Isiqalo kunye nokupheliswa le oprichnina. nemiphumela oprichnina

Rhoxisa Oprichnina ngonyaka ngamnye lusukela iinkulungwane, yaye ezininzi izinto wazisa indalo yakhe ilizwe enokuzeka kade Russian, ongekho kwimemori abantu. Oku Lilishwa kakhulu, kuba imbali kukho umkhwa ngokuphinda kwakhona abantu izifundo undigested. Oku kuyinyaniso ngakumbi namhlanje, xa abaxhasi lozwilakhe zentsimbi kunye lobuzwilakhe.

Range of oprichnina yovavanyo yezembali

Ukutyhubela iinkulungwane eziye kudlule emva kokufa Ivana Groznogo, isimo sengqondo ukuya zokwenene eyenzeka xesha wobukumkani bakhe, yaye ngokukodwa, ukuya oprichnina, watshintsha ngokuphindaphindiweyo. uluhlu lweempawu zazisuka yokuhlola bona izenzo impambano yengqondo yokumkani (ingongoma Ngenxa uninzi mbali pre-revolution) kulwamkelo yezenzo oprichnina amajoni Advanced, ezijolise kuphela ekuqiniseni karhulumente, i-mandla lonke ulawulo ithi ngamandla ukuze soyise nokuqhekeka feudal (indawo Stalin ngayo). Kulo mba, ukupheliswa le oprichnina kwakunikelwa phantse sisithintelo inkqubela.

Imbali elithi "oprichnina"

Yintoni intsingiselo amabhere kukodwa kule kota? Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba kwenzeka kwigama Slavic "OPRICH", oko kukuthi "lwangaphandle", "separate", "ngaphandle". Ekuqaleni, oko yakhethwa isabelo ezinikezelwa yi mhlolokazi emva kokufa komyeni wakhe, yaye ngaphandle kwindawo engundoqo ye ipropati kusasazwa.

Ngexesha lokulawula Ivana Groznogo ligama enikwa kummandla athatha abanikazi bawo bangaphambili wabhekisela ukusetyenziswa zoluntu kuba yipropathi servitors zakhe. Ezinye lizwe labizwa ngokuba 'zemshchina ". Kukho inkohliso ocacileyo kukumkani. Of ubunzima lilonke ilizwe elo iklasi ikakhulu boyar, yena yedwa loo nesabelo kurhulumente, apho waye isimntwiso yena, yaye, zimbiza "isabelo mhlolokazi," isabelo ngokwabo indima abathobekileyo bayona umlawuli, Uphaluse nalwazelelelo le izinduna abadinga abavikeli.

Baba amawaka amajoni ndawonye kuphela ukusuka labantu zithathwe zidluliselwe kurhulumente, oko kukuthi, iindawo "oprichnina". Ngowe-1565, xa lo ezintsha sele lusekiwe, umkhosi yaba bantu amawaka, kodwa 1572, xa ukupheliswa le oprichnina yaba engaphephekiyo landa phantse amaxesha amathandathu. Ngokwesi sicwangciso kakumkani wabelwa indima National Guard, sanikwa amagunya ezibanzi yaye kujongwe ukuba ukomeleza amandla karhulumente.

Ukuqhubela phambili kwale ntlekele kwezopolitiko yangaphakathi

Ethetha sezizathu ezenze indalo Ivana Groznogo oprichnina, njengoko umthetho, okokuqala zonke qaphela ingxabano yakhe i Boyar Duma, esibangelwa umahluko kwimiba ezininzi nkqubo karhulumente. Ngubani akazange afune ukuphulaphula inkcaso nakubani, yakuthobela kuzo zonke ukuqonda iimpawu ezifihlakeleyo yelenqe, ukumkani mpikiswano ngokukhawuleza safudukela kuqhinwe karhulumente kunye zocindezelo abaninzi.

Le mpi ingakumbi etsolo xa ngo-1562 wakuvakala umthetho wokumkani, ukuba kuphela amalungelo patrimonial loss of the izinduna, baba ukuba kubalwe le iindwalutho mihlaba. Isiphumo imeko yangoku Ukukhula oku kuye kwaba intsingiselo phakathi izikhulu ukubaleka baphume yeetawuli ukumkani ngaphaya kwemida karhulumente.

Ukuqala 1560 abasabileyo umfula ukwenyuka, ezingenakulinganiswa ukuba umsindo kakumkani. intlokoma Special yaba ukuhamba imfihlelo Poland omnye zezwe ezigqamileyo royal Andreya Kurbskogo, lowo sikhanyise nje ukuba ashiye lizwe ngokungekho mthethweni, kodwa ukuthumela ileta Ivan, yoncedo izityholo ngqo nxamnye naye.

Start of omkhulu zocindezelo

Isizathu sokuba ekuqaleni zocindezelo abaninzi baba yenzeka ukoyiswa 1564 eentloko ezaxhobela Russian kwidabi kunye Lithuanians kwi ole River. Kuyinto abo ngokoluvo yokumkani ngqo okanye ezingathanga ngqo kokoyiswa, baba ngamaxhoba okuqala. Ukongeza, ngoDisemba waloo nyaka bazibhala e Moscow kukho amarhe okuba izinduna ezininzi amanqugwala, esoyika ihlazo, iqokelelwe ku Lithuania kunye Poland enempi enkulu nokulungisa kombuso amandla.

Ngoko ke, ukumiselwa oprichnina amajoni yaba umlinganiselo ngoyaba nxamnye nokumkani yokwenene, yaye ngokufuthi nengozi ngengqondo, kunye nokupheliswa le oprichnina, nto leyo eza kuxoxwa ngezantsi, i-ngenxa yokusilela ngokupheleleyo, njengokuba ngenkxaso karhulumente karhulumente. Kodwa kwixesha elizayo, yaye ngelo xesha, ngaphambi kokuba engalubambi simahla ongalawulekiyo zabo, ukumkani kwafuneka ukuba acele inkxaso inginginya, yaye evuma kwezethu ukuqala isidlo wamagazi.

Iziganeko ezenzeka nokudalwa oprichnina

Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, uIvan ebidlalwe intlekisa ngokwenene. Umhlala phantsi nge yonke intsapho i-Alexander-dolophu, waza wavakalisa shela wakhe ngenxa yokwenzakala kusolwa kwabona izidwangube zakhe, abefundisi, waza ngokwenjenjalo wabangela kubo ndee Folk, kule ntetho leyo wathanjiswa nguThixo, enyanisweni, vicegerent sakhe emhlabeni. Tshintsha ingqondo yakho ukumkani ekuvunyelwene kuphela kwi imeko inkululeko epheleleyo ukwenza okusesikweni kumohlwaya bonke abo benza umsindo wakhe.

izenzo zakhe bandenza antiboyarskuyu ubunzulu ukuzingca phakathi kwabantu, kwanyanzeleka ukuba ukucela Duma Ivana Groznogo wobukumkani kuqhubeka kuzo zonke iimeko ethunyelwe kubo. Ekuqaleni kuka January 1565 kwafika isithunywa sikazwelonke Alexander kwihlomela, ngelo linye xesha ukumkani kugqitywe nokusekwa oprichnina.

Umbutho yesakhelo esitsha zomkhosi

Njengoko kukhankanyiwe ngasentla, iqela lokuqala iqulethe ziliwaka zabantu yaye kwasekwa ngokupheleleyo umhlali "oprichnina" counties. Bonke aba bantu bazithoba kukumkani, kwaye ikhefu epheleleyo kunye zemstvo wobudlelane. Imiqondiso yawo ziye waxhonywa ezintanyeni amahashe, iintloko izinja ', nto leyo ebonisa ukukulungela ukuba ufune yesaqunge eyenziwe, Walinxiba ukuya Izihlalo - umqondiso ukuba yesaqunge eshiyekileyo ifunyanwa nangoko zemka inkunkuma eyingozi.

Imixholo imikhosi ezinkulu nokukhula rhoqo oprichnina nto siyiphathisiweyo kwizixeko eziliqela Russian, kuquka Suzdal yeyona inkulu, Kozelsk, Vyazma kunye Vologda. E Moscow inye kakhulu izitrato ezininzi banikwa zokulenza, ezifana Nikita, Arbat, Sivtsev Vrazhek kunye nabanye. abemi bawo ngaphambili ngenkani bagxothwa emakhayeni abo kwenye indawo kwiindawo ezikude kuwo umzi.

Uchitha uqoqosho, ukubonakala lokuqala ukunganeliseki

Kwezincwadi ilizwe elo zemshchina kunye nokudluliswa yabo ilifa nonogada yahlaselwa ubunini bomhlaba elikhulu yezikhulu feudal, kodwa kwangaxeshanye phantsi uqoqosho lwelizwe. Izizathu yokurhoxiswa oprichnina, nindilandeleyo ngo 1572, yaye ukutshatyalaliswa omtsha kubanini-kusekwa kangangeenkulungwane ukuqinisekisa inkqubo yokutya lizwe. Isibakala sokuba eli lizwe laba impahla le-Elite entsha, inkoliso yabo babephala kwasenkangala, yaye akukho msebenzi wenziwe ngazo.

Ngowe-1566, yena wabiza kanye, ikwabandakanya abameli zonke iiklasi zentlalo, i Zemsky Sobor. Ukuchithwa Oprichnina amasekela zakhe kodwa nobuganga ukubonisa ukunganeliseki wadala phakathi kwabantu nguzwilakhe "amadoda omkhosi", kunjalo wabhenela ukumkani isicelo inyathelo nxamnye olahlwa zabo. Nayiphi na ingxelo enjalo Ivan Grozny egqalwa ukuphazamisa ilungelo layo monarchic, ibe ngenxa yoko yayingamakhulu amathathu zikhalazo zibe ngaphaya kwezitshixo.

ebuhlungu Novgorod

Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba ubukumkani Ivana Groznogo (ingakumbi ngexesha oprichnina) uphawuleka omkhulu besothusa nxamnye abemi lizwe labo, nto leyo ebangelwe inkohlakalo ongalawulekiyo le nguzwilakhe, kunye nezizathu yenkuthazo - zidale nokungathembani. Oku kucaciswe ngexesha ngohambo lwakhe yokohlwaya nxamnye nabemi Novgorod, eyenziwe nguye kunyaka 1569-1570.

Suspecting Novgorodians kwi injongo ukuze sifudukele kolawulo lokumkani Polish, Ivan Grozny, ephelekwa ngumkhosi ezininzi oprichnina abalunikelwayo kweenxweme Volkhov lokohlwaya nokuhlasela abanginizayo elizayo. Yokungabi isizathu sokuba ityala nabani ngokukodwa, ukumkani obuthululwayo umsindo wabo nabani na lokudumba indlela yakhe. Kwiintsuku nje ezimbalwa, ukunxila sohlwayo, le nonogada inkunzi wabulawa naziphi na abantu abamsulwa.

Demoralization kunye sokonakalisa oprichnina amajoni

Ngokoqikelelo yabaphengululi mihla, baneminyaka ubuncinane 10-15 amawaka. Man, nangona into yokuba uluntu lulonke isixeko ngelo xesha akazange ngaphezulu 30 amawaka. Abahlali, okuchithwa ayikho ngaphantsi kwe-30% yabemi. Fair ukuthi ukupheliswa le oprichnina ngo-1572 becala sisiphumo ukuwa wegunya yokuziphatha gunya, i-media kuqhubekeka ukuthathwa kungekhona utata kunye nomkhuseli, kodwa umdlwenguli umphangi.

Noko ke, ukungcamla igazi, ukumkani nabakhonzi bakhe, azibanga nako ukuyeka. Kwiminyaka elandelayo iphulo Novgorod, ziphawulwe ngokuthi exhonywa anegazi kokubini eMoscow nakwezinye izixeko ezininzi. ekupheleni kukaJulayi 1670 kwimimandla lwenqila kuphela wafumana ukufa ngaphezu kwamakhulu amabini amabanjwa. Kodwa lo beqhawe anegazi kwaba nempembelelo vuhlayiseki kwi kubathuthumbisi ngokwabo. Zingabanjwa macala kunye lula imveliso leyo abatyhafileyo ngokupheleleyo kwaye wonakalisa mkhosi yekade ofanelekileyo.

bamkelwe

Eso yaba sisiqalo nje. Rhoxisa oprichnina kakhulu yaba sisiphumo iziganeko ezinxulumene ayehlasela AmaTatar ngo-1671. Emva koko, ulibele ukuba balwe njani kwaye kufakwe kuphela mkhwa ndiqhekeze abahlali, nonogada kuba becala nje akazange eze iingongoma ibandla. Kwanele ukuba bathi ngaphandle amathandathu waya kumkhawulela regiments utshaba, zantlanu kwasekwa kubameli zemshchina.

umcimbi kwenzeka ngo-Agasti wonyaka olandelayo, nolwathi lwalandelwa ukupheliswa kudala lilindelwe le oprichnina. Battle of the abaselula, apho malunga amahlanu ukusuka eMoscow beza kunye Russian kwaye AmaTatar, ngaphandle inxaxheba nonogada ukuba yakhiwe iphumelele imikhosi Zemsky ikhokelwa abathetheli kunye Vorotynsky Khvorostinin. Yayibonisa ngokucacileyo ngamampunge ezingenanto kunye elingumthwalo kurhulumente ngesakhiwo nelungelo yezopolitiko-emkhosini.

