Oprichnina Ivana Groznogo

"Oprichnina" kumaxesha amandulo wayebizwa ngokuba ubunini encinane ilizwe, umhlolokazi kamfi nene penny. Eli lifa wahlala emveni kokuba ukutshintshwa uninzi ilizwe layo kwisikhulu.

Oprichnina Ivana Groznogo - esikhethekileyo, wazahlulela intsimi karhulumente yokumkani. Esi siphelo "basebukhosini" waba unit yayo zolawulo kunye nomkhosi.

Intshayelelo oprichnina kwaba ngenxa iziganeko ka 1565. Kulo nyaka, ukumkani izinduna zatshintsha asiyeke waza wavuma ukuba babuyele kuphela ukusebenza iimeko ezintathu. Ngokukodwa, yena kubo ilungelo lokuba enze okubi ngokokuthanda kwakhe, ukuba ufake oprichnina, apho icebo "zemshchina" (abanye yelizwe) kwafuneka ukuba ahlawule isixa esithile ikhulu lamawaka ezinkulu (ngemilinganiselo ngelo xesha).

Oprichnina Ivana Groznogo kuquka abaninzi yasentshona, kumzantsi-ntshona counties kunye central. Ezi zindawo lathathwa, neengingqi abazizityebi ezisemantla, inxalenye yesixeko. Oprichnina Ivana Groznogo kubonisa ubukho angaphathi lomkhosi, olu sapho lwaluquka ziliwaka nezidwangube. Kuba ngamnye kubo zabelwa ilifa. Ukongeza, loo mmandla wadalwa oprichnina ngumnini Duma, imiyalelo yangaphakathi, kwiyadi yenu. Ezandleni bokumkani yayigxile kwimicimbi zibalulekileyo ozakuzo. Ngelo xesha linye imfazwe Livonia walala ngokupheleleyo phantsi "zemshchina". umzimba Oprichny bakhonza imisebenzi ezimbini kuphela: ukugada uKhesare ebaphethe ngabangcatshi.

C kwaguquka urhulumente walwa ngeendlela ezahlukahlukeneyo. Oprichnina esibi wamdlwengula mass ingcinezelo, kohluthwa, ukubana abantu, kunye nokubulawa. Kungekudala lithe laqhenqetha phesheya ngoloyiko karhulumente. Kule massacre zalungiswa, hayi kuphela iintsapho izinduna, kodwa kwimizi yonke. abaninzi abantu baye ezakuphumezwa Novgorod (ngokutsho kweminye imithombo, inani lamaxhoba kwakukho malunga namawaka amathathu).

Ziqhubeka, i mandundu imeko yaba sikarhulumente. Abantu ababekhwele apho waqalisa ukusasaza ngaphakathi oprichnina - baqalisa ukutshintsha iinkokheli. Ngoko ke, endaweni Basmanova abulawe weza Malyuta Skuratov. Bawa phantsi ingcinezelo ephakemeyo izidwangube nezalamane kunye nabahlobo abasenyongweni. Amaxhoba nzise baba namafama, kunye namagosa karhulumente. Oprichnina Ivana Groznogo lathatha iminyaka esixhenxe ibe irhoxisiwe ngo-1572.

Imiphumela oprichnina ikakhulu ngayo imeko yezoqoqosho karhulumente. Kukho walawula kumile epheleleyo. kwiindawo lonke lizwe zatshatyalaliswa. iilali ezininzi ibhungane, no-90% yomhlaba olimekayo yena phambili.

Ukongeza, sehle kakhulu amandla yomkhosi. Ngokuphathelele ukudinwa, yokwaphuka wabanumzana, kwasekwa undoqo yomkhosi Russian, kwakukho ingxaki kwimikhosi exhobileyo. yalahleka imfazwe Livonia.

Ngokunxulumene ingcinezelo enkulu batshintsha imeko yezibalo kweli lizwe. Kabukhali inciphise inani zokuhlala liye lehla kwaye bantu basebenzayo-ubudala.

Ngexesha oprichnina okwanda amandla elililo wokumkani. Fanele ku State Duma iye subordinated kwi esibi.

Emva kokutshatyalaliswa yabantu basebukhosini mihlaba waqalisa ukomeleza ngakumbi despotism Tsarist. Oprichnina negalelo ekupheliseni abanini abazimeleyo, leyo sibe isiseko semfundo zikarhulumente kuluntu ngokubanzi. Abantu baba abaxhomekeke kurhulumente ngokubanzi kunye ukumkani ethile.

Ngenxa yoko, ukuseka ngenqindi phantsi urhulumente olungumbandezeli eRashiya. Akukho namnye ukhuselekile kukoyika. Nkqu elite feudal akwazi ubunzima ukusuka yeetawuli yokumkani. Ngelo xesha linye zithandwa Russian, leyo phambi kokuba kuqaliswe i-oprichnina wanikwa inkululeko namalungelo umda kunene, ukuze sizuze amandla.

Ababhali-mbali kude kube ngoku awukwazi ukugqiba ngokuchanileyo unobangela ukwenzeka kolawulo enjalo kweli lizwe. Ngokutsho kwabanye ababhali, Ivan Grozny ngoko wazama ndawonye namandla.