Zemsky Sobor. History of uphuhliso

Zemsky Sobor - esi sigaba ebalulekileyo kuphuhliso Russia. Imiyalelo Veche eyayikho kwilizwe lethu ngonaphakade, kodwa kubekho ixesha xa lonke ukuzimela Koran. Waza waphila ithuba zokuqokelela uninzi ngamafa Ivan Grozny.

Zemsky Sobor singabala abameli bawo mahlelo alandelayo: Boyar Duma, amalungu athatha inxaxheba Zemsky Sobor ngokupheleleyo; Sinodi oyiNgcwele, kubo kuphela elinegunya eliphezulu ibandla; abantu anyuliweyo servicemen, eMoscow kunye nesithunzi zasezidolophini, abatoli, gunners kunye Cossacks; abameli abakhethiweyo yabantu ezidolophini (chernososhnye kunye ipoma) kunye amakhulu zamalaphu igumbi lokuhlala. Cathedral le yintlanganiso yokuqala ngokuba "Cathedral loxolelaniso."

I Zemsky Sobor yokuqala wabizwa ukuze balandele-nxaxheba yentlanganiso kunye Iinguqu umzimba omtsha Ivana Groznogo - iPalamente kunyulwa. Njengoko yaziwa, Ushintsho kuquka ukusekwa wePalamente Strelets yomkhosi, eqalisa Sudebnik ezintsha kunye nenkqubo mandative nophuhliso kunye nokomelezwa kurhulumente kazwelonke.

Ekuhambeni kwexesha, imisebenzi umzimba ummeli womntu kuluntu nayo savela. Ngoko ke, ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-16, amalungu ebandla banikwa ilungelo lokuvumela Ukuvuma itrone kwenkosi entsha. Kuloo minyaka, kwagqitywa ekubeni abalawuli ezintsha ukufumana imvume yabantu, kwaye sibonakaliswa Zemsky Sobor.

Imbali oku amalungu lwayo: kwakukho amaxesha xa yalahleka ngokupheleleyo indima yakhe, yaye kwakukho nabanye xa isigqubuthelo isigqibo sakhe bayahlelwa karhulumente. Iinkathazo ixesha ngumzekelo obalaseleyo ngexesha lokugqibela.

Major Zemsky Sobor

Ibhunga yokuqala ukubizwa xa Red Square, emva koko intlanganiso waya yesicelo seSigqeba. Ukususela kwiminyaka yoo-16 ukuya kwele-17 ekupheleni kwakukho malunga 50 iintlanganiso, apho kukho abo itshintshe kwimbali yelizwe lethu.

Cathedral 1589 iphumeze mtyunjwa ephikisayo etroneni Borisa Godunova. Amarhe malunga ukubandakanyeka kwakhe kule drama Uglich, kwakukho abantu abaninzi, kodwa, Isimanga, wamkelwa ngamagosa onyuliweyo. Eyona idumileyo kwaye kwande Zemsky Sobor 1613 ngonyaka, eyayibanjelwe Kwingcingane Cathedral.

Njengoko yaziwa, le yecawa iluvumile indlu entsha etroneni Russian wazisa ukuba amandla nomfana uMikhail Romanov. Kukwabalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba ngexa lokulawula kwakhe ukumkani oselula wabiza rhoqo ezi ntlanganiso ukusombulula iingxaki ezahlukahlukeneyo. Behleli kule minyaka 1632/1634 ukuze liqwalasele umba imfazwe Poland. Ngeli xesha, wabeka entsha "imfazwe" irhafu - imali fifths. Collection 1648/1649 bukaThixo ngo emva kokuqhambuka ngesiquphe seTyuwa Riot eMoscow. Oku kuxoxwa ingxaki komthetho lixesha.

Kwaba ngoko ukuba isigqibo esenziwe ekubekeni ukusebenza Code Council - iseti entsha nemithetho Russian. Last Zemsky Sobor enkantolo ngo-1653. Kule ntlanganiso kwagqitywa ukuba ujoyine amajoni Cossack kunye Ukraine eRashiya.

Ixabiso kwimbali

Zemsky Sobor laqalisa ukuyilwa ngokuphathelele-ummeli neNgonyama eRashiya. Kodwa ke ukukhula utyekelo absolutist kwi kwiikumkani ezilandelayo kakhulu ekwenzeni buthathaka indima umzimba.