La maxwebhu agcinwe kuloo pores ubudala, ibonisa ukuba ukupheliswa le oprichnina, apho umhla (njengoko Kukholelwa ukuba) - 1572, bayilungisa kakhulu ngaphambili. Oku kungqinwa i ngokulandelelana uthotho kusondele ukumkani ubalaseleyo inani elisondeleyo somfundisi abaphezulu ilandelwe sele kunyaka 1570-1571. Aqotywa ngokwasemzimbeni ngenxa kokuthandayo izolo ngayo kukumkani, abo, ngamazwi akhe, wakhonza inkxaso kunye nokhuselo bonke abo babezimisele ukwenza ukuzama phezu kwetrone. Kodwa ngonyaka 1572 akukhange wokuqala inkululeko yokugqibela abantu abacinezeli bayo.

Ukufa ke ukumkani kunye nokupheliswa sokugqibela oprichnina

Ziziphi nyaka ekugqibeleni yagqitywa eRashiya ngexesha oprichnina? Lo mbuzo akukho impendulo ecacileyo. Nangona ummiselo esemthethweni ukumkani Abolition kwesi sakhiwo, iyantlukwano kanye komhlaba Russian emaphandleni kunye oprichnina waze ekufeni kwakhe (1584).

Ngowe-1575, wakhokela Ivanom Groznym zemstvos wavuswa wabhaptizwa Tatar prince uSimon Bekbulatovich. Le ukuqeshwa kwakhokelwa omnye band nokubulawa. Ngeli xesha, inani izaphuli-iindwalutho, wathabatha isihlalo kwi qela de ukumkani emva koyiswe kwabo 1572 ezincotsheni oprichnina, kwakunye nenani abefundisi eziphezulu.

Rhoxisa oprichnina kunye neziphumo zawo

Eyaxabanisa Oprichnina abantu Russian, wakubeka kakhulu wabeka lethu mbali pre-revolution IVOTI Klyuchevskii. Ngokufanelekileyo waphawula ukuba ukusukela isiphendu wengqikelelo, oprichnina yaba unobangela isiphithiphithi, yaye ngaloo ndlela zavelisa uloyiko lokwenene etroneni. Kwakhona kuqondwe ukuba abo kufa apho abakhonzi bokumkani uzama ukukhusela umlawuli, phantsi kanye iziseko ngokwanelisayo kukarhulumente.

Rhoxisa oprichnina (unyaka wokupapashwa ngommiselo kakumkani) wamiswa iRashiya ngokuhlupheka entshonalanga belizwe, apho abantu babesilwa nxamnye Commonwealth. umkhosi Russian wambetha lizwe ngenxa kwintlekele yoqoqosho, yabuya umva yi zezibonda. Inqanyulwe ngexesha leMfazwe Livonian naye azizange impumelelo elindelekileyo. Ukongeza, phantsi umsebenzi Swedish baba Narva kunye Koporje, nokwenzeka yabo ezothusayo. Ngenxa baphawula zikhankanywe apha ngasentla kunye nomkhosi nezona oprichnina ukweqa ngo-1671 yaye into egungxulweyo, watshisa eMoscow. Ngokuchasene imvelaphi yale meko nzima, yaye kwathiwa loo ukupheliswa oprichnina.

Yintoni unyaka kunye despot wamagazi zityekele na kwisimo ngaye, kodwa waqonda elingabalamli inkqubela? Impendulo zifumaneka nokugxekwa kuyo Stalin sehlelwe enalo kuthotho lokuqala ifilimu Eisenstein kaThixo "Ivan Grozny" ngo-1945. Ngokutsho kwakhe, wenyuswa yi bubuxoki yiSoviet, indima Ivana Groznogo kwimbali wachukumiseka HIV, kwaye zonke amanyathelo kuphela ekuboneleleni nokumanyana kunye nokudalwa kombuso enamandla. Njengoko le ndlela apho ezi njongo ziyafezekiseka, oko kukuthi, ngokutsho Stalin, yaba imbambano. imisebenzi uQobo "nguyise weentlanga" saba ngokupheleleyo ngokunyanisekileyo imigwebo yakhe.