uloliwe sele itshintshiwe ngenxa yezizathu eziliqela zobugcisa. Kwanele ukuba ndithi xa phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo imoto gquba neevili, ebangela ukuba ujikeleze, ukwakha emkhondweni kaloliwe, hambisa phezulu, ngoko ke ukusetyenziswa jet wakwakhe, amavili kunye neentsimbi udlala indima yokuba izinto isikhokelo ephethe imoto ngaphakathi kwindlela kwangaphambili.

Waqhekeza iingxaki oscillation lateral

Ngenxa yokuba, ngokutsho izibalo abayili, nenzalo yazo ukufikelela ngesantya 360 km / h, okulufaneleyo inkqubo brake ingqalelo eyodwa esikwaziyo ukuyeka uloliwe engalawulekiyo, xa kukho imfuneko. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, iindlela ezintsha ngokupheleleyo ye DOS kwaye kaloliwe magnetic iziqhoboshi sele ziphuhlisiwe.

Njengoko ngokuba oscillations osecaleni wenqwelwana ezivela ekugqibeleni xa uqhuba kwi kaloliwe, ukuba wayethembe ukuba ukucima ngenxa jet igesi injini ye jet nya. Ukuziqhelisa, ezi zibalo kubekho ukugwetyelwa ngokupheleleyo.

Bt kudala elindelwe

Ekugqibeleni, wonke umsebenzi wokulungiselela sele igqityiwe, yaye ngoMeyi 1971 kaloliwe icandelo Golutvin ─ Ozery Uloliwe wokuqala eSoviet ipoma nge injini ye jet uluphumelele uvavanyo. Ngelo xesha, waba ubude-28 m kwaye 59,4 m ubunzima zakhe. Ukuze oku kufuneka kongezwe ubunzima iitoni 4 ─ iinjini ezimbini jet, kwaye 7.2 m ─ lweenqwelo separafini of, wakhonza amafutha azo.

Ngexesha lokuqala tyelela kokuba fixed isantya-180 km / h ─ phezulu ngokwaneleyo ngelo xesha, kodwa Lunyawukile 360 km ubalwe / h. Isizathu sokuba Iziphumo ezinjalo amahlwempu akukho iintsilelo zobugcisa, kwaye inani elikhulu yamacandelo egosogoso elide apho, ngenxa yezizathu ezicacileyo, kwafuneka ukuba isantya.

Kunjalo, imbonakalo uloliwe wokuqala jet ekhaya, kwaye kwaqatshelwa kumajelo eendaba njengesiganeko ebalulekileyo. Inqaku elilandelayo lizisa iphepha iphephancwadi ezithandwayo "Technology of Youth", ayezinikele inqaku bakhe banenzondelelo.

iimvavanyo ezingaphaya

Ukwenzela ukuphelisa imiqobo ezinokwenzeka, iimvavanyo zilandelayo wenziwe kwixesha kwiminyaka 1971─1975., Eyalo phezu icandelo tye lwegama umboko Dnieper kaloliwe phakathi kwezikhululo kunye Novomoskovsk Dneprodzerzhinsk. Kwaba kukhona ngoFebruwari 1972 turbojet ngololiwe eSoviet Union wabeka irekhodi lomhlaba yesantya track kaloliwe 1520 mm, efikelela kwi-250 km / h. Namhlanje, ezi nto intsha, kodwa ngaloo minyaka, isiphumo efanayo yaba impumelelo obalaseleyo.

Loo yoko elungileyo isinika ithemba lokuba kule minyaka izayo, eli lizwe liya kuqalisa ngobuninzi-high speed kaloliwe koololiwe, enikwe jet wakwakhe. Engineers inxaxheba ekudalweni yokuqala ngempumelelo uvavanyo lwe bebekwisampulu, babekulungele ukuqalisa uphuhliso-high speed trohvagonnogo kuqamba. Noko ke, amaphupha abo ethunyelwa ifezeke.

Path, engafanelekanga ukuba oololiwe-high speed

Izizathu zokuba kutheni iinjini turbojet kunye ukuwutyhalela ayifakwanga kwi ngobuninzi ezimbalwa. Phakathi kwabo, indima ebalulekileyo eyadlalwa inertia kunye sluggishness kwenkqubo Soviet kwezoqoqosho. Kodwa ngaphandle koko, kwakukho ebalulekileyo kakhulu izinto Injongo baye wamalela le ezintsha.

Xihinga engundoqo wabonakala iziporo yiSoviet yakhiwe ngokuhambelana neemfuno zobuchwepheshe kwiminyaka emininzi eyadlulayo. Le radii amagophe kubo kwacetywa abathungi kuphela ngokungqinelana nemiqathango ubume bendalo kunye namageduka ngenxa becala njengoko kugqitha isantya ukuncitshiswa ofunekayo-80 km / h okanye ngaphantsi. Ukuze ukubeka ukusebenza oololiwe-high speed kuya kufuneka kwakhiwe iindlela ezintsha efuna imali ebonakalayo, okanye ukunciphisa ugobile phezu endala, wavuma ukuba ukungasebenzi. Akukho nanye kwezi iinketho yathatyathwa ethembisa USSR.

iingxaki train nomlindi lovukelo

ngempumelelo iimvavanyo ezichongiweyo xesha inani iingxaki ezinxulumene nezibonelelo kaloliwe. Kule meko sithetha namaqonga isikhululo vula baxhotyiswe onke amazwe ngaphandle izitishi ngaphandle. Train zazisidlula kubo ngesantya kwe-250 km / h, unako ukudala umoya wave ukuba iya kutshayela kwi nakusekuqhwanyazeni kweliso bonke abantu eqongeni. Ngako oko, ukuqinisekisa ukuba ukhuseleko olwaneleyo kufuneka maxesha, nto leyo iza kufuna imali enkulu.

Phakathi iingxaki kwakukho into nezingathi zincinci, njengabo igrabile ukuba agubungele zonke zikaloliwe kwi USSR. Qeqesha phezu saliphosa jet, lidlula kwizitishi kunye kaloliwe yokunqumla, abunjwe malunga ukuhamba ashukimisayo komoya ekugqibeleni wakhulela isixa esikhulu sezixhobo zokufunda bulk, siwenze amasuntswana entle kufana eziyingozi. Kwisigqibo ─ zokusetyenziswa iikhompawundi ezifana bekuya kufuneka ukuba concreted yonke imikhondo.

Misa nokuhlola

Uphononongo lubonise ukuba kwiminyaka 70 uninzi iziporo wavumela eSoviet Union, ukuba siyiphuhlisa ngaphakathi kuphela ngesantya esiphezulu-140 km / h. Kuphela kwezinye iindawo iza kwandiswa ukuya-200 km / h ngaphandle ekwandiseni umngcipheko. Ngenxa yoko, ngakumbi ukwanda ngesantya kaloliwe kuye kwaqatshelwa ngelo xesha ayisebenzi kuba ekugqibeleni zifuna imali enkulu.

Njengokuba kude njengokuba isantya imoto elebhu-, ekupheleni yemifuniselo ngo-1975 waye wathunyelwa kwisixeko esibizwa mveliso. Ngokusekelwe kwiziphumo ezifunyenwe ngethuba lomsebenzi owenziwa ngaphandle, siya kwenziwa utshintsho kumaziko phuhliso mveliso olutsha ezifanelekileyo ezifana RT 200 kaloliwe kunye noololiwe ER 200.

Iminyaka yobudala buhlungu endala

Ukuze lo msebenzi wayo, yaye akukho bani ngoko ezinqwenelekayo, le moto moya-iminyaka elishumi waye sidings mveliso ezahlukeneyo, Ukurusa, ize ke inyanzeleke ukuba nokuphangwa. Ekugqibeleni, phakathi kwiminyaka yoo-80 abantwana izama ukusuka iKomiti imbala yasekuhlaleni weza nengcamango ukuyenza ibe njengefashoni ngaloo minyaka, igumbi ividiyo, usebenzisa le njongo umzimba wakhangela engaqhelekanga kakhulu ekhwele kunye yinjini.

Yathi ─ kwenziwa. imoto ishiywe erhuqelwe ukusuka sump ukuya kumgangatho mveliso, kwaye zalungiswa ngokuhambelana kwisabelo sakhe esitsha. ukhahlelwe yonke Akunakuba endala phuma kuye, kwaye kwiindawo bakhululekileyo elisekwe izixhobo ezibonwayo kunye nezihlalo ukuba ababukeli. In elorini yangaphambili nakwiingqameko ezikufutshane walungiselela bar. On top of bonke wasusa mhlwa engaphandle ayiqabe egumbini lakhe ividiyo jet ngezandi eziluhlaza namhlophe.

Kubonakala, apha ukuqala ubomi bakhe obutsha, kodwa ngokwemigaqo yorhwebo Komsomol kuvele ingxaki lilishwa ─ ayiphumelelanga ukuba uyavumelana kunye nemigulukudu asekuhlaleni kwi-mali owamkelekileyo pullback ukusuka kwingeniso. Waza wabuyela emotweni yakhe yokuhlaselwa isiphelo ofileyo, apho wachitha iminyaka engama-20, ekugqibeleni waba ishedi enamavili.

Ndakhumbula ngayo kuphela ngo-2008, xa ulungiselela sibhiyozela iminyaka engama-110 esityalo. Its icuthwe yaye kwasekwa kanye yonke imithetho yokubhabha ye esikiweyo impumlo, ukucocwa, waziqaba kwaye asetyenziselwa ukwenza udonga lesikhumbuzo, ifakelwe kufuphi emnyango mveliso. umfanekiso wakhe ligqibe inqaku lethu.