Yintoni kuguquka?

Imizila zibizwa utshintsho ezizenzekelayo xa isakhiwo DNA izinto eziphilayo, ekhokelela ekuveleni ukungaqheleki ezahlukeneyo ekukhuleni kunye nophuhliso. Ngenxa yoko, sicinga kuguquka ukuba ezinjalo, izinto zayo, kwaye ezikhoyo inzululwazi yokuhlela. Kufuneka kwakhona sinikele ingqalelo isiphumo kweejini malunga notshintsho kwindalo.

Yintoni kuguquka?

Iingcali zenzululwazi zithi ukuba yemfuza likhona kwaye uhlala emzimbeni ngokupheleleyo kuzo zonke izidalwa eziphilayo emhlabeni, kananjalo, ukuba singabonakala ukuya ku amakhulu mzimbeni mnye. Ngokubonakala lazo, kwaye baxhomekeke koko izizathu ukuba bawuphikisa noko ubunzima chain yemfuza.

Ubangelwa izakhi

Ubangelwa mizila obungafaniyo kakhulu, kwaye zinokuba ngokwendalo nje kuphela, kodwa kwakhona okwenziwe elabhoratri. Izazinzulu zofuzo ukuchonga ezi zinto zilandelayo ezibangele olu tshintsho:

1) kwimitha (ionizing kunye X) - ngokudangazela radioactive udlulayo umzimba iyahluka iintlawulo electron-athom, neziphumo uphazamiseko kwindlela eqhelekileyo yokusebenza kwemichiza kunye neenkqubo zebhayoloji kunye physico-kwemichiza;

2) ukwanda lobushushu emzimbeni ingabangela ukuba utshintsho ngenxa ngaphezu kuxa umzimba embundwini;

3) kule ngokucandeka-DNA yeseli inokuba ulibaziseko kunye nokukhula maxa wambi okukhawulezayo ngokugqithiseleyo;

4) "breakage" iseli DNA, emva koko kwanokuba ukubuyiselwa akunakwenzeka ukuba babuyele ezi-atom kwimeko yalo yantlandlolo, leyo ekhokelela utshintsho kunqandwa.

ngezigaba izakhi

Ihlabathi acengceleze utshintsho ngaphezu kwama-30 genotypes kunye zofuzo eziphilayo ezibangelwa ukuguquka eziphilileyo, ibe azisoloko ezivakaliswa malformations zangaphandle okanye zangaphakathi, abaninzi kubo kakhulu nabungozi kwaye musa ukuba ubuhlungu. Ukuze sifumane impendulo yalo mbuzo: "Yintoni na kuguquka" - ungenza isicelo ngokuhlelwa mutogenov, neyohlulwe kuxhomekeke noonobangela bazo abasisiseko.

1. Kwimeko typology iiseli zatshintsha umahluko phakathi somatic kunye wezakhi okuzala. Okokuqala waphawula kwizisele mammalian izinto eziphilayo, oko sisasazwa kuphela ngokulandelelana. Ngokuqhelekileyo, oko kwenziwa naxa nophuhliso umbungu esizalweni (umzekelo, amehlo umbala ezahlukeneyo kunye t.). Okwesibini ngokufuthi wabonakalaliswa izityalo kunye ezingenamqolo, ibangelwa zizinto ezimbi lwangaphandle yokusingqongileyo (ukukhula nomngundo emthini kunye t. D.).

2. indawo kweeseli mutated umahluko ukuguquka yenyukliya ifuthe ngqo kwi-DNA (musa ukuphendula unyango), kunye cytoplasmic - zinxulumene utshintsho zonke iiseli kunye ulwelo ukuba banxibelelane kernel (enyangekayo okanye troubleshoot, ezo kwiDNA ezibizwa ngokuba atavism).

3. Ngokuxhomekeka nezizathu esamcaphukisayo ukubonakala utshintsho bahlule zendalo (ecacileyo) ukuziguqula kwenzeka ngesiquphe yaye kungekho nawuphi na isizathu, neyenziweyo (uqhutyelwe) - ukwahluleka ekusebenzeni eqhelekileyo inkqubo yemichiza emzimbeni.

4. Kuxhomekeka ubungqongqo ukuziguqula zihlukaniswe:

1) lofuzo - utshintsho iqela leeseti zofuzo (Down kaThixo syndrome) ;

2) zofuzo - utshintsho ngokulandelelana nucleotide akhe kwi ukuyilwa imisonto DNA omtsha (phenylketonuria).

izakhi meaning

Kwiimeko ezininzi, ukuba yingozi emzimbeni, kuba iphazamise nokukhula yesiqhelo kunye nophuhliso, kwaye maxa wambi kukhokelela ekufeni. ukuguquka eziluncedo azenzeki ngonaphakade, ukuba bhunga supernormal. Basimisela kunikezo amanyathelo esebenzayo yokukhethwa zendalo , kwaye kuchaphazela ukhetho eziphilayo, ekhokelela ekuveleni iintlobo ezintsha okanye ukuphelelwa. Ngoko ke, ekuphenduleni lo mbuzo: "Yintoni na kuguquka" - kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba le yeyona utshintsho incinane kulwakhiwo DNA, ichaphazela uphuhliso kunye nomsebenzi ubalulekileyo yonke eziphilayo